{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a \"Greater Serbia.\" In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995).</p> <p>The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the predominantly Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the predominantly Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called \"Bonn Powers.\" In 1995, the NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops enforced the peace, but was replaced the next year by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently, EUFOR deploys around 1,200 troops in Bosnia in a peacekeeping capacity.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "44 00 N, 18 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "51,197 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "51,187 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "10 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than West Virginia"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,543 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Croatia 956 km; Montenegro 242 km; Serbia 345 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "20 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mountains and valleys"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Maglic 2,386 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "500 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "42.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "42.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "15% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "30 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "destructive earthquakes"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "3,807,764 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Bosnian, Herzegovinian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1% (2013 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Republika Srpska authorities dispute the methodology and refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Bosnian)<br><br>Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian)<br><br>Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, nužan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Croatian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 50.7%, Orthodox 30.7%, Roman Catholic 15.2%, atheist 0.8%, agnostic 0.3%, other 1.2%, undeclared/no answer 1.1% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "13.14% (male 258,937/female 241,581)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "69% (male 1,319,995/female 1,307,304)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "17.86% (2023 est.) (male 277,555/female 402,392)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "48"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "22.3"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "27.1"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.7 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "43.3 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "41.6 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "44.8 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.23% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.31 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "10.26 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "50.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "346,000 SARAJEVO (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.69 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "27.7 years (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "6 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "5.23 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "78.22 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "75.28 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "81.38 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.37 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.66 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "45.8% (2011/12)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "9.8% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "2.16 physicians/1,000 population (2015)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "3.5 beds/1,000 population (2014)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: (2020 est.) NA"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "17.9% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "4.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.47 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "35% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "42% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "28% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "1.6% (2012)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "63.8% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "98.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "98.1% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15 years (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "32.9%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "28.2%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "39.9% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; land mines left over from the 1992-95 civil strife are a hazard in some areas"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "42.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "42.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "15% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "50.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.49% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "27.25 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "21.85 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "2.92 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "1,248,718 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "12 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "0% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "310 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "37.5 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Bosna i Hercegovina"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina"
      },
      "abbreviation": {
        "text": "BiH"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the German word \"herzog,\" meaning \"duke,\" and the ending \"-ovina,\" meaning \"land,\" forming the combination denoting \"dukedom\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Sarajevo"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "43 52 N, 18 25 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name derives from the Turkish noun <em>saray</em>, meaning \"palace\" or \"mansion,\" and the term <em>ova</em>, signifying \"plain(s),\" to give a meaning of \"palace plains\" or \"the plains about the palace\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "3 first-order administrative divisions - Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt) (ethnically mixed), Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat), Republika Srpska (predominantly Serb)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia); note - referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 1 March (1992) and Statehood Day, 25 November (1943) - both observed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity; Victory Day, 9 May (1945) and Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (1995) - both observed in the Republika Srpska entity",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> there is no national-level holiday"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); note - each of the political entities has its own constitution"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes, provided there is a bilateral agreement with the other state"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "8 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "Chairman of the Presidency Zeljko KOMSIC (chairman since 16 July 2023; presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat); Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Serb seat); Denis BECIROVIC (presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Bosniak seat)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Chairman of the Council of Ministers Borjana KRISTO (since 25 January 2023)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman, approved by the state-level House of Representatives"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months with the new member of the presidency elected with the highest number of votes starting the new mandate as chair; election last held on 2 October 2022 (next to be held in October 2026); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2022: </em>percent of vote<em> -</em> Denis BECIROVIC - (SDP BiH) 57.4% - Bosniak seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 55.8% - Croat seat; Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (SNSD) 51.7% - Serb seat<em><br><br>2018: </em>percent of vote - Milorad DODIK (SNSD) 53.9% - Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 52.6% - Croat seat; Sefik DZAFEROVIC (SDA) 36.6% - Bosniak seat"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Lidiia BRADARA (since 28 February 2023); Vice Presidents Refik LENDO (since 28 February 2023) and Igor STOJANOVIC (since 28 February 2023); President of the Republika Srpska Milorad