{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "The archipelago was once largely under the control of Buddhist and Hindu rulers. By around the 7th century, a Buddhist kingdom arose on Sumatra and expanded into Java and the Malay Peninsula until it was conquered in the late 13th century by the Hindu Majapahit Empire from Java. Majapahit (1290-1527) united most of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. Traders introduced Islam in the trade ports around the 11th century, and Indonesians gradually adopted Islam over the next 500 years. The Portuguese conquered parts of Indonesia in the 16th century, but they were ousted by the Dutch (except in East Timor), who began colonizing the islands in the early 17th century. It would be the early 20th century before Dutch colonial rule was established across the entirety of what would become the boundaries of the modern Indonesian state.<br><br>Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted \"Guided Democracy.\" After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his \"New Order\" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. <br><br>Indonesia faces a number of issues, including alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "5 00 S, 120 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Southeast Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,904,569 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "1,811,569 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "93,000 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly less than three times the size of Texas"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,958 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "54,716 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Puncak Jaya 4,884 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "367 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Indonesia is the World's leading producer of nickel with an output of 1.6 million mt in 2022"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "31.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 13% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 6.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "51.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "17.1% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "67,220 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km<br>note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires</p> <p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; on 22 December 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the 338 m high island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami inundating portions of western Java and southern Sumatra leaving more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "<p><strong>note 1:</strong> according to Indonesia's National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping, the total number of islands in the archipelago is 13,466, of which 922 are permanently inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean</p> <p><strong>note 2:</strong> Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; 80% of tsunamis, caused by volcanic or seismic events, occur within the \"Pacific Ring of Fire\"</p> <p><strong>note 3:</strong> despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon<br><br><strong>note 4: </strong>two major food crops apparently developed on the island of New Guinea: bananas and sugarcane</p>"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "279,476,346 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Indonesian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Indonesian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note -&nbsp;more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 87.2%, Protestant 7%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Indonesia has the world’s fourth-largest population.  It is predominantly Muslim and has the largest Muslim population of any country in the world.  The population is projected to increase to as much as 320 million by 2045.  A government-supported family planning program.  The total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of births per woman – from 5.6 in the mid-1960s to 2.7 in the mid-1990s.  The success of the program was also due to the social acceptance of family planning, which received backing from influential Muslim leaders and organizations.</p> <p>The fertility decline slowed in the late 1990’s when responsibility for family planning programs shifted to the district level, where the programs were not prioritized.  Since 2012 the national government revitalized the national family planning program, and Indonesia’s TFR has slowly decreased to 2.3 in 2020.  The government may reach its goal of achieving replacement level fertility – 2.1 children per woman – but the large number of women of childbearing age ensures significant population growth for many years. </p> <p>Indonesia is a source country for labor migrants, a transit country for asylum seekers, and a destination mainly for highly skilled migrant workers.  International labor migration, both legal and illegal, from Indonesia to other parts of Asia (most commonly Malaysia) and the Middle East has taken place for decades because of high unemployment and underemployment, poverty, and low wages domestically.  Increasing numbers of migrant workers are drawn to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the US.  The majority of Indonesian labor migration is temporary and consists predominantly of low-skilled workers, mainly women working as domestics.</p> <p>Indonesia’s strategic location between Asia and Australia and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans – and its relatively easy accessibility via boat – appeal to asylum seekers.  It is also an attractive transit location because of its easy entry requirements and the ability to continue on to Australia.  Recent asylum seekers have come from Afghanistan, Burma (Rohingyas), Iraq, Somalia, and Sri Lanka.  Since 2013, when Australia tightening its immigration policy, thousands of migrants and asylum seekers have been stranded in Indonesia, where they live in precarious conditions and receive only limited support from international organizations.  The situation for refugees in Indonesia has also worsened because Australia and the US, which had resettled the majority of refugees in Indonesia, have significantly lowered their intake.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "24.22% (male 34,627,270/female 33,066,304)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "68.1% (male 95,267,122/female 95,063,200)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "7.68% (2023 est.) (male 9,892,325/female 11,560,125)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "47.6"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "37.6"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "10"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "10 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31.1 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "30.