{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "The Maya civilization flourished in Guatemala and surrounding regions during the first millennium A.D. After almost three centuries as a Spanish colony, Guatemala won its independence in 1821. During the second half of the 20th century, it experienced a variety of military and civilian governments, as well as a 36-year guerrilla war. In 1996, the government signed a peace agreement formally ending the internal conflict." } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between El Salvador and Mexico, and bordering the Gulf of Honduras (Caribbean Sea) between Honduras and Belize" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "15 30 N, 90 15 W" }, "Map references": { "text": "Central America and the Caribbean" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "108,889 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "107,159 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "1,730 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than Pennsylvania" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "1,667 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Belize 266 km; El Salvador 199 km; Honduras 244 km; Mexico 958 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "400 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, "continental shelf": { "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands" }, "Terrain": { "text": "two east-west trending mountain chains divide the country into three regions: the mountainous highlands, the Pacific coast south of mountains, and the vast northern Peten lowlands" }, "Elevation": { "highest point": { "text": "Volcan Tajumulco (highest point in Central America) 4,220 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, "mean elevation": { "text": "759 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle, hydropower" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "41.2% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 14.2% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 8.8% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 18.2% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "33.6% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "25.2% (2018 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "3,375 sq km (2012)" }, "Major lakes (area sq km)": { "fresh water lake(s)": { "text": "Lago de Izabal - 590 sq km" } }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the vast majority of the populace resides in the southern half of the country, particularly in the mountainous regions; more than half of the population lives in rural areas" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "

numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast extremely susceptible to hurricanes and other tropical storms

volcanism: significant volcanic activity in the Sierra Madre range; Santa Maria (3,772 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Pacaya (2,552 m), which erupted in May 2010 causing an ashfall on Guatemala City and prompting evacuations, is one of the country's most active volcanoes with frequent eruptions since 1965; other historically active volcanoes include Acatenango, Almolonga, Atitlan, Fuego, and Tacana; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"

" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: despite having both eastern and western coastlines (Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean respectively), there are no natural harbors on the west coast

note 2: Guatemala is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "17,980,803 (2023 est.)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Guatemalan(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Guatemalan" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish - in local Spanish called Ladino) 56%, Maya 41.7%, Xinca (Indigenous, non-Maya) 1.8%, African descent 0.2%, Garifuna (mixed West and Central African, Island Carib, and Arawak) 0.1%, foreign 0.2% (2018 est.)" }, "Languages": { "Languages": { "text": "Spanish (official) 69.9%, Maya languages 29.7% (Q'eqchi' 8.3%, K'iche 7.8%, Mam 4.4%, Kaqchikel 3%, Q'anjob'al 1.2%, Poqomchi' 1%, other 4%), other 0.4% (includes Xinca and Garifuna); note - the 2003 Law of National Languages officially recognized 23 indigenous languages, including 21 Maya languages, Xinca, and Garifuna (2018 est.)" }, "major-language sample(s)": { "text": "
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information." } }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 41.7%, Evangelical 38.8%, other 2.7%, atheist 0.1%, none 13.8%, unspecified 2.9% (2018 est.)" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

Guatemala is a predominantly poor country that struggles in several areas of health and development, including infant, child, and maternal mortality, malnutrition, literacy, and contraceptive awareness and use. The country's large indigenous population is disproportionately affected. Guatemala is the most populous country in Central America and has the highest fertility rate in Latin America. It also has the highest population growth rate in Latin America, which is likely to continue because of its large reproductive-age population and high birth rate. Almost half of Guatemala's population is under age 19, making it the youngest population in Latin America. Guatemala's total fertility rate has slowly declined during the last few decades due in part to limited government-funded health programs. However, the birth rate is still more close to three children per woman and is markedly higher among its rural and indigenous populations.

