{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "

Many of Burkina Faso’s ethnic groups arrived in the region between the 12th and 15th centuries. The Gurma and Mossi peoples established several of the largest kingdoms in the area and used horse-mounted warriors in military campaigns. Of the various Mossi kingdoms, the most powerful were Ouagadougou and Yatenga. In the late 19th century, European states competed for control of the region. France eventually conquered the area and established it as a French protectorate.

The area achieved independence from France in 1960 and changed its name to Burkina Faso in 1984. Repeated military coups were common in the country’s first few decades. The most successful coup occurred in 1987 when Blaise COMPAORE deposed the former president, established a government, and ruled for 27 years. In October 2014, COMPAORE resigned following protests against his repeated efforts to amend the constitution's two-term presidential limit. An interim administration led a year-long transition period organizing presidential and legislative elections. In November 2015, Roch Marc Christian KABORE was elected president; he was reelected in November 2020. In 2022, military personnel conducted two coups. First, in January 2022, Paul Henri DAMIBA, a colonel in the army, overthrew KABORE and then in September 2022, army captain Ibrahim TRAORE deposed DAMIBA and became transition president. The transition government plans to hold democratic election in July 2024.

Terrorist groups - including groups affiliated with Al-Qa’ida and the Islamic State - began attacks in the country in 2016 and conducted attacks in the capital in 2016, 2017, and 2018. By early 2023, insecurity in Burkina Faso had displaced more than 2 million people and led to significant jumps in humanitarian needs and food insecurity. In addition to terrorism, the country faces a myriad of problems including high population growth, recurring drought, pervasive and perennial food insecurity, and limited natural resources. It is one of the world’s poorest countries.

 

" } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Western Africa, north of Ghana" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "13 00 N, 2 00 W" }, "Map references": { "text": "Africa" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "274,200 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "273,800 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "400 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly larger than Colorado" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "3,611 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Benin 386 km; Cote d'Ivoire 545 km; Ghana 602 km; Mali 1325 km; Niger 622 km; Togo 131 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "0 km (landlocked)" }, "Maritime claims": { "text": "none (landlocked)" }, "Climate": { "text": "

three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert

" }, "Terrain": { "text": "mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in the west and southeast; occupies an extensive plateau with savanna that is grassy in the north and gradually gives way to sparse forests in the south" }, "Elevation": { "highest point": { "text": "Tena Kourou 749 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Mouhoun (Black Volta) River 200 m" }, "mean elevation": { "text": "297 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "gold, manganese, zinc, limestone, marble, phosphates, pumice, salt" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "44.2% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 22% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 37% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 21.93% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "19.3% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "36.5% (2018 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "550 sq km (2016)" }, "Major rivers (by length in km)": { "text": "Volta river source (shared with Ghana [m]) - 1,600 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth" }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "

Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this population distribution map

(2019)" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "recurring droughts" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked savanna cut by the three principal rivers of the Black, Red, and White Voltas" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "22,489,126 (2023 est.)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Burkinabe (singular and plural)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Burkinabe" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Mossi 52%, Fulani (Peuhl) 8.4%, Gurma 7%, Bobo 4.9%, Gurunsi 4.6%, Senufo 4.5%, Bissa 3.7%, Lobi 2.4%, Dagara 2.4%, Tuareg/Bella 1.9%, Dioula 0.8%, unspecified/no answer 0.3%, other 7.2% (2010 est.)" }, "Languages": { "text": "Mossi 52.9%, Fula 7.8%, Gourmantche 6.8%, Dyula 5.7%, Bissa 3.3%, Gurunsi 3.2%, French (official) 2.2%, Bwamu 2%, Dagara 2%, San 1.7%, Marka 1.6%, Bobo 1.5%, Senufo 1.5%, Lobi 1.2%, other 6.6% (2019 est.)" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 63.2%, Roman Catholic 24.6%, Protestant 6.9%, traditional/animist 4.2%, none 0.7%, unspecified 0.4% (2017-18 est.)" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

Burkina Faso has a young age structure – the result of declining mortality combined with steady high fertility – and continues to experience rapid population growth, which is putting increasing pressure on the country’s limited arable land. Almost 65% of the population is under the age of 25 as of 2020, and the population is growing at 2.5% annually. Mortality rates, especially those of infants and children, have decreased because of improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation, but women continue to have an average of more than 4 children. Even if fertility were substantially reduced, today’s large cohort entering their reproductive years would sustain high population growth for the foreseeable future. Only about a third of the population is literate and unemployment is widespread, dampening the economic prospects of Burkina Faso’s large working-age population.