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "31.8 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.76% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "15.05 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "6.77 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "58.6% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "11.249 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.729 million Bekasi, 3.044 million Surabaya, 3.041 million Depok, 2.674 million Bandung, 2.514 million Tangerang (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.86 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "22.4 years (2017 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "173 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "19.31 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "21.71 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16.78 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "73.33 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "71.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "75.68 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.99 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.97 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "55.5% (2018)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 98.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 86.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 93.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 1.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 13.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 6.7% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "3.4% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.62 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "1 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 97.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 86.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 92.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 2.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 13.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 7.5% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2023)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "dengue fever and malaria"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 22 March 2023, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Southeast Asia; Indonesia is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "6.9% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "37.6% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "71.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3.7% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "17.7% (2018)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "70% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "2%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "16.3% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "3.5% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "96%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "97.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "94.6% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "14 years (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "People - note": {
      "text": "Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the World after China, India, and the United States; more than half of the Indonesian population - roughly 150 million people or 55% - live on the island of Java (about the size of California) making it the most crowded island on earth"
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Marine Life Conservation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "31.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 13% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 6.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "51.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "17.1% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "58.6% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.39% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "1.06% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "15.58 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "563.32 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "244.5 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "65.2 million tons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "4.564 million tons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "7% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km<br>note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "23.8 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "9.14 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "189.7 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "2.02 trillion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Indonesia"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Indonesia"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republik Indonesia"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Indonesia"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Netherlands East Indies (Dutch East Indies), Netherlands New Guinea"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, \"Indos\" (India) and \"nesoi\" (islands), meaning \"Indian islands\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Jakarta; note - Indonesian lawmakers on 18 January 2022 approved the relocation of the country&rsquo;s capital from Jakarta to a site on the island of Borneo between Samarinda City and the port city of Balikpapan; Nusantara (\"archipelago\"), the name of the new capital, is expected to be established in August 2024"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "6 10 S, 106 49 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "time zone note": {
        "text": "Indonesia has three time zones"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "\"Jakarta\" derives from the Sanscrit \"Jayakarta\" meaning \"victorious city\" and refers to a successful defeat and expulsion of the Portuguese in 1527; previously the port had been named \"Sunda Kelapa\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "35 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Papua Barat Daya (Southwest Papua), Papua Pegunungan (Papua Highlands), Papua Selatan (South Papua), Papua Tengah (Central Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 17 August (1945)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the People&rsquo;s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2002"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 continuous years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "17 years of age; universal; married persons regardless of age"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Joko \"Jokowi\" WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Ma'ruf AMIN (since 20 October 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Joko \"Jokowi\" WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Ma'ruf AMIN (since 20 October 2019)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on&nbsp;17 April 2019 (next election 2024)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2019</em>: Joko WIDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%<br><br><em>2014</em>: Joko WIDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 53.15%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 46.85%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral People's Consultative Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) consists of:<br>Regional Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (136 seats; non-partisan members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - 4 each from the country's 34 electoral districts - by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the Regional Representative Council has no legislative authority<br>House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (575 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "Regional Representative Council - last held on 17 April 2019 (next