{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "A Malay trading port known as Temasek existed on the island of Singapore by the 14th century. The settlement changed hands several times in the ensuing centuries and was eventually burned in the 17th century and fell into obscurity. The British founded modern Singapore as a trading colony on the site in 1819. It joined the Malaysian Federation in 1963 but was ousted two years later and became independent. Singapore subsequently became one of the world's most prosperous countries with strong international trading links (its port is one of the world's busiest in terms of tonnage handled) and with per capita GDP among the highest globally."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "1 22 N, 103 48 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Southeast Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "719 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "709.2 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "10 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly more than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "193 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "3 nm"
      },
      "exclusive fishing zone": {
        "text": "within and beyond territorial sea, as defined in treaties and practice"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - northeastern monsoon (December to March) and southwestern monsoon (June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "lowlying, gently undulating central plateau"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Bukit Timah 166 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Singapore Strait 0 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "fish, deepwater ports"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 0.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "3.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "95.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "0 sq km (2022)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of the urbanization is along the southern coast, with relatively dense population clusters found in the central areas"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "flash floods"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes; consists of about 60 islands, by far the largest of which is Pulau Ujong; land reclamation has removed many former islands and created a number of new ones"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "5,975,383 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Singaporean(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Singapore"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Chinese 74.2%, Malay 13.7%, Indian 8.9%, other 3.2% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent population by self-identification; the population is divided into four categories: Chinese, Malay (includes indigenous Malays and Indonesians), Indian (includes Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, or Sri Lankan), and other ethnic groups (includes Eurasians, Caucasians, Japanese, Filipino, Vietnamese)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "English (official) 48.3%, Mandarin (official) 29.9%, other Chinese dialects (includes Hokkien, Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka) 8.7%, Malay (official) 9.2%, Tamil (official) 2.5%, other 1.4%; note - data represent language most frequently spoken at home (2020 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)<br><br>世界概況  –  不可缺少的基本消息來源 (Mandarin)"
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Buddhist 31.1%, Christian 18.9%, Muslim 15.6%, Taoist 8.8%, Hindu 5%, other 0.6%, none 20% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Singapore has one of the lowest total fertility rates (TFR) in the world – an average of 1.15 children born per woman – and a rapidly aging population.  Women’s expanded educations, widened aspirations, and a desire to establish careers has contributed to delayed marriage and smaller families. Most married couples have only one or two children in order to invest more in each child, including the high costs of education.  In addition, more and more Singaporeans, particularly women, are staying single.  Factors contributing to this trend are a focus on careers, long working hours, the high cost of living, and long waits for public housing.    With fertility at such a low rate and rising life expectancy, the proportion of the population aged 65 or over is growing and the youth population is shrinking.  Singapore is projected to experience one of the largest percentage point increases in the elderly share of the population at 21% between 2019 and 2050, according to the UN.  The working-age population (aged 15-64) will gradually decrease, leaving fewer workers to economically support the elderly population.</p> <p>Migration has played a key role in Singapore’s development.  As Singapore’s economy expanded during the 19th century, more and more Chinese, Indian, and Malay labor immigrants arrived.  Most of Singapore’s pre-World War II population growth was a result of immigration.  During World War II, immigration came to a halt when the Japanese occupied the island but revived in the postwar years.  Policy was restrictive during the 1950s and 1960s, aiming to protect jobs for residents by reducing the intake of low-skilled foreign workers and focusing instead on attracting professionals from abroad with specialist skills.  Consequently, the nonresident share of Singapore’s population plummeted to less than 3%. </p> <p>As the country industrialized, however, it loosened restrictions on the immigration of manual workers.  From the 1980s through the 2000s, the foreign population continued to grow as a result of policies aimed at attracting foreign workers of all skill levels.  More recently, the government has instituted immigration policies that target highly skilled workers. Skilled workers are encouraged to stay and are given the opportunity to become permanent residents or citizens.  The country, however, imposes restrictions on unskilled and low-skilled workers to ensure they do not establish roots, including prohibiting them from bringing their families and requiring employers to pay a monthly foreign worker levy and security bond.  The country has also become increasingly attractive to international students. The growth of the foreign-born population has continued to be rapid; as of 2015, the foreign-born composed 46% of the total population.  At the same time, growing numbers of Singaporeans are emigrating for education and work experience in highly skilled sectors such finance, information technology, and medicine.  Increasingly, the moves abroad are permanent.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "14.82% (male 458,019/female 427,364)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "71.49% (male 2,148,471/female 2,123,102)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "13.7% (2023 est.) (male 379,373/female 439,054)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "35.4"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "16.2"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "19.1"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "5.2 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "35.6 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "35.4 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "35.7 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.9% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.94 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "4.15 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "4.