Guatemalans have a history of emigrating legally and illegally to Mexico, the United States, and Canada because of a lack of economic opportunity, political instability, and natural disasters. Emigration, primarily to the United States, escalated during the 1960 to 1996 civil war and accelerated after a peace agreement was signed. Thousands of Guatemalans who fled to Mexico returned after the war, but labor migration to southern Mexico continues.

" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "31.98% (male 2,927,423/female 2,822,441)" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "62.78% (male 5,568,051/female 5,720,928)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "5.24% (2023 est.) (male 420,782/female 521,178)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "60.9" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "53" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "7.9" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "12.7 (2021 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "23.2 years" }, "male": { "text": "22.6 years" }, "female": { "text": "23.8 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "1.54% (2023 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "21.88 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "4.89 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-1.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the vast majority of the populace resides in the southern half of the country, particularly in the mountainous regions; more than half of the population lives in rural areas" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "53.1% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "2.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "3.095 million GUATEMALA CITY (capital) (2023)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.04 male(s)/female" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "0.97 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.81 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2023 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "20.6 years (2014/15 est.)", "note": "note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49" }, "Maternal mortality ratio": { "text": "96 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "25.57 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "28.81 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "22.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "73.18 years" }, "male": { "text": "71.17 years" }, "female": { "text": "75.3 years (2023 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "2.57 children born/woman (2023 est.)" }, "Gross reproduction rate": { "text": "1.25 (2023 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "60.6% (2014/15)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 97.9% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 92.2% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 95% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 2.1% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 8% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 5% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Current health expenditure": { "text": "6.5% of GDP (2020)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "1.24 physicians/1,000 population (2020)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "0.4 beds/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 90.4% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 66.3% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 78.8% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 9.6% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 33.7% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 21.2% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2023)" }, "food or waterborne diseases": { "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" }, "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "dengue fever and malaria" } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "21.2% (2016)" }, "Alcohol consumption per capita": { "total": { "text": "1.63 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "beer": { "text": "0.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "wine": { "text": "0.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "spirits": { "text": "0.68 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "other alcohols": { "text": "0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" } }, "Tobacco use": { "total": { "text": "10.9% (2020 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "20.1% (2020 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "1.6% (2020 est.)" } }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "12.4% (2014/15)" }, "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": { "text": "57.2% (2023 est.)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.1% of GDP (2021 est.)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write" }, "total population": { "text": "83.3%" }, "male": { "text": "87.7%" }, "female": { "text": "79.3% (2021)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "11 years" }, "male": { "text": "11 years" }, "female": { "text": "10 years (2019)" } }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { "text": "7.2%" }, "male": { "text": "6.3%" }, "female": { "text": "9.4% (2021 est.)" } } }, "Environment": { "Environment - current issues": { "text": "deforestation in the Peten rainforest; soil erosion; water pollution" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "none of the selected agreements" } }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "41.2% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 14.2% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 8.8% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 18.2% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "33.6% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "25.2% (2018 est.)" } }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "53.1% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "2.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "text": "0.78% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Revenue from coal": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { "text": "23.59 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "16.78 megatons (2016 est.)" }, "methane emissions": { "text": "10.7 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "2,756,741 tons (2015 est.)" } }, "Major lakes (area sq km)": { "fresh water lake(s)": { "text": "Lago de Izabal - 590 sq km" } }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { "text": "840 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { "text": "600 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { "text": "1.89 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { "text": "127.91 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Republic of Guatemala" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Guatemala" }, "local long form": { "text": "República de Guatemala" }, "local short form": { "text": "Guatemala" }, "etymology": { "text": "the Spanish conquistadors used many native Americans as allies in their conquest of Guatemala; the site of their first capital (established in 1524), a former Maya settlement, was called \"Quauhtemallan\" by their Nahuatl-speaking Mexican allies, a name that means \"land of trees\" or \"forested land\", but which the Spanish pronounced \"Guatemala\"; the Spanish applied that name to a re-founded capital city three years later and eventually it became the name of the country" } }, "Government type": { "text": "presidential republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Guatemala City" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "14 37 N, 90 31 W" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "etymology": { "text": "the Spanish conquistadors used many native Americans as allies in their conquest of Guatemala; the site of their first capital (established in 1524), a former Maya settlement, was called \"Quauhtemallan\" by their Nahuatl-speaking Mexican allies, a name that means \"land of trees\" or \"forested land\", but which the Spanish pronounced \"Guatemala\"; the Spanish applied that name to a re-founded capital city three years later and eventually it became the name of the country" } }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten, Quetzaltenango, Quiche, Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, Totonicapan, Zacapa" }, "Independence": { "text": "15 September 1821 (from Spain)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Independence Day, 15 September (1821)" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "several previous; latest adopted 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; suspended and reinstated in 1994" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by agreement of 10 or more deputies of Congress, by the Constitutional Court, or by public petition of at least 5,000 citizens; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Congress membership and approval by public referendum, referred to as \"popular consultation\"; constitutional articles such as national sovereignty, the republican form of government, limitations on those seeking the presidency, or presidential tenure cannot be amended; amended 1993" } }, "Legal system": { "text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts" }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "yes" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "yes" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "yes" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "5 years with no absences of six consecutive months or longer or absences totaling more than a year" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal; note - active duty members of the armed forces and police by law cannot vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (since 14 January 2020); Vice President Cesar Guillermo CASTILLO Reyes (since 14 January 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government" }, "head of government": { "text": "President Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (since 14 January 2020); Vice President Cesar Guillermo CASTILLO Reyes (since 14 January 2020)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (not eligible for consecutive terms); election last held on 16 June 2019 with a runoff on 11 August 2019 (next to be held in June 2023)" }, "election results": { "text": "
2019: Alejandro GIAMMATTEI elected president; percent of vote in first round - Sandra TORRES (UNE) 25.5%, Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (VAMOS) 14%, Edmond MULET (PHG) 11.2%, Thelma CABRERA (MLP) 10.4%, Roberto ARZU (PAN-PODEMOS) 6.1%, other 32.8%; percent of vote in second round - Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (VAMOS) 58%, Sandra TORRES (UNE) 42%