Migration has traditionally been a way of life for Burkinabe, with seasonal migration being replaced by stints of up to two years abroad. Cote d’Ivoire remains the top destination, although it has experienced periods of internal conflict. Under French colonization, Burkina Faso became a main labor source for agricultural and factory work in Cote d’Ivoire. Burkinabe also migrated to Ghana, Mali, and Senegal for work between the world wars. Burkina Faso attracts migrants from Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Mali, who often share common ethnic backgrounds with the Burkinabe. Despite its food shortages and high poverty rate, Burkina Faso has become a destination for refugees in recent years and hosts about 33,600 Malian refugees as of October 2022.

(2018)" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "42.19% (male 4,813,760/female 4,674,649)" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "54.62% (male 5,899,774/female 6,383,134)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "3.19% (2023 est.) (male 305,233/female 412,576)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "87.4" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "82.6" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "4.8" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "20.9 (2021 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "17.9 years" }, "male": { "text": "17 years" }, "female": { "text": "18.7 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "2.46% (2023 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "32.71 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "7.5 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "

Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this population distribution map

(2019)" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "32.5% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "4.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "3.204 million OUAGADOUGOU (capital), 1.129 million Bobo-Dioulasso (2023)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.03 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.03 male(s)/female" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "0.92 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.74 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2023 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "19.4 years (2010 est.)", "note": "note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality ratio": { "text": "264 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "48.17 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "52.39 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "43.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "63.82 years" }, "male": { "text": "61.99 years" }, "female": { "text": "65.72 years (2023 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "4.14 children born/woman (2023 est.)" }, "Gross reproduction rate": { "text": "2.04 (2023 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "35.3% (2020/21)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 94.7% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 71.3% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 78.5% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 5.3% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 28.7% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 21.5% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Current health expenditure": { "text": "6.7% of GDP (2020)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "0.09 physicians/1,000 population (2019)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "0.4 beds/1,000 population" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 90.8% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 37.7% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 54% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 9.2% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 62.3% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 46% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2023)" }, "food or waterborne diseases": { "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" }, "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "dengue fever and malaria" }, "water contact diseases": { "text": "schistosomiasis" }, "animal contact diseases": { "text": "rabies" }, "respiratory diseases": { "text": "meningococcal meningitis" }, "note": "note: on 22 March 2023, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Burkina Faso is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "5.6% (2016)" }, "Alcohol consumption per capita": { "total": { "text": "7.28 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "beer": { "text": "1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "wine": { "text": "0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "spirits": { "text": "0.31 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "other alcohols": { "text": "5.88 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" } }, "Tobacco use": { "total": { "text": "14.3% (2020 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "22.1% (2020 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "6.4% (2020 est.)" } }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "16.4% (2019)" }, "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": { "text": "73.5% (2023)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5.5% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write" }, "total population": { "text": "46%" }, "male": { "text": "54.5%" }, "female": { "text": "37.8% (2021)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "9 years" }, "male": { "text": "9 years" }, "female": { "text": "9 years (2020)" } }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { "text": "7.7%" }, "male": { "text": "7.5%" }, "female": { "text": "8% (2021 est.)" } } }, "Environment": { "Environment - current issues": { "text": "recent droughts and desertification severely affecting agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy; overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation (2019)" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "Nuclear Test Ban" } }, "Climate": { "text": "