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of the urbanization is along the southern coast, with relatively dense population clusters found in the central areas"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "100% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "6.081 million SINGAPORE (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.86 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "30.5 years (2015 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "7 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.54 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "1.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "86.51 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "83.82 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "89.34 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.17 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.57 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "6.1% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "2.46 physicians/1,000 population (2019)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "2.5 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "6.1% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.81 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "1.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.27 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "28% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "5% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "54.3% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "2.8% of GDP (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "97.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "98.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "96.1% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17 years (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "11.8% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "water pollution; industrial pollution; limited natural freshwater resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal problems; air pollution; deforestation; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - northeastern monsoon (December to March) and southwestern monsoon (June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 0.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "3.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "95.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "100% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "18.26 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "37.54 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "4.4 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "7,704,300 tons (2017 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "4,699,623 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "61% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "300 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "340 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "600 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Singapore"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Singapore"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Singapore"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Singapore"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derives from the Sanskrit words \"simha\" (lion) and \"pura\" (city) to describe the city-state's leonine symbol"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Singapore"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "1 17 N, 103 51 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derives from the Sanskrit words <em>simha</em> (lion) and <em>pura</em> (city), thus creating the city's epithet \"lion city\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "no first order administrative divisions; there are five community development councils: Central Singapore Development Council, North East Development Council, North West Development Council, South East Development Council, South West Development Council (2019)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "9 August 1965 (from Malaysian Federation)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "National Day, 9 August (1965)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1965"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in the second and third readings by the elected Parliament membership and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting sovereignty or control of the Police Force or the Armed Forces requires at least two-thirds majority vote in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2020"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "English common law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Singapore"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "10 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "21 years of age; universal and compulsory"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President HALIMAH Yacob (since 14 September 2017)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister LEE Hsien Loong (since 12 August 2004)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister; Cabinet responsible to Parliament"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a fixed term of 6 years (there are no term limits); election last held on 13 September 2017 (next to be held in 2023); following legislative elections, leader of majority party or majority coalition appointed prime minister by president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2017</em>: HALIMAH Yacob was declared president on 13 September 2017, being the only eligible candidate<br><br><em>2011</em>: Tony TAN Keng Yam elected president; percent of vote - Tony TAN Keng Yam (independent) 35.2%, TAN Cheng Bock (independent) 34.9%, TAN Jee Say (independent) 25%, TAN Kin Lian (independent) 4.9%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Parliament (104 seats statutory, 103 current term; 93 members directly elected by simple majority popular vote, up to 9 nominated by a parliamentary selection committee and appointed by the president, and up to 12 non-constituency members from opposition parties to ensure political diversity; members serve 5-year terms); note - the number of nominated members increased to 12 for the 2020 election for the first time (2021)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 10 July 2020 (next must be held by 2025)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - PAP 89.2%, WP 10.6%, other 0.2%; seats by party - PAP 83, WP 10; composition of total Parliament - men 73, women 30, percent of women 29.1%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (although the number of judges varies - as of April 2019,&nbsp;the court&nbsp;totaled 20 judges, 7 judicial commissioners, 4 judges of appeal, and 16 international judges); the court is organized into an upper tier Appeal Court and a lower tier High