DODIK (since 15 November 2022); Vice Presidents Camil DURAKOVIC (since 15 November 2022) and Davor PRANJIC (since 15 November 2022)"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of:<br>House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members designated by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's House of Peoples and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve 4-year terms)<br>House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats to include 28 seats allocated to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 to the Republika Srpska; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature that consists of the House of Peoples (80 seats - 23 Bosniak, 23 Croat, 23 Serb, 11 other) and the House of Representatives (98 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms); Republika Srpska's unicameral legislature is the National Assembly (83 directly elected delegates serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "House of Peoples - last held on 2 October 2022 (next to be held in 2026)<br>House of Representatives - last held on 2 October 2022 (next to be held in 2026)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "House of Peoples - percent of vote by coalition/party - NA; seats by coalition/party - NA; composition - men 12, women 3, percent of women 20%<br>House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - SDA 17.2%, SNSD 16.3%, HDZ BiH 8.8%, SDP 8.2%, SDS 7.1%, DF-GS 6.4%, NiP 5%, PDP 4.6%, NS/HC 3.1%, NES 3%, For Justice and Order 2.1%, DEMOS 1.9%, US 1.6%, BHI KF 1.3%, other 13.4%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 9, SNSD 6, SDP 5, HDZ BiH 4, DF-GS 3, NiP 3, SDS 2, PDP 2, NS/HC 2, NES 2, For Justice and Order 1, DEMOS 1, US 1, BHI KF 1; composition - men 31, women 11, percent of women 26.2%; note - total Parliamentary Assembly percent of women 24.6%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); Court of BiH (consists of 44 national judges and 7 international judges organized into 3 divisions - Administrative, Appellate, and Criminal, which includes a War Crimes Chamber)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "BiH Constitutional Court judges - 4 selected by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina House of Representatives, 2 selected by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and 3 non-Bosnian judges selected by the president of the European Court of Human Rights; Court of BiH president and national judges appointed by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; Court of BiH president appointed for renewable 6-year term; other national judges appointed to serve until age 70; international judges recommended by the president of the Court of BiH and appointed by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina; international judges appointed to serve until age 70"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "the Federation has 10 cantonal courts plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has a supreme court, 5 district courts, and a number of municipal courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK]<br>Bosnian-Herzegovinian Initiative or BHI KF [Fuad KASUMOVIC]<br>Civic Alliance or GS [Reuf BAJROVIC]<br>Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC]<br>Democratic Front or DF [Zeljko KOMSIC]<br>Democratic Union or DEMOS [Nedeljko CUBRILOVIC]<br>For Justice and Order [Nebojsa VUKANOVIC]<br>Our Party or NS/HC [Edin FORTO]<br>Party for Democratic Action or SDA [Bakir IZETBEGOVIC]<br>Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Branislav BORENOVIC]<br>People and Justice Party or NiP [Elmedin KONAKOVIC]<br>People's European Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or NES [Nermin OGRESEVIC]<br>Progressive Srpska or NS [Goran DORDIC]<br>Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Milan MILICEVIC]<br>Social Democratic Party or SDP [Nermin NIKSIC]<br>United Srpska or US [Nenad STEVANDIC]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)",
      "note": "<strong>note</strong>: Bosnia-Herzegovina is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Bojan VUJIC&nbsp;(since 16 September 2019)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 337-1500"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 337-1502"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>consularaffairs@bhembassy; info@bhembassy.org<br><br>http://www.bhembassy.org/index.html"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Chicago, New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Michael J. MURPHY (since 23 February 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71000 Sarajevo"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "7130 Sarajevo Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-7130"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[387] (33) 704-000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[387] (33) 659-722"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>sarajevoACS@state.gov<br><br>https://ba.usembassy.gov/"
      },
      "branch office(s)": {
        "text": "Banja Luka, Mostar"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "a wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Brazil, Eritrea, and Vanuatu"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "golden lily; national colors: blue, yellow, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Drzavna himna Bosne i Hercegovine\" (The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "none officially/Dusan SESTIC"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> music adopted 1999; lyrics proposed in 2008 and others in 2016 were not approved"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Old Bridge Area of Mostar (c); Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge (c); Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards (c); Primeval Beech Forests - Janj Forest (n)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "import-dominated economy; remains consumption-heavy; lack of private sector investments and diversification; jointly addressing structural economic challenges; Chinese energy infrastructure investments; high unemployment; tourism industry impacted by COVID-19"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$51.244 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$47.649 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$49.183 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "7.55% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-3.12% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "2.83% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$15,700 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$14,400 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$14,600 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$20.078 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "1.98% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "-1.05% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "0.56% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B3 (2012)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B (2011)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "6.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "28.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "64.3% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "77.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "20% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "16.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "2.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "38.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-55.1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "maize, milk, vegetables, potatoes, wheat, plums/sloes, apples, barley, cabbages, poultry"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "8.87% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "1.169 million (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "18%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "30.4%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "51.7% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "15.22% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "15.27% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "15.69% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "32.9%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "28.2%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "39.9% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "16.9% (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2011": {
        "text": "33 (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "30.7% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "9.2% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.9%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "25.8% (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$8.434 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$8.154 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "2.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2020": {
        "text": "46.05% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2019": {
        "text": "44.63% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2018": {
        "text": "45.56% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions."