2015: Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera (FNC) 23.9%, Sandra TORRES (UNE) 19.8%, Manuel BALDIZON (LIDER) 19.6%, other 36.7%; percent of vote in second round - Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera 67.4%, Sandra TORRES 32.6%" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "unicameral Congress of the Republic or Congreso de la Republica (160 seats; 128 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies in the country's 22 departments and 32 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by closed party-list proportional representation vote, using the D'Hondt method; members serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { "text": "last held on 16 June 2019 (next to be held on June 2023)" }, "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UNE 52, VAMOS 17, UCN 12, VALOR 9, BIEN 8, FCN-NACION 8, SEMILLA 7, TODOS 7, VIVA 7, CREO 6, PHG 6, VICTORIA 4, Winaq 4, PC 3, PU 3, URNG 3, PAN 2, MLP 1, PODEMOS 1; composition - men 129, women 31, percent of women 19.4%" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest court(s)": { "text": "Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of 13 magistrates, including the court president and organized into 3 chambers); note - the court president also supervises trial judges countrywide; note - the Constitutional Court or Corte de Constitucionalidad of Guatemala resides outside the country's judicial system; its sole purpose is the interpretation of the constitution and to see that the laws and regulations are not superior to the constitution (consists of 5 titular magistrates and 5 substitute magistrates)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Supreme Court magistrates elected by the Congress of the Republic from candidates proposed by the Postulation Committee, an independent body of deans of the country's university law schools, representatives of the country's law associations, and representatives of the Courts of Appeal; magistrates elected for concurrent, renewable 5-year terms; Constitutional Court judges - 1 elected by the Congress of the Republic, 1 by the Supreme Court, 1 by the president of the republic, 1 by the (public) University of San Carlos, and 1 by the Assembly of the College of Attorneys and Notaries; judges elected for renewable, consecutive 5-year terms; the presidency of the court rotates among the magistrates for a single 1-year term" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "Appellate Courts of Accounts, Contentious Administrative Tribunal, courts of appeal, first instance courts, child and adolescence courts, minor or peace courts" } }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Bienestar Nacional or BIEN [Fidel REYES LEE]
Citizen Prosperity or PC [Hernan MEJIA and Jorge GARCIA SILVA]
Commitment, Renewal, and Order or CREO [Rodolfo NEUTZE]
Everyone Together for Guatemala or TODOS [Felipe ALEJOS]
Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG-MAIZ or URNG [Walter FELIX]
Humanist Party of Guatemala or PHG [Rudio MERIDA]
Movement for the Liberation of Peoples or MLP [Thelma CABRERA and Vincenta JERONIMO]
Movimiento Semilla or SEMILLA [Samuel PEREZ Alvarez]
National Advancement Party or PAN [Manuel CONDE]
National Convergence Front or FCN-NACION [Javier HERNANDEZ]
National Unity for Hope or UNE [Sandra TORRES and Jorge VARGAS]
Nationalist Change Union or UCN [Carlos ROJAS and Sofia HERNANDEZ] (dissolved 16 December 2021)
PODEMOS [Jose LEON]
Political Movement Winaq or Winaq [Sonia GUTIERREZ Raguay]
Value or VALOR [Zury RIOS and Lucrecia MARROQUIN]
Vamos por una Guatemala Diferente or VAMOS [Alejandro GIAMMATTEI]
Victory or VICTORIA [Abraham RIVERA and his four sons  Amilcar, Juan, Manuel, and Edgar]
Vision with Values or VIVA [Armando Damian CASTILLO Alvarado]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "BCIE, CACM, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, Petrocaribe, SICA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Alfonso Jose QUINONEZ LEMUS (since 17 July 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2220 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 745-4953" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 745-1908" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
infoembaguateeuu@minex.gob.gt" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Atlanta, Chicago, Del Rio (TX), Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, McAllen (TX), Miami, New York, Oklahoma City, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Providence (RI), Raleigh (NC), San Bernardino (CA), San Francisco, Seattle" }, "consulate(s)": { "text": "Lake Worth (FL), Silver Spring (MD), Tucson (AZ)" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador William W. POPP (since 13 August 2020)" }, "embassy": { "text": "Avenida Reforma 7-01, Zone 10, Guatemala City" }, "mailing address": { "text": "3190 Guatemala Place, Washington DC  20521-3190" }, "telephone": { "text": "[502] 2326-4000" }, "FAX": { "text": "[502] 2326-4654" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
AmCitsGuatemala@state.gov