three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert

" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "44.2% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 22% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 37% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 21.93% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "19.3% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "36.5% (2018 est.)" } }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "32.5% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "4.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Food insecurity": { "severe localized food insecurity": { "text": "due to civil insecurity in the north and high food prices - according to the latest analysis, about 3.53 million people are projected to face acute food insecurity during the June to August 2023 lean season period; this would be a slight increase compared to the preceding year; acute food insecurity is primarily underpinned by poor insecurity in northern and eastern areas, and in particular by the use of siege tactics by non-state armed groups in the country’s Sahel region; as of March 2023, civil insecurity resulted in the displacement of about 2.06 million people; persistent high food prices are affecting vulnerable households across the country, particularly those in conflict-affected areas due to market disruptions as well as constrained access to sources of income and humanitarian assistance (2023)" } }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "text": "4.54% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Revenue from coal": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { "text": "36.78 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "3.42 megatons (2016 est.)" }, "methane emissions": { "text": "12.85 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "2,575,251 tons (2015 est.)" }, "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { "text": "309,030 tons (2005 est.)" }, "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "12% (2005 est.)" } }, "Major rivers (by length in km)": { "text": "Volta river source (shared with Ghana [m]) - 1,600 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth" }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)" }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { "text": "380 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { "text": "20 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { "text": "420 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { "text": "13.5 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "none" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Burkina Faso" }, "local long form": { "text": "none" }, "local short form": { "text": "Burkina Faso" }, "former": { "text": "Upper Volta, Republic of Upper Volta" }, "etymology": { "text": "name translates as \"Land of the Honest (Incorruptible) Men\"" } }, "Government type": { "text": "presidential republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Ouagadougou" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "12 22 N, 1 31 W" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "etymology": { "text": "Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the native name \"Wogodogo,\" meaning \"where people get honor and respect\"" } }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "13 regions; Boucle du Mouhoun, Cascades, Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Centre-Sud, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Nord, Plateau-Central, Sahel, Sud-Ouest" }, "Independence": { "text": "5 August 1960 (from France)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Republic Day, 11 December (1958); note - commemorates the day that Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French Community" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "several previous; latest approved by referendum 2 June 1991, adopted 11 June 1991, temporarily suspended late October to mid-November 2014; initial draft of a new constitution to usher in the new republic was completed in January 2017 and a final draft was submitted to the government in December 2017; a constitutional referendum originally scheduled for adoption in March 2019 was postponed; on 1 March 2022 a transition charter was adopted, allowing military authorities to rule for three years and barring the transitional president from being an electoral candidate after the transition" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the president, by a majority of National Assembly membership, or by petition of at least 30,000 eligible voters submitted to the Assembly; passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote in the Assembly; failure to meet that threshold requires majority voter approval in a referendum; constitutional provisions on the form of government, the multiparty system, and national sovereignty cannot be amended; amended several times" } }, "Legal system": { "text": "civil law based on the French model and customary law; in mid-2019, the National Assembly amended the penal code" }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "no" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Burkina Faso" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "yes" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "10 years" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "transitional President Capt. Ibrahim TRAORE (since 30 September 2022); note - on 30 September 2022, a military junta led by TRAORE, took power and ousted President Lt. Col. Paul-Henri Sandaogo DAMIBA and took over as head of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration" }, "head of government": { "text": "Prime Minister Albert OUEDRAOGO (since 3 March 2022); note - transitional President Lt. Col. DAMIBA appointed OUEDRAOGO Prime Minister on 3 March 2022; the position had been vacant since 24 January 2022 when the military ousted former Prime Minister Lassina ZERBO" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); last held on 22 November 2020 (next to be held by July 2024); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of the National Assembly" }, "election results": { "text": "
2020: Roch Marc Christian KABORE reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Roch Marc Christian KABORE (MPP) 57.9%, Eddie KOMBOIGO (CDP) 15.5%, Zephirin DIABRE (UPC)12.5%, other 14.1%

2015: Roch Marc Christian KABORE elected president in first round; percent of vote - Roch Marc Christian KABORE (MPP) 53.5%, Zephirin DIABRE (UPC) 29.6%, Tahirou BARRY (PAREN) 3.1%, Benewende Stanislas SANKARA (UNIR-MS) 2.8%, other 10.9%" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "unicameral National Assembly (127 seats; 111 members directly elected in 13 multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote and 26 members elected in a nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; all member serve 5-year terms)" }, "elections": { "text": "last held on 22 November 2020 (next to be held by July 2024)" }, "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party - MPP 34.6%, CDP 13.3%, UPC 10.2%, NTD 5.6%, other 36.3%; seats by party - MPP 56, CDP 20, NTD 13, UPC 12, other 26; composition as of October 2021 - men 119, women 8, percent of women 6.3%" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest court(s)": { "text": "Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation (consists of NA judges); Council of State (consists of NA judges); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (consists of the council president and 9 members)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Supreme Court judge appointments mostly controlled by the president of Burkina Faso; judges have no term limits; Council of State judge appointment and tenure NA; Constitutional Council judges appointed by the president of Burkina Faso upon the proposal of the minister of justice and the president of the National Assembly; judges appointed for 9-year terms with one-third of membership renewed every 3 years" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "Appeals Court; High Court; first instance tribunals; district courts; specialized courts relating to issues of labor, children, and juveniles; village (customary) courts" } }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Act Together [Kadre OUEDRAOGO]
African Democratic Rally/Alliance for Democracy and Federation or ADF/RDA [Gilbert Noel OUEDRAOGO]
Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Eddie KOMBOIGO]
Convergence for Progress and Solidarity-Generation 3 or CPS-G3
Movement for the Future Burkina Faso or MBF
National Convention for Progress or CNP
New Era for Democracy or NTD [Vincent DABILGOU]
Pan-African Alliance for Refoundation or APR
Party for Democracy and Socialism/Metba or PDS/Metba [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]
Party for Development and Change or PDC [Aziz SEREME]
Patriotic Rally for Integrity or RPI
Peoples Movement for Progress or MPP [Roch Marc Christian KABORE]
Progressives United for Renewal or PUR
Union for Progress and Reform or UPC [Zephirin DIABRE]
Union for Rebirth - Sankarist Party or UNIR-PS [Benewende Stanislas SANKARA]