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "19.01% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$557.887 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$658.601 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$531.917 million (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$9.948 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$6.936 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$8.199 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 14%, Italy 12%, Croatia 11%, Serbia 11%, Austria 9%, Slovenia 8% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "electricity, seating, insulated wiring, lumber, furniture (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$12.726 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$9.726 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$11.156 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Croatia 15%, Serbia 13%, Germany 10%, Italy 9%, Slovenia 7%, China 6% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, coal, electricity (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$9.475 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$8.707 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$7.208 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$10.87 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$10.64 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "1.654 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "1.717 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "1.747 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "1.657 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "1.735 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "4.775 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "11,657,450,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "7.316 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "3.266 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "1.257 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "62.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "1.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "35.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "6.966 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "7.752 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "525,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1.366 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "2.264 billion metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "34,700 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "13,900 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "4,603 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "18,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "218.266 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "218.266 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "16.209 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "10.923 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "4.871 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "415,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "71.815 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "689,295 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "21 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "3,728,775 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "114 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "the telecom market has been liberalized and a regulatory framework created based on the EU&rsquo;s regulatory framework for communications; although Bosnia-Herzegovina remains an EU candidate country, in July 2017 it applied amended mobile roaming charges to fit in with changes introduced across the Union; further roaming agreements were made in 2019 with other western Balkan countries; the fixed-line broadband network is comparatively underdeveloped, with the result that investments made in mobile upgrades to facilitate broadband connectivity in the country to a greater extent than is common elsewhere in Europe; internet services are available; DSL and cable are the main platforms for fixed-line connectivity, while fiber broadband as yet has only a small market presence; the three MNOs, each affiliated with one of the incumbent fixed-line operators, provide national coverage with 3G, though LTE coverage is only about 89%; their upgraded networks are helping to support broadband in rural areas where fixed-line infrastructure is insufficient; mobile data and mobile broadband offers will provide future revenue growth given the limited potential of mobile voice services; the MNOs tested LTE services under trial licenses from 2013, commercial launches were delayed until the award of spectrum in early 2019; the regulator stipulated that licenses must provide national coverage within five years; trials of 5G technology have been undertaken, though there are no plans to launch services commercially in the short term, given that the MNOs can continue to exploit the capacity of their existing LTE networks (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line teledensity roughly 21 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular subscribership stands at 114 telephones per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 387; no satellite earth stations"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV broadcasting stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ba"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2.508 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "76% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "770,424 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "24 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "7,070 (2015)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "87 (2015) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "T9"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "24 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "7",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "17",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "6 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "147 km gas, 9 km oil (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "965 km (2014)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "965 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (565 km electrified)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "22,926 km (2010)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "19,426 km (2010) (4,652 km of interurban roads)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "3,500 km (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "990 km (2022) (Sava River on northern border; open to shipping but use limited)"
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "river port(s)": {
        "text": "Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, Brcko, Orasje (Sava River)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH or Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Army, Air, Air Defense forces organized into an Operations Command and a Support Command (2023)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "0.9% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "0.9% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2019)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "0.9% of GDP (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 10,000 active-duty personnel (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory is largely Soviet-era material with a smaller mix of mostly secondhand from other countries, particularly the US (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 35 or after 15 years of service for junior enlisted personnel, mandatory retirement at age 50 and 30 years of service for non-commissioned officers, mandatory retirement at age 55 and 30 years of service for all commissioned officers; conscription abolished in 2005 (2021)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2021, women made up about 7% of the military's full-time personnel"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH) are comprised of the former Bosnian-Croat Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Vojska Federacije Bosne i Hercegovin, VF) and the Bosnian-Serb Republic of Serbia Army (Vojska Republike Srpske, VRS); the two forces were unified under the 2006 Law on Defense, which also established the country’s Ministry of Defense<br><br>the European Union Force Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR) has operated in the country to oversee implementation of the Dayton/Paris Agreement since taking over from NATO's Stabilization Force (SFOR) in 2004; it has about about 1,100 troops from 22 countries<br><br>Bosnia and Herzegovina joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PfP) program in 2007 and was invited to join NATO’s Membership Action Plan in 2010; NATO maintains a military headquarters in Sarajevo with the mission of assisting Bosnia and Herzegovina with the PfP program and promoting closer integration with NATO, as well as providing logistics and other support to EUFOR (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Bosnia and Herzegovina-Serbia:</em> Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute.<br><br><em>Bosnia and Herzegovina-Croatia:</em> none identified<br><br><em>Bosnia and Herzegovina-Montenegro:</em> none identified</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "92,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-95 war) (2021)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "48 (2022)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>126,628 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-July 2023)"
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets</p>"
    }
  }
}