{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "The island - \"discovered\" by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1494 - was settled by the Spanish early in the 16th century. The Native Taino, who had inhabited Jamaica for centuries, were gradually exterminated and replaced by African slaves. England seized the island in 1655 and established a plantation economy based on sugar, cocoa, and coffee. The abolition of slavery in 1834 freed a quarter million slaves, many of whom became small farmers. Jamaica gradually increased its independence from Britain. In 1958, it joined other British Caribbean colonies in forming the Federation of the West Indies. Jamaica withdrew from the Federation in 1961 and gained full independence in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurrent violence as rival gangs affiliated with the major political parties evolved into powerful organized crime networks involved in international drug smuggling and money laundering. Violent crime, drug trafficking, corruption, the COVID-19 pandemic, and poverty pose significant challenges to the government today. Nonetheless, many rural and resort areas remain relatively safe and contribute substantially to the economy."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "18 15 N, 77 30 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Central America and the Caribbean"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10,991 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "10,831 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "160 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "about half the size of New Jersey; slightly smaller than Connecticut"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "1,022 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200 nm or to edge of the continental margin"
      },
      "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "18 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "bauxite, alumina, gypsum, limestone"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "41.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 11.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 9.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 21.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "31.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "27.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "250 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population density is high throughout, but increases in and around Kingston, Montego Bay, and Port Esquivel"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "hurricanes (especially July to November)"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "third largest island in the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola); strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "2,820,982 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Jamaican(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Jamaican"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Black 92.1%, mixed 6.1%, East Indian 0.8%, other 0.4%, unspecified 0.7% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "English, Jamaican patois"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Protestant 64.8% (includes Seventh Day Adventist 12.0%, Pentecostal 11.0%, Other Church of God 9.2%, New Testament Church of God 7.2%, Baptist 6.7%, Church of God in Jamaica 4.8%, Church of God of Prophecy 4.5%, Anglican 2.8%, United Church 2.1%, Methodist 1.6%, Revived 1.4%, Brethren 0.9%, and Moravian 0.7%), Roman Catholic 2.2%, Jehovah's Witness 1.9%, Rastafarian 1.1%, other 6.5%, none 21.3%, unspecified 2.3% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "24.11% (male 346,566/female 333,673)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "65.8% (male 914,208/female 942,134)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "10.08% (2023 est.) (male 135,388/female 149,013)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "38"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "28"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "13.4"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "7.4 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29.4 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "28.6 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "30.1 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.09% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "15.77 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "7.44 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-7.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population density is high throughout, but increases in and around Kingston, Montego Bay, and Port Esquivel"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "57.4% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "597,000 KINGSTON (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.91 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "21.2 years (2008 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-29"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "99 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10.92 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12.15 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "9.62 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "76.01 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "74.25 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "77.85 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.05 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 98.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 93.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 96.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 1.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 6.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 3.6% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "6.6% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.53 physicians/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "1.7 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 98.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 99.4% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 98.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 1.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 1.1% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "24.7% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "1.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "1.66 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3.8% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "4.4% (2016)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "32.7% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "6% of GDP (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over has ever attended school"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "88.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "84%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "93.1% (2015)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "12 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "11 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "13 years (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "22.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "31.4% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston from vehicle emissions; land erosion"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "41.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 11.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 9.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 21.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "31.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "27.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "57.4% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.15% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "13.25 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "8.23 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "1.08 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "1,051,695 tons (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "140 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "1.1 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "110 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "10.82 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Jamaica"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "from the native Taino word \"haymaca\" meaning \"Land of Wood and Water\" or possibly \"Land of Springs\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary democracy (Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Kingston"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "18 00 N, 76 48 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name is a blending of the words \"king's\" and \"town\"; the English king at the time of the city's founding in 1692 was WILLIAM III (r. 1689-1702)"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "6 August 1962 (from the UK)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 6 August (1962)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous (preindependence); latest drafted 1961-62, submitted to British Parliament 