note: only parties with seats in the National Assembly included" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Hermann Yirigouin TOE (since 27 September 2022)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 332-5577" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 667-1882" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
contact@burkina-usa.org

https://burkina-usa.org/" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Sandra E. CLARK (since 25 September 2020)" }, "embassy": { "text": "Secteur 15, Ouaga 2000, Avenue Sembene Ousmane, Rue 15.873, Ouagadougou" }, "mailing address": { "text": "2440 Ouagadougou Place, Washington, DC  20521-2440" }, "telephone": { "text": "(226) 25-49-53-00" }, "FAX": { "text": "(226) 25-49-56-23" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
ouagaACS@state.gov

https://bf.usembassy.gov/" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; red recalls the country's struggle for independence, green is for hope and abundance, and yellow represents the country's mineral wealth", "note": "note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "white stallion; national colors: red, yellow, green" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"Le Ditanye\" (Anthem of Victory)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Thomas SANKARA" }, "note": "note: adopted 1974; also known as \"Une Seule Nuit\" (One Single Night); written by the country's former president, an avid guitar player" }, "National heritage": { "total World Heritage Sites": { "text": "3 (2 cultural, 1 natural)" }, "selected World Heritage Site locales": { "text": "Ruins of Loropéni (c); Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites (c); W-Arly-Pendjari Complex (n)" } } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "highly agrarian, low-income economy; limited natural resources; widespread poverty; terrorism disrupting potential economic activity; improving trade balance via increases in gold exports; economy inflating after prior deflation; growing public debt but still manageable" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": { "text": "$48.175 billion (2021 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { "text": "$45.063 billion (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$44.209 billion (2019 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2021": { "text": "6.91% (2021 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2020": { "text": "1.93% (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { "text": "5.69% (2019 est.)" } }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2021": { "text": "$2,200 (2021 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2020": { "text": "$2,100 (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$2,100 (2019 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$14.271 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": { "text": "3.65% (2021 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": { "text": "1.88% (2020 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "-3.23% (2019 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "B (2017)" }, "note": "note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained." }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "31% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "23.9% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "44.9% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "56.5% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "23.9% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "24.6% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "1% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "28.4% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-34.4% (2017 est.)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "sorghum, maize, millet, cotton, cow peas, sugar cane, groundnuts, rice, sesame seed, vegetables" }, "Industries": { "text": "cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, gold" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "8.73% (2021 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "8.016 million (2021 est.)", "note": "note: a large part of the male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "90%" }, "industry and services": { "text": "10% (2000 est.)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2021": { "text": "4.76% (2021 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2020": { "text": "4.89% (2020 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2019": { "text": "4.69% (2019 est.)" } }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { "text": "7.7%" }, "male": { "text": "7.5%" }, "female": { "text": "8% (2021 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "41.4% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { "text": "47.3 (2018 est.)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "2.9%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "32.2% (2009 est.)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "$3.212 billion (2019 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "$3.757 billion (2019 est.)" } }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "-7.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2020": { "text": "72.53% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Public debt 2019": { "text": "46.64% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Public debt 2018": { "text": "45.57% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "13.28% (of GDP) (2020 est.)" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2020": { "text": "$743.232 million (2020 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2019": { "text": "-$523.837 million (2019 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2018": { "text": "-$664.797 million (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2020": { "text": "$5.356 billion (2020 est.)" }, "Exports 2019": { "text": "$4.468 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { "text": "$4.511 billion (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports." }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "Switzerland 59%, India 21% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "gold, cotton, zinc, cashews, sesame seeds (2021)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2020": { "text": "$4.779 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Imports 2019": { "text": "$5.023 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Imports 2018": { "text": "$5.167 billion (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "Cote d'Ivoire 15%, China 9%, Ghana 8%, France 8%, India 6%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "refined petroleum, delivery trucks, packaged medicines, electricity, aircraft (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$49 million (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$50.