Court"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "judges appointed by the president from candidates recommended by the prime minister after consultation with the chief justice; judges usually serve until retirement at age 65, but terms can be extended"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "district, magistrates', juvenile, family, community, and coroners' courts; small claims tribunals; employment claims tribunals"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [Mohamad Hamim BIN ALIYA]<br>National Solidarity Party or NSP [Spencer NG]<br>People's Action Party or PAP [LEE Hsien Loong]<br>People's Power Party or PPP [Goh Meng SENG]<br>People's Voice or PV [Lim TEAN]<br>Progress Singapore Party or PSP [Francis YUEN]<br>Red Dot United or RDU [Ravi PHILEMON]<br>Reform Party or RP [Kenneth JEYARETNAM]<br>Singapore Democratic Alliance or SDA [Desmond LIM]<br>Singapore Democratic Party or SDP [Dr. CHEE Soon Juan]<br>Singapore People's Party or SPP [Steve CHIA]<br>Singapore United Party or SUP [Andy ZHU]<br>Workers' Party or WP [Pritam SINGH]",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the PAP has won every general election since the end of the British colonial era in 1959"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB, AOSIS, APEC, Arctic Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN, BIS, C, CP, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Ashok KUMAR Mirpuri (since 30 July 2012)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "3501 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 537-3100"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 537-7086"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>singemb_was@mfa.sg<br><br>https://www.mfa.gov.sg/washington/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "San Francisco"
      },
      "consulate(s)": {
        "text": "New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Jonathan KAPLAN (since December 2021)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "27 Napier Road, Singapore 258508"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "4280 Singapore Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-4280"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[65] 6476-9100"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[65] 6476-9340"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>singaporeusembassy@state.gov<br><br>https://sg.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle; red denotes brotherhood and equality; white signifies purity and virtue; the waxing crescent moon symbolizes a young nation on the ascendancy; the five stars represent the nation's ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "lion, merlion (mythical half lion-half fish creature), orchid; national colors: red, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Majulah Singapura\" (Onward Singapore)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "ZUBIR Said"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1965; first performed in 1958 at the Victoria Theatre, the anthem is sung only in Malay"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "1 (cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Singapore Botanic Gardens"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "high-income, service-based Southeast Asian economy; renowned for financial markets and Asian Infrastructure Exchange; business-driven regulations; low unemployment; electronics, oil, and chemicals exporter; continuing education investment"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$578.254 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$537.341 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$560.566 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "7.61% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-4.14% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "1.1% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$106,000 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$94,500 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$98,300 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$372.088 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "2.3% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "-0.18% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "0.57% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "AAA (2003)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Aaa (2002)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "AAA (1995)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "0% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "24.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "75.2% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "35.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "10.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "24.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "2.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "173.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-149.1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "poultry, eggs, vegetables, pork, duck meat, spinach, pig offals, bird eggs, pig fat, cabbages"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling equipment, petroleum refining, biomedical products, scientific instruments, telecommunication equipment, processed food and beverages, ship repair, offshore platform construction, entrepot trade"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "13.32% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "3.29 million (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> excludes non-residents"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "0.7%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "25.6%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "73.7% (2017)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> excludes non-residents"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.62% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "4.1% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "3.1% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "11.8% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
        "text": "45.9 (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "6.9% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "1.9% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "1.6%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "27.5% (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$59.974 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$90.264 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> expenditures include both operational and development expenditures"
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-0.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2020": {
        "text": "153.41% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2019": {
        "text": "128.31% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2018": {