https://gt.usembassy.gov/" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue, with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) representing liberty and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles signifying Guatemala's willingness to defend itself and a pair of crossed swords representing honor and framed by a laurel wreath symbolizing victory; the blue bands represent the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea; the white band denotes peace and purity", "note": "note: one of only two national flags featuring a firearm, the other is Mozambique" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "quetzal (bird); national colors: blue, white" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"Himno Nacional de Guatemala\" (National Anthem of Guatemala)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jose Joaquin PALMA/Rafael Alvarez OVALLE" }, "note": "note: adopted 1897, modified lyrics adopted 1934; Cuban poet Jose Joaquin PALMA anonymously submitted lyrics to a public contest calling for a national anthem; his authorship was not discovered until 1911" }, "National heritage": { "total World Heritage Sites": { "text": "3 (2 cultural, 1 mixed)" }, "selected World Heritage Site locales": { "text": "Antigua Guatemala (c); Tikal National Park (m); Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua (c)" } } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "growing Central American economy; unique South Korean business relations; high poverty, inequality, and malnutrition; low government revenues impede educational, sanitation, and healthcare efforts; high migration, child labor, and remittances" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": { "text": "$152.734 billion (2021 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { "text": "$141.445 billion (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$143.985 billion (2019 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2021": { "text": "7.98% (2021 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2020": { "text": "-1.76% (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { "text": "4% (2019 est.)" } }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2021": { "text": "$8,900 (2021 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2020": { "text": "$8,400 (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$8,700 (2019 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$76.678 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": { "text": "4.26% (2021 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": { "text": "3.21% (2020 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "3.7% (2019 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { "text": "BB- (2020)" }, "Moody's rating": { "text": "Ba1 (2010)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "BB- (2017)" }, "note": "note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained." }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "13.3% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "23.4% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "63.2% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "86.3% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "9.7% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "12.3% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "-0.2% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "18.8% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-26.9% (2017 est.)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "sugar cane, bananas, oil palm fruit, maize, melons, potatoes, milk, plantains, pineapples, rubber" }, "Industries": { "text": "sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, petroleum, metals, rubber, tourism" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "8.49% (2021 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "6.671 million (2021 est.)" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "31.4%" }, "industry": { "text": "12.8%" }, "services": { "text": "55.8% (2017 est.)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2021": { "text": "3.57% (2021 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2020": { "text": "3.55% (2020 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2019": { "text": "2.19% (2019 est.)" } }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { "text": "7.2%" }, "male": { "text": "6.3%" }, "female": { "text": "9.4% (2021 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "59.3% (2014 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": { "text": "48.3 (2014 est.)" } }, "Average household expenditures": { "on food": { "text": "41.2% of household expenditures (2018 est.)" }, "on alcohol and tobacco": { "text": "1.6% of household expenditures (2018 est.)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "1.6%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "38.4% (2014)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "$8.647 billion (2019 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "$10.373 billion (2019 est.)" } }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "-1.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2020": { "text": "31.56% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Public debt 2019": { "text": "26.49% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Public debt 2018": { "text": "26.48% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "9.97% (of GDP) (2020 est.)" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2021": { "text": "$2.113 billion (2021 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2020": { "text": "$3.918 billion (2020 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2019": { "text": "$1.821 billion (2019 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2021": { "text": "$15.318 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Exports 2020": { "text": "$12.713 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Exports 2019": { "text": "$13.598 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "United States 33%, El Salvador 12%, Honduras 8%, Mexico 5%, Nicaragua 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "clothing, bananas, coffee, palm oil, cardamoms, raw sugar, iron alloys (2021)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2021": { "text": "$27.388 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Imports 2020": { "text": "$19.267 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Imports 2019": { "text": "$21.527 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "United States 36%, China 12%, Mexico 11%, El Salvador 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines, cars, delivery trucks (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": { "text": "$20.935 billion (31 December 2021 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": { "text": "$18.464 billion (31 December 2020 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": { "text": "$14.784 billion (31 December 2019 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2017": { "text": "$22.92 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Debt - external 31 December 2016": { "text": "$21.45 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "Currency": { "text": "quetzales (GTQ) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2021": { "text": "7.734 (2021 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "7.722 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "7.697 (2019 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2018": { "text": "7.519 (2018 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2017": { "text": "7.348 (2017 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "population without electricity": { "text": "(2020) 1 million" }, "electrification - total population": { "text": "97.8% (2021)" }, "electrification - urban areas": { "text": "97.6% (2021)" }, "electrification - rural areas": { "text": "98.1% (2021)" } }, "Electricity": { "installed generating capacity": { "text": "5.185 million kW (2020 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "10,793,650,000 kWh (2019 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "2.19 billion kWh (2019 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "1.141 billion kWh (2019 est.)" }, "transmission/distribution losses": { "text": "1.587 billion kWh (2019 est.)" } }, "Electricity generation sources": { "fossil fuels": { "text": "39.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "nuclear": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "solar": { "text": "1.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "wind": { "text": "2.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "hydroelectricity": { "text": "38% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "tide and wave": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "geothermal": { "text": "2.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "biomass and waste": { "text": "17% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" } }, "Coal": { "production": { "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "2.28 million metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "2.376 million metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)" } }, "Petroleum": { "total petroleum production": { "text": "10,300 bbl/day (2021 est.)" }, "refined petroleum consumption": { "text": "112,600 bbl/day (2019 est.)" }, "crude oil and lease condensate exports": { "text": "6,700 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "crude oil and lease condensate imports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "crude oil estimated reserves": { "text": "86.1 million barrels (2021 est.)" } }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "1,162 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "10,810 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "97,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Natural gas": { "production": { "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)" } }, "Carbon dioxide emissions": { "total emissions": { "text": "19.041 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from coal and metallurgical coke": { "text": "5.037 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from petroleum and other liquids": { "text": "14.004 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from consumed natural gas": { "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" } }, "Energy consumption per capita": { "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": { "text": "19.411 million Btu/person (2019 est.)" } } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "2,319,643 (2021 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "13 (2021 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "22,124,839 (2021 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "126 (2021 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "Guatemala’s telecom infrastructure has suffered from years of under investment from state and provincial government; the poor state of fixed-line infrastructure has led to Guatemala having one of the lowest fixed-line teledensities in the region; in many rural regions of the country there is no fixed-line access available, and so mobile services are adopted by necessity; private investment has been supported by government and regulatory efforts, resulting in a steady growth in the number of fixed lines which has supported growth in the fixed broadband segment; delays in launching LTE services left the country lagging behind in the development of mobile broadband and the benefits which it can bring to the country's social and economic growth; two new submarine cables are due for completion by 2022; improved international connectivity should drive further uptake of both fixed and mobile broadband services; intense competition among the networks has helped to improve services and lower prices for end-users; given the commercial impetus of networks, insufficient government