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2017": { "text": "$3.056 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Debt - external 31 December 2016": { "text": "$2.88 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "Currency": { "text": "Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2021": { "text": "554.531 (2021 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "575.586 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "585.911 (2019 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2018": { "text": "555.446 (2018 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2017": { "text": "580.657 (2017 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "population without electricity": { "text": "(2020) 16 million" }, "electrification - total population": { "text": "18.9% (2021)" }, "electrification - urban areas": { "text": "67.6% (2021)" }, "electrification - rural areas": { "text": "4.7% (2014)" } }, "Electricity": { "installed generating capacity": { "text": "392,000 kW (2020 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "2,033,520,000 kWh (2019 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "600 million kWh (2019 est.)" }, "transmission/distribution losses": { "text": "248 million kWh (2019 est.)" } }, "Electricity generation sources": { "fossil fuels": { "text": "89.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "nuclear": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "solar": { "text": "3.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "wind": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "hydroelectricity": { "text": "6.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "tide and wave": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "geothermal": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "biomass and waste": { "text": "0.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" } }, "Coal": { "production": { "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)" } }, "Petroleum": { "total petroleum production": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)" }, "refined petroleum consumption": { "text": "30,800 bbl/day (2019 est.)" }, "crude oil and lease condensate exports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "crude oil and lease condensate imports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "crude oil estimated reserves": { "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)" } }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "23,580 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Natural gas": { "production": { "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)" } }, "Carbon dioxide emissions": { "total emissions": { "text": "4.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from coal and metallurgical coke": { "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from petroleum and other liquids": { "text": "4.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from consumed natural gas": { "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" } }, "Energy consumption per capita": { "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": { "text": "3.23 million Btu/person (2019 est.)" } } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "81,374 (2021 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "(2021 est.) less than 1" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "24,678,315 (2021 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "112 (2021 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "Burkina Faso’s telecom sector in recent years has made some gains in providing the necessary infrastructure and bandwidth to support telecom services; an IXP completed in September 2020 increased international bandwidth capacity by a third, while in mid-2021 the government was able to start the second phase of a national fiber backbone project; this will link the capital city to an addition 145 municipalities, and provide additional connectivity to terrestrial cables in neighboring countries; the activities of the militants in side areas of the country jeopardize overall security, and render it difficult for the telcos to safeguard their networks and equipment; Burkina Faso joins G5 Sahel countries to eliminate roaming fees (2022)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line connections stand at less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage nearly 112 per 100, with multiple providers there is competition and the hope for growth from a low base; Internet penetration is 16% (2021)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 226; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)" } }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "since the official inauguration of Terrestrial Digital Television (TNT) in December 2017, Burkina Faso now has 14 digital TV channels among which 2 are state-owned; there are more than 140 radio stations (commercial, religious, community) available throughout the country including a national and regional state-owned network; the state-owned Radio Burkina and the private Radio Omega are among the most widespread stations and both include broadcasts in French and local languages (2019)" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".bf" }, "Internet users": { "total": { "text": "4.84 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { "text": "22% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "13,979 (2020 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "0.1 (2020 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "1 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "3" }, "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "151,531 (2018)" }, "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "100,000 (2018) mt-km" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "XT" }, "Airports": { "text": "23 (2021)" }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "text": "2", "note": "note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)" }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "text": "21", "note": "note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "622 km (2014)" }, "narrow gauge": { "text": "622 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge" }, "note": "note: another 660 km of this railway extends into Cote d'Ivoire" }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "15,304 km (2014)" }, "paved": { "text": "3,642 km (2014)" }, "unpaved": { "text": "11,662 km (2014)" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Armed Forces of Burkina Faso ((FABF; aka National Armed Forces (FAN), aka Defense and Security Forces (Forces de Défense et de Sécurité or FDS)): Army of Burkina Faso (L’Armee de Terre, LAT), Air Force of Burkina Faso (Force Aerienne de Burkina Faso), National Gendarmerie, National Fire Brigade (Brigade Nationale de Sapeurs-Pompiers or BNSP); Homeland Defense Volunteers (Forcés de Volontaires de Défense pour la Patrie or VDP)