        "text": "110.73% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Singapore's public debt consists largely of Singapore Government Securities (SGS) issued to assist the Central Provident Fund (CPF), which administers Singapore's defined contribution pension fund; special issues of SGS are held by the CPF, and are non-tradable; the government has not borrowed to finance deficit expenditures since the 1980s; Singapore has no external public debt"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "12.89% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "1 April - 31 March"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$71.926 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "$58.139 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "$54.273 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$733.782 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$627.442 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$658.127 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 15%, Hong Kong 13%, Malaysia 9%, United States 8%, Indonesia 7%, India 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, gold, gas turbines, packaged medicines (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$609.28 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$517.967 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$550.209 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 16%, Malaysia 11%, United States 9%, Taiwan 7%, Japan 5%, Indonesia 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, gold, gas turbines (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$425.098 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$369.834 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$285.478 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$1,557,646,000,000 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$1,528,177,000,000 (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Singapore dollars (SGD) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "1.343 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "1.38 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "1.364 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "1.349 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "1.381 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "12.24 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "50,742,380,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "571 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "96.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "1.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "2.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "423,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "1,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "424,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "1.448 million bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "13,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "1,121,200 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "755,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "1.82 million bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "2.335 million bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "13,396,282,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "550.818 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "14,727,709,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "238.983 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "1.588 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "211.115 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "26.28 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "639.951 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "1,887,500 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "32 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "8,660,700 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "146 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "a wealthy city-state, Singapore has a highly developed ICT infrastructure; government supported near universal home broadband penetration and free public access to wireless network; the government's telecommunication regulator, Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA), issued awards in mid-2020 to telecom operators with the goal of having at least 50% of the city-state covered with a standalone 5G network by the end of 2022; government actively promoting Smart Nation initiative supporting digital innovation; government oversees service providers and controls Internet content; well served by submarine cable and satellite connections (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line is 32 per 100 and mobile-cellular 146 per 100 teledensity (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 65; landing points for INDIGO-West, SeaMeWe -3,-4,-5, SIGMAR, SJC, i2icn,&nbsp;PGASCOM, BSCS,&nbsp;IGG,&nbsp;B3JS, SAEx2, APCN-2, APG, ASC, SEAX-1, ASE, EAC-C2C, Matrix Cable System and SJC2 submarine cables providing links throughout Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3, Bukit Timah, Seletar, and Sentosa; supplemented by VSAT coverage (2019 )"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state controls broadcast media;&nbsp;6 domestic TV stations operated by MediaCorp which is wholly owned by a state investment company; broadcasts from Malaysian and Indonesian stations available; satellite dishes banned; multi-channel cable TV services available; a total of 19 domestic radio stations broadcasting, with MediaCorp operating 11, Singapore Press Holdings, also government-linked, another 5,&nbsp;2 controlled by the Singapore Armed Forces Reservists Association and one owned by BBC Radio; Malaysian and Indonesian radio stations are available as is BBC; a number of Internet service radio stations are also available (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".sg"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5.369 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "91% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,509,700 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "26 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "4 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "230"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "40,401,515 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "5,194,900,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "9V"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "9 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "9",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "3,220 km domestic gas (2014), 1,122 km cross-border pipelines (2017), 8 km refined products (2013) (2013)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,500 km (2017)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "3,500 km (2017) (includes 164 km of expressways)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,227"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 574, container ship 542, general cargo 99, oil tanker 633, other 1,379 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Singapore"
      },
      "container port(s) (TEUs)": {
        "text": "Singapore (37,470,000) (2021)"
      },
      "LNG terminal(s) (import)": {