24 July 1962, entered into force 6 August 1962 (at independence)"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments to \"non-entrenched\" constitutional sections, such as lowering the voting age, requires majority vote by the Parliament membership; passage of amendments to \"entrenched\" sections, such as fundamental rights and freedoms, requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament; passage of amendments to \"specially entrenched\" sections such as the dissolution of Parliament or the executive authority of the monarch requires two-thirds approval by Parliament and approval in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2017"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "common law system based on the English model"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "4 out of the previous 5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Sir Patrick L. ALLEN (since 26 February 2009); the Jamaican Government, in May 2023, announced plans to transition to a republic and to hold a referendum in 2024 to remain in the Commonwealth or become a republic"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Andrew HOLNESS (since 3 March 2016)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor general"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate (21 seats; 13 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and 8 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the opposition party leader; members serve 5-year terms (no term limits) or until Parliament is dissolved)<br>House of Representatives (63 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms (no term limits) or until Parliament is dissolved)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "Senate - last full slate of appointments early on 3 September 2020 (next full slate in 2025)<br>House of Representatives - last held on 3 September 2020 (next to be held in 2025)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Senate - percent by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition (as of June 2021) - men 13, women 8, percent of women 38.1%<br>House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - JLP 57%, PNP 42.8%, independent 0.2%; seats by party - JLP 48, PNP 15; composition (as of June 2021) - men 45, women 18; percent of women 28.6%; note - total Parliament percent of women 31%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Court of Appeal (consists of president of the court and a minimum of 4 judges); Supreme Court (40 judges organized in specialized divisions); note - appeals beyond Jamaica's highest courts are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) rather than to the Caribbean Court of Justice (the appellate court for member states of the Caribbean Community)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "chief justice of the Supreme Court and president of the Court of Appeal appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister; other judges of both courts appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission; judges of both courts serve till age 70"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "resident magistrate courts, district courts, and petty sessions courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "<p>Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Andrew Michael HOLNESS]<br>Jamaica Progressive Party or JPP [Gilbert Alexander EDWARDS]<br>People's National Party or PNP [Mark GOLDING]<br>United Independents' Congress or UIC [Joseph L. PATTERSON]</p>"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Petrocaribe, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Audrey Patrice MARKS (since 18 January 2017)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 452-0660"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 452-0036"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>contactus@jamaicaembassy.org<br><br>https://www.embassyofjamaica.org/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Miami, New York"
      },
      "consulate(s)": {
        "text": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Concord (MA), Houston, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Richmond (VA), San Francisco, Seattle"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador N. Nickolas PERRY (since 13 May 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "142 Old Hope Road, Kingston 6"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "3210 Kingston Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-3210"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "(876) 702-6000 (2018)"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "(876) 702-6348 (2018)"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>KingstonACS@state.gov<br><br>https://jm.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side); green represents hope, vegetation, and agriculture, black reflects hardships overcome and to be faced, and yellow recalls golden sunshine and the island's natural resources"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "green-and-black streamertail (bird), Guaiacum officinale (Guaiacwood); national colors: green, yellow, black"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Jamaica, Land We Love\""
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Hugh Braham SHERLOCK/Robert Charles LIGHTBOURNE"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1962"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "1 (mixed)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Blue and John Crow Mountains"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "upper middle-income Caribbean island economy; ongoing debt restructuring; hurricane-vulnerable economy; high crime, youth unemployment, and poverty; susceptible to commodity shocks from ongoing Russia invasion of Ukraine"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$27.136 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$25.943 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$28.825 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "4.6% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-10% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "0.89% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$9,600 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$9,200 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$10,200 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$15.847 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "5.86% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "5.23% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "3.91% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "B+ (2019)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B2 (2019)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B+ (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "21.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "71.9% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "81.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "13.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "21.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "30.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-47.1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "sugar cane, goat milk, yams, poultry, coconuts, oranges, bananas, gourds, plantains, grapefruit"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "agriculture, mining, manufacture, construction, financial and insurance services, tourism, telecommunications"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "2.38% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "1.418 million (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "16.1%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "16%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "67.9% (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "9.18% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "9.48% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "7.69% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "22.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "31.4% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "17.1% (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": {
        "text": "35 (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.6%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "29.3% (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$4.029 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$4.564 billion (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "0.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2020": {
        "text": "106.28% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2019": {