to be held 2024)<br>House of Representatives - last held on 17 April 2019 (next to be held 2024)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Regional Representative Council - all seats elected on a non-partisan basis; composition - men 102, women 34, percent of women 25%<br>House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDI-P 19.3%, Gerindra 12.6%, Golkar 12.3%,  PKB 9.7%, Nasdem 9.1%, PKS 8.2%, PD 7.8%, PAN 6.8%, PPP 4.5%, other 9.6%; seats by party - PDI-P 128, Golkar 85, Gerindra 78, Nasdem 59, PKB 58, PD 54, PKS 50, PAN 44, PPP 19; composition - men 449, women 126, percent of women 21.9%; total People's Consultative Assembly percent of women 22.5%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Democrat Party or PD [Agus Harimurti YUDHOYONO]<br>Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Airlangga HARTARTO]<br>Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo]<br>Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]<br>National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]<br>National Democratic Party or NasDem [Surya PALOH]<br>National Mandate Party or PAN [Zulkifli HASAN]<br>Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Ahmad SYAIKHU]<br>United Development Party or PPP [Muhamad MARDIONO]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Rosan Perkasa ROESLANI (since 13 January 2022)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 775-5200"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 775-5236"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>washington.kbri@kemlu.go.id<br><br>https://www.kemlu.go.id/washington/en#!"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Sung Y. KIM (since 21 October 2020)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-8200"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[62] (21) 5083-1000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[62] (21) 385-7189"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>jakartaacs@state.gov<br><br>https://id.usembassy.gov/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Surabaya"
      },
      "consulate(s)": {
        "text": "Medan"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "garuda (mythical bird); national colors: red, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Indonesia Raya\" (Great Indonesia)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1945"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "9 (5 cultural, 4 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Borobudur Temple Compounds (c); Komodo National Park (n); Prambanan Temple Compounds (c); Ujung Kulon National Park (n); Sangiran Early Man Site (c); Lorentz National Park (n); Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (n); Cultural Landscape of Bali Province (c); Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "one of the fastest growing economies and largest in Southeast Asia; upper middle-income country; human capital and competitiveness phase of its 20-year development plan; COVID-19 reversed poverty reduction trajectory; strengthening financial resilience"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$3.246 trillion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$3.131 trillion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$3.197 trillion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.69% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-2.07% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "5.02% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$11,900 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$11,500 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$11,900 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$1,119,720,000,000 (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "1.56% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "1.92% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "3.03% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "BBB (2017)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Baa2 (2018)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "BBB (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "13.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "41% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "45.4% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "57.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "9.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "32.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "20.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-19.2% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "oil palm fruit, rice, maize, sugar cane, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, poultry, rubber"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "3.42% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "138.119 million (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "32%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "21%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "47% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "4.41% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "4.28% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "3.62% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "9.4% (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021": {
        "text": "37.9 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "31.7% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "7.2% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.4%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "28.2% (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$130.872 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$192.97 billion (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-2.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2020": {
        "text": "42.92% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2019": {
        "text": "33.73% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2018": {
        "text": "33.14% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "8.31% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$3.459 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$4.433 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$30.279 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$246.87 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$178.418 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$200.097 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 15%, United States 10%, Japan 9%, Singapore 8%, India 7%, Malaysia 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "coal, palm oil, natural gas, iron alloys, stainless steel (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$217.715 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$159.872 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$204.23 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 27%, Singapore 12%, Japan 8%, Thailand 5%, United States 5%, South Korea 5%, Malaysia 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, vehicle parts, telephones, natural gas (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$144.908 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$135.916 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$129.186 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$393.252 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$360.945 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "14,308.144 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "14,582.203 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "14,147.671 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "14,236.939 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "13,380.834 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "population without electricity": {