        "text": "Singapore"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Singapore Armed Forces (SAF; aka Singapore Defense Force): Singapore Army, Republic of Singapore Navy, Republic of Singapore Air Force (includes air defense), Digital and Intelligence Service; Ministry of Home Affairs: Singapore Police Force (includes Police Coast Guard and the Gurkha Contingent) (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>the Digital and Intelligence Service (DIS) was stood up as the fourth SAF service in October of 2022<strong><br><br>note 2:</strong> the Gurkha Contingent of the Singapore Police Force (GCSPF) is a paramilitary unit for riot control and acts as a rapid reaction force <strong><br></strong><br><strong>note 3:</strong> in 2009, Singapore established a multi-agency national Maritime Security Task Force (MSTF) to work with law enforcement and maritime agencies to guard Singapore’s waters, including conducting daily patrols, as well as boarding and escort operations in the Singapore Strait; the MSTF is subordinate to the Singapore Navy"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "2.9% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "3% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "3% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "2.9% of GDP (2019)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "2.9% of GDP (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "information varies; approximately 60,000 active duty troops (45,000 Army; 7,000 Navy; 8,000 Air Force) (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the SAF has a diverse and largely modern mix of domestically produced and imported weapons; in recent years, the US has been the chief supplier of arms; other significant suppliers include France, Germany, Israel, and Sweden; Singapore has the most developed arms industry in Southeast Asia and is also its largest importer of weapons (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-21 years of age for compulsory military service for men; 16.5 years of age for voluntary enlistment (with parental consent); 24-month conscript service obligation, with a reserve obligation to age 40 (enlisted) or age 50 (officers); women are not conscripted, but they are allowed to volunteer for all services and branches, including combat arms (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>under the Enlistment Act, all male Singaporean citizens and permanent residents, unless exempted, are required to enter National Service (NS) upon attaining the age of 18; most NS conscripts serve in the Armed Forces, but some go into the Police Force or Civil Defense Force; conscripts comprise over half of the defense establishment<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> as of 2019, women made up about 8% of the active force<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> members of the Gurkha Contingent (GC) of the Singapore Police Force are mostly recruited from a small number of hill tribes in Nepal; the GC was formed in 1949 originally from selected ex-British Army Gurkhas"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "maintains permanent training detachments of military personnel in Australia, France, and the US (2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the SAF's roots go back to 1854 when the Singapore Volunteer Rifle Corps was formed under colonial rule; the first battalion of regular soldiers, the First Singapore Infantry Regiment, was organized in 1957; the modern SAF was established in 1965 and is today widely viewed as the best equipped military in Southeast Asia; the SAF’s primary responsibility is external defense, but it has trained for certain domestic security operations, including joint deterrence patrols with police in instances of heightened terrorism alerts; the Army is organized into 3 combined arms divisions and a “people’s defense force,” a divisional headquarters responsible for homeland security and counterterrorism; the Army is based largely on 2-year conscripts and reservists with a small cadre of professional soldiers, and Army units are comprised of a mix of active duty and cadre/reserve battalions that are filled out by reservists upon mobilization; the Air Force and Navy are primarily comprised of professionals; the Air Force has over 100 modern US-origin combat aircraft, plus squadrons for anti-submarine warfare, maritime patrol, early warning, surveillance, and logistical support, as well as unmanned aerial vehicles and attack helicopters; the Navy’s principal combat vessels are a mix of about 20 frigates, corvettes, and littoral combat ships (comparable to a corvette in capabilities), plus a few submarines <br><br>Singapore is a member of the Five Powers Defense Arrangements (FPDA), a series of mutual assistance agreements reached in 1971 embracing Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and the UK; the FPDA commits the members to consult with one another in the event or threat of an armed attack on any of the members and to mutually decide what measures should be taken, jointly or separately; there is no specific obligation to intervene militarily (2023)"
    },
    "Maritime threats": {
      "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reported that incidents in the Singapore Straits continue to increase year on year with 38 in 2022 compared to 35 in 2021; vessels were successfully boarded in all 38 incidents in 2022; while the majority of vessels boarded reported incidents as predominately low-level opportunistic thefts, four crew were taken hostage and a further two threatened during these incidents; the majority of incidents were reported during the hours of darkness and while vessels were underway; the territorial and offshore waters in the South China Sea remain a high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait</p> <p><em>Singapore-Indonesia</em>: Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; subsequent treaties were signed in 2009 (ratified in 2010) and 2014 (ratified in 2017) settling the two countries’ boundaries in the Singapore Strait</p> <p><em>Singapore-Malaysia</em>: disputes with Malaysia over territorial waters, airspace, the price of fresh water delivered to Singapore from Malaysia, Singapore's extensive land reclamation works, bridge construction, and maritime boundaries in the Johor and Singapore Straits; in 2008, the International Court of Justice awarded sovereignty of Pedra Branca (Pulau Batu Puteh/Horsburgh Island) to Singapore, and Middle Rocks to Malaysia, but did not rule on maritime regimes, boundaries, or disposition of South Ledge, which is only visible at low tide</p>",
      "note": "https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/singapore-and-indonesia-signed-landmark-maritime-boundary-treaty <br><br>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Singapore_border <br><br>https://www.iseas.edu.sg/media/commentaries/indonesia-ratifies-maritime-border-treaty-with-singapore-a-commentary-by-mustafa-izzuddin/ <br><br>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute <br><br>https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Malaysia-in-transition/Singapore-and-Malaysia-make-major-breakthrough-in-maritime-dispute <br><br>https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/the-1962-johor-singapore-water-agreement-lessons-learned/"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "1,109 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>drug abuse limited because of aggressive law enforcement efforts, including carrying out death sentences; as a transportation and financial services hub, Singapore is vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, as a venue for money laundering</p>"
    }
  }
}