        "text": "92.25% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "102.46% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "25.71% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "1 April - 31 March"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$125.275 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$61.433 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$350.949 million (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$4.385 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$3.343 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$5.991 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "United States 46%, Netherlands 9%, Canada 6%, United Kingdom 4&amp;, Russia 3% (2021)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "aluminum oxide, refined petroleum, aluminum, rums, fruits, nuts, natural gas, sauces and seasonings (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$7.414 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$5.911 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$8.317 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "United States 35%, China 13%, Turkey 5%, Trinidad and Tobago 3%, Japan 3% (2021)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, natural gas, cars, crude petroleum, iron bars, steel bars (2021)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$4.838 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$3.938 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$3.631 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$13.876 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$13.912 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Jamaican dollars (JMD) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "150.79 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "142.403 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "133.312 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "128.872 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "127.965 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "1.216 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "3,050,780,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "1.149 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "87.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "1.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "6.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "61,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "82,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "3,000 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "61,100 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "20,100 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "24,250 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "823 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "30,580 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "693.422 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "667.115 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "10.002 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "177,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "9.276 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "549,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "49.7 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "473,617 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "17 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "2,905,408 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "103 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Jamaica&rsquo;s telecom sector has for many years been propped up by the mobile sector, which accounts for the vast majority of internet connections and voice lines; it also accounts for just over half of telecom sector revenue; in December 2020, the government announced the rollout of a national broadband network costing up to $237 million; the funding will be spent on improving connectivity in under served areas, improving access to education, and deploying networks to public locations such as hospitals, municipal institutions, and police stations; to aid in this national broadband effort, the government received a donation of 650km of fiber cabling from local cable TV providers and the two main toll road operators; to encourage the use of digital channels as the country deals with the Covid-19 pandemic (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line subscriptions nearly 17 per 100, cellular-mobile roughly 103 per 100 subscriptions (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 1-876 and 1-658; landing points for the ALBA-1, CFX-1, Fibralink, East-West, and Cayman-Jamaican Fiber System submarine cables providing connections to South America, parts of the Caribbean, Central America and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "3 free-to-air TV stations, subscription cable services, and roughly 30 radio stations (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".jm"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2.296 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "82% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "385,603 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "13 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "0 (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "6Y"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "28 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "11",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "17",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "22,121 km (2011) (includes 44 km of expressways)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "16,148 km (2011)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "5,973 km (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "36"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 1, general cargo 9, oil tanker 1, other 25 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Discovery Bay (Port Rhoades), Kingston, Montego Bay, Port Antonio, Port Esquivel, Port Kaiser, Rocky Point"
      },
      "cruise port(s)": {
        "text": "Falmouth, Montego Bay, Port Antonio, Ocho Rios,"
      },
      "container port(s) (TEUs)": {
        "text": "Kingston (2,004,302) (2021)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Jamaica Defense Force (JDF): Jamaica Regiment (Ground Forces), Maritime-Air-Cyber Command (includes Coast Guard, Air Wing, Military Intelligence Unit, Special Activities Regiment, and Military Cyber Corps), Support Brigade (logistics, engineers, health service, and military police); Jamaica National Service Corps (JNSC); Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the JCF is the country’s police force; it has primary responsibility for internal security and has units for community policing, special response, intelligence gathering, and internal affairs; both it and the JDF are under the Ministry of National Security <br><strong><br>note 2: </strong>the JNSC is a third category of service that military recruits can join as a preparatory phase for future careers; JNSC soldiers receive basic military, vocational, and life skills training; upon completion of 12 months of service, soldiers can continue on with the JDF or the JDF reserves or seek  opportunities in other public sector entities such as the JCF, the Department of Correctional Services, the Jamaica Fire Brigade, the Jamaica Customs Agency, or the Passport Immigration and Citizenship Agency"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.6% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 4,000 personnel (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the JDF is lightly armed with a limited inventory featuring equipment mostly from Europe and the US (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "no conscription; 18-23 for voluntary military service (17 with parental consent); 18-28 for the reserves; since 2017, the JDF's standard mode of recruitment is to enroll recruits ages 18-23 through the Jamaica National Service Corps (JNSC); in the JNSC, soldiers receive basic military, vocational, and life skills training; upon completion of 12 months of service, soldiers can continue on with the JDF or seek other opportunities with other government agencies (2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "in addition to its responsibility of defending against external aggression, the JDF's primary missions are border, internal, and maritime security, including support to police operations in combating crime and violence; other missions include search and rescue, disaster response, humanitarian assistance, and peacekeeping; it has arrest authority and partners with the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF); both the JDF and JCF are under the Ministry of National Security, which directs policy for the security forces; the JDF participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises, including with the militaries of Canada, the UK, the US, and other Caribbean nations <br><br>while Jamaica had a militia force as early as the 1660s, the JDF was constituted in 1962 from the West India Regiment (WIR), a British colonial regiment which dates back to 1795; troops for the WIR were recruited from freed slaves from North America, slaves purchased in the West Indies, and slaves from Africa bought off slave ships (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>none identified</p>"
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>Jamaica is the largest Caribbean source of marijuana and a transit point for cocaine trafficked from South America to North America and other international markets; criminal gangs in Jamaica, Haiti, and Central America use marijuana for currency to obtain guns or other contraband from criminal entities in Haiti and Central America</p>"
    }
  }
}