financial investment has resulted in many regional areas remaining with poor or non-existent services; the country benefits from one of the most open regulatory frameworks, with all telecom sectors having been open to competition since 1996; mobile subscriptions are on par with the regional average, though the slower growth in the mobile subscriber base suggests a level of market saturation, with the emphasis among networks being on generating revenue via mobile data services (2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line teledensity roughly 13 per 100 persons; fixed-line investments are concentrating on improving rural connectivity; mobile-cellular teledensity about 126 per 100 persons (2021)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 502; landing points for the ARCOS, AMX-1, American Movil-Texius West Coast Cable and the SAm-1 fiber-optic submarine cable system that, together, provide connectivity to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" } }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "4 privately owned national terrestrial TV channels dominate TV broadcasting; multi-channel satellite and cable services are available; 1 government-owned radio station and hundreds of privately owned radio stations (2019)" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".gt" }, "Internet users": { "total": { "text": "9.18 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { "text": "51% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "612,000 (2020 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "3 (2020 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "3 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "5" }, "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "145,795 (2018)" }, "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "110,000 (2018) mt-km" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "TG" }, "Airports": { "text": "291 (2021)" }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "text": "16", "note": "note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)" }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "text": "275", "note": "note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control" }, "Heliports": { "text": "1 (2021)" }, "Pipelines": { "text": "480 km oil (2013)" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "800 km (2018)" }, "narrow gauge": { "text": "800 km (2018) 0.914-m gauge" }, "note": "note: despite the existence of a railway network, all rail service was suspended in 2007 and no passenger or freight train currently runs in the country (2018)" }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "17,440 km (2020)" }, "paved": { "text": "7,458 km (2020)" }, "unpaved": { "text": "9,982 km (2020) (includes 4,548 km of rural roads)" } }, "Waterways": { "text": "990 km (2012) (260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water season)" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "9" }, "by type": { "text": "oil tanker 1, other 8 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { "major seaport(s)": { "text": "Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Army of Guatemala (Ejercito de Guatemala; aka Armed Forces of Guatemala or Fuerzas Armadas de Guatemala): Land Forces (Fuerzas de Tierra), Naval Forces (Fuerzas de Mar), and Air Force (Fuerza de Aire) (2023)", "note": "note: the National Civil Police (Policia Nacional Civil or PNC) are under the Ministry of Government (Interior)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2022": { "text": "0.5% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2021": { "text": "0.4% of GDP (2021 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2020": { "text": "0.4% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "0.4% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "0.4% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "information varies; approximately 20,000 active military personnel (18,000 Land Forces; 1,000 Naval Forces; 1,000 Air Forces); approximately 30,000 National Civil Police (2022)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the military's inventory is limited and mostly comprised of older US equipment; in recent years, Guatemala has received small amounts of equipment from several countries, including Colombia, Spain, and the US (2023)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "all male citizens between the ages of 18 and 50 are eligible for military service; in practice, most of the force is volunteer, however, a selective draft system is employed, resulting in a small portion of 17-21 year-olds being conscripted; conscript service obligation varies from 12-24 months; women may volunteer (2023)", "note": "note: as of 2017, women comprised up to 10% of the active military" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "155 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (May 2022)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the military is responsible for maintaining sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the honor of Guatemala, but has long focused on internal security; since the 2000s, the Guatemalan Government has used the military extensively to support the National Civil Police in internal security operations (as permitted by the constitution) to combat organized crime, gang violence, and narco-trafficking; in recent years, however, the military has moved to refocus on border security and preparing for conventional operations; it participates in UN missions on a small scale and has a peacekeeping operations training command that offers training to regional countries; the military has security ties with regional partners such as Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, and Honduras; cooperation with El Salvador and Honduras has included a combined police-military anti-gang task force to patrol border areas; it also has ties with the US, including joint training exercises and material assistance