        "text": "(2020) less than 1 million"
      },
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "99.2% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "99.9% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "98.2% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "69.065 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "256,742,190,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1.553 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "25.08 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "82.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "6.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "5.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "563.728 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "132.548 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "409.892 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "8.95 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "39.891 billion metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "842,300 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "1.649 million bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "204,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "309,700 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "950,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "79,930 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "591,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "62,612,013,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "38,673,953,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "23,938,060,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1,408,478,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "563.543 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "267.326 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "209.279 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "86.938 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "29.68 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "8,998,814 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "3 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "365,872,608 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "134 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Indonesia faces more than the usual number of obstacles in terms of enabling widespread access to quality telecommunications services for its population of more than 270 million; the geographical challenges have been further compounded by a variety of social, political, and economic problems over the years that have kept the country&rsquo;s wealth distributed very thinly; the fixed-line (fiber) and mobile operators have continued to expand and upgrade their networks across the country; Indonesia&rsquo;s 18,000 islands (many of which, however, are sparsely populated) makes the deployment of fixed-line infrastructure on a broad scale difficult; there has been renewed activity in fiber optic cable, but the bundling of fixed-line telephony with TV and internet services will see the country&rsquo;s teledensity stabilize; mobile subscriptions have reached more than 130% and is projected to exceed 150% by 2026; with 4G LTE universally available, the major mobile companies have been busy launching 5G services in selected areas; the rollout of 5G will be hampered by the lack of availability of suitable frequencies; the 4G had to be reallocated from broadcasting services, and indications are that the same process is going to have to be followed in order to allow the expansion of 5G into its core frequency bands (3.3 to 4.2GHz) (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line subscribership roughly 3 per 100 and mobile-cellular 134 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 62; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3 &amp; 5, DAMAI, JASUKA,&nbsp;BDM,&nbsp;Dumai-Melaka Cable System, IGG, JIBA,&nbsp;Link 1, 3, 4, &nbsp;&amp; 5, PGASCOM, B3J2, Tanjung Pandam-Sungai Kakap Cable System, JAKABARE, JAYABAYA, INDIGO-West, Matrix&nbsp;Cable System, ASC, SJJK, Jaka2LaDeMa, S-U-B Cable System, JBCS, MKCS, BALOK, Palapa Ring East, West&nbsp;and Middle, SMPCS Packet-1 and 2, LTCS, TSCS, SEA-US and Kamal Domestic Submarine Cable System, 35&nbsp;submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East,&nbsp;Australia, Southeast Asia, Africa&nbsp;and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "mixture of about a dozen national TV networks -&nbsp;1 public broadcaster, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".id"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "167.4 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "62% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11,722,218 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "4 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "25 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "611"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "115,154,100 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,131,910,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "PK"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "673 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "186"
      },
      "civil airports": {
        "text": "21"
      },
      "military airports": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "joint use (civil-military) airports": {
        "text": "9"
      },
      "other airports": {
        "text": "154"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "487",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "76 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "1,064 km condensate, 150 km condensate/gas, 11,702 km gas, 119 km liquid petroleum gas, 7,767 km oil, 77 km oil/gas/water, 728 km refined products, 53 km unknown, 44 km water (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8,159 km (2014)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "8,159 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> 4,816 km operational"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "496,607 km (2011)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "283,102 km (2011)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "213,505 km (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "21,579 km (2011)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11,015"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 154, container ship 218, general cargo 2,310, oil tanker 700, other 7,633 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok"
      },
      "container port(s) (TEUs)": {
        "text": "Tanjung Perak (3,901,215), Tanjung Priok (6,849,227) (2021)"
      },
      "LNG terminal(s) (export)": {
        "text": "Bontang, Tangguh"
      },
      "LNG terminal(s) (import)": {
        "text": "Arun, Lampung, West Java"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)) (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> in 2014, Indonesia created a Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla) to coordinate the actions of all maritime security agencies, including the Navy, the Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai, KPLP), the Water Police (Polair), Customs (Bea Cukai), and Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>the Indonesian National Police, which reports directly to the president, includes a paramilitary Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB); following the Bali terror bombing in 2002, the National Police formed a special counterterrorism force called Detachment 88 (Densus or Detasemen Khusus 88 Antiteror); Detachment 88 often works with the TNI's Joint Special Operations Command, which has counterterrorism and counterinsurgency units; the National Police are also bolstered by the KAMRA \"People's Security\" police auxiliaries"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2019)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 400,000 active duty troops (300,000 Army; 60,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines; 30,000 Air Force) (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory is a wide mix of Chinese, Russian, and Western (including US) equipment; in recent years, the top suppliers have included China, France, Germany, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the US; the TNI has been engaged in a modernization program for more than a decade with uneven success; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries; in 2019, the Indonesian Government said that growing its domestic defense industry was a national priority over the following 10 years (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized (males, age 18), but not utilized; 24-month service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers) (2023)"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "225 (plus about 140 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,225 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the military is responsible for external defense, combatting separatism, and responding to natural disasters; in certain conditions it may provide operational support to police, such as for counterterrorism operations, maintaining public order, and addressing communal conflicts; the TNI has undergone reforms since the 1990s to improve its professionalism and limit its involvement in internal politics; the infantry-heavy Army is the largest service and deployed throughout the country in 14 area (KODAM) and three joint area (KOGABWILHAN) defense commands; it also has a special forces command (KOPASSUS) and three strategic reserve (KOSTRAD) infantry division headquarters; as of 2023, the Army was conducting counter-insurgency operations in Papua against the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, which has been fighting a low-level insurgency since Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony in the 1960s; it has also been assisting police in Sulawesi in countering the Mujahideen Indonesia Timur (MIT; aka East Indonesia Mujahideen), a local militant group affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); the Navy is organized and equipped for coastal defense and patrolling Indonesia’s territorial waters where it faces such issues as piracy, transnational crime, illegal fishing, and incursions by Chinese vessels; it has more than 30 frigates and corvettes, several attack-type submarines, and a force of coastal patrol vessels and maritime patrol aircraft; the Navy also has an amphibious force with several marine infantry brigades and landing platform dock (LPD) amphibious assault ships; the Air Force has more than 100 combat aircraft <br><br>Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within China's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; since 2016, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on Great Natuna Island (aka Pulau Natuna Besar), the main island of the Middle Natuna Archipelago, which is part of the Riau Islands Province, and held military exercises in the surrounding waters (2023)"
    },
    "Maritime threats": {
      "text": "the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; the number of attacks in Indonesia increased to ten incidents in 2022 compared to nine in 2021; aggressive maritime patrolling by regional authorities has reduced the frequency of attacks in recent years; vessels continue to be boarded while anchored or berthed at Indonesian ports; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "5,684 (Afghanistan) (mid-year 2022)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "73,000 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2007 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2021)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "866 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 2 Watch List &mdash; Indonesia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; Indonesia supported the repatriation of migrant workers&mdash;including some who were exploited in trafficking abroad&mdash;referred some victims to social services, implemented the 2017 Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers law, concluded a memorandum of understanding with Malaysia on worker protections, and increased funding for victim and witness protection services; however, the government did not demonstrate overall increasing efforts compared to the previous year to expand its anti-trafficking capacity; investigations and convictions decreased for the fifth and fourth consecutive years, respectively; officials did not take steps to address official complicity in trafficking crimes; the lack of systematic identification procedures hindered proactive identification of victims; protection services remained inadequate; the government did not fully prioritize staffing or funding for effective oversight of sectors with pervasive trafficking problems; the 2007 anti-trafficking law was inconsistent with international law on what constitutes child sex trafficking crimes; therefore, Indonesia was downgraded to Tier 2 Watch List (2022)"
      },
      "trafficking profile": {
        "text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Indonesia, as well as Indonesians abroad; officials estimate that more than two million Indonesians working abroad&mdash;many of whom are women working in the domestic sector&mdash;are undocumented or overstayed their visas, increasing their risk to trafficking; traffickers exploit many Indonesians through force and debt-based coercion in Asia (particularly in China, South Korea, and Singapore) and the Middle East (particularly in Saudi Arabia), primarily in domestic work, factories, construction, and manufacturing, as well as on Malaysian oil palm plantations and fishing vessels throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans; Indonesian labor traffickers exploit adults and children in fishing, fish processing, construction, on oil palm or other plantations, and in mining and manufacturing; women and girls are exploited in forced labor in domestic service, and children may be subject to forced criminality in the illicit drug industry; sex traffickers use spas, hotels, bars, and other businesses to facilitate sex trafficking, and up to 30 percent of individuals in commercial sex in Indonesia are female child sex victims; women and girls are also exploited in sex trafficking near mining operations, and Bali is a destination for Indonesians and foreigners engaged in child sex tourism; sex traffickers exploit Indonesian women and girls abroad primarily in Malaysia, Taiwan, and the Middle East (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>major transit point and destination for illicit narcotics; a destination for methamphetamine, ecstasy, and other illicit drugs; methamphetamine production facilities within Indonesia </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
    }
  }
}