the Land Forces are organized into approximately 15 small combat brigades, nearly half of which are infantry; the remainder include brigades of marines, military police, paratroopers, presidential guards, and special forces, including some specialized for jungle and mountain operations that were created to assist in combating crime; the Naval Force has commands for both the Caribbean and Pacific coasts, operates a small flotilla of patrol boats, and has a special forces element; the Air Force has a few light fixed-wing ground attack aircraft and multipurpose helicopters; for its internal security missions and supporting the police, the military has typically organized into task forces

the military held power during most of Guatemala’s 36-year civil war (1960-1996) and conducted a campaign of widespread violence and repression, particularly against the country’s majority indigenous population; more than 200,000 people were estimated to have been killed or disappeared during the conflict (2023)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

Guatemala-Belize: Demarcated but insecure boundary due to Guatemala’s claims to more than half of Belizean territory.  Line of Adjacency operates in lieu of an international boundary to control influx of Guatemalan squatters onto Belizean territory. Smuggling, narcotics trafficking, and human trafficking for sexual exploitation and debt bondage are all problems. Belize lacks resources to detect and extradite impoverished Guatemalan peasants squatting in Belizean rain forests in the remote border areas. Both countries agreed in April 2012 to hold simultaneous referenda, scheduled for 6 October 2013, to decide whether to refer the dispute to the ICJ for binding resolution, but this vote was suspended indefinitely. At present, Belize and Honduras 12-nm territorial sea claims close off Guatemalan access to Caribbean in the Bahia de Amatique. Maritime boundary remains unresolved pending further negotiation.

Guatemala-Mexico: Mexico must deal with thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and the US.

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "IDPs": { "text": "243,000 (more than three decades of internal conflict that ended in 1996 displaced mainly the indigenous Maya population and rural peasants; ongoing drug cartel and gang violence) (2021)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "

a major transit country for illegal drugs; illicit cultivation of opium poppies, marijuana, and coca plants in rural areas; a major source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics

 

" } } }