Ministry of Territorial Administration, Decentralization and Security (Ministère de l'Administration Territoriale, de la Décentralisation et de la Sécurité): National Police (2023)", "note": "note 1: the National Gendarmerie officially reports to the Ministry of Defense, but usually operates in support of the Ministry of Territorial Administration, Decentralization, and Security; Gendarmerie troops are typically integrated with Army forces in anti-terrorism operations; specialized counterterrorism units include the Army's special forces, the Special Legion of the National Gendarmerie, and the Multipurpose Intervention Unit of National Police

note 2: the VDP is a lightly-armed civilian defense force established in 2019 to act as auxiliaries to the Army in the fight against militants; the volunteers receive two weeks of training and typically assist with carrying out surveillance, information-gathering, and escort duties, as well as local defense, and were to be based in each of the country's more than 300 municipalities; in 2022, the military government created a \"Patriotic Watch and Defense Brigade\" (La Brigade de Veille et de Défense Patriotique or BVDP) under the FABF to coordinate the VDP recruits" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2022": { "text": "2.9% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2021": { "text": "2.4% of GDP (2021 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2020": { "text": "2.4% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "2.2% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "1.9% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "approximately 14,000 personnel (8,500 Army; 500 Air Force; 5,000 National Gendarmerie) (2023)", "note": "note: in 2022, the Burkina Faso Government announced a special recruitment for up to 6,000 additional soldiers to assist with its fight against terrorist groups operating in the country; it also put out a recruitment call for up to 100,000 VDF volunteers, and as of 2023 had an estimated 90,000 VDF personnel enrolled (the VDF's original recruited strength was 15,000)


" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the FABF has a mix of mostly older or secondhand equipment from a mix of suppliers, including France, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, the UK, and the US (2023)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women may serve in supporting roles (2022)" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "650 (plus about 180 police) Mali (MINUSMA) (May 2022)", "note": "note: Burkina Faso is part of a four (formerly five)-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G4 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Chad, Mali (withdrew in 2022), Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; as of 2020, defense forces from each of the participating states were allowed to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the force is backed by France, the UN, and the US" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the FABF has a history of interference in the country’s politics, having conducted eight coups since its formation in 1960-61, including the most recent in September of 2022; several combat units were disbanded in 2011 following mutinies; while the FABF is responsible for external defense, it has an internal security role and can be called out to assist internal security forces in restoring public order, combating crime, securing the border, and counterterrorism; indeed, for more than a decade, its focus has largely been combatting terrorism, and it is actively engaged in combat operations to counter terrorist groups linked to al-Qa'ida and the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS), particularly in the northern and eastern regions; the FABF is struggling to contain the groups, however, and a large portion of the country—40% by some estimates—is not under government control

in the north, Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), a coalition of al-Qa'ida linked militant groups taht act as al-Qa'ida in the Land of the Islamic Magreb's (AQIM) arm in the Sahel, has exploited ethnic tensions and perceptions of state neglect, as well as grievances over corruption, patronage politics, social stratification, and land disputes; in 2022, JNIM conducted attacks in 10 of the country's 13 provinces; most of the attacks were assessed to be by the Macina Liberation Front (FLM) of the JNIM coalition; the ISIS-Greater Sahara (ISIS-GS) terrorist group operates in the eastern part of the country

the Army’s combat forces include a mix of about 8 small (battalion-sized) infantry and combined arms regiments, plus battalions of artillery and special forces historically deployed in 3 military regions; in November 2022, the military government announced it was creating 6 rapid reaction battalions (bataillon de réaction rapide or BIR), expanding the number of military regions to 6, and establishing 6 Gendarmerie “legions”; currently, the Gendarmerie has approximately 8 mobile squadrons stationed across 3 regions; in addition to its counterterrorism missions, the Gendarmerie’s Special Legion fights organized crime and provides security for high-level officials and government institutions; the Air Force’s primary mission is providing support to the Army; it has small numbers of combat aircraft, combat helicopters, and armed UAVs acquired from Turkey (2023)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { "text": "Ansarul Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara (ISIS-GS); al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM)", "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

adding to illicit cross-border activities, Burkina Faso has issues concerning unresolved boundary alignments with its neighbors; demarcation is currently underway with Mali; the dispute with Niger was referred to the ICJ in 2010, and a dispute over several villages with Benin persists; Benin retains a border dispute with Burkina Faso around the town of Koualau/Kourou

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "35,860 (Mali) (2023)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "

1,761,915 (2022)

" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { "tier rating": { "text": "Tier 2 Watch List — Burkina Faso does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government has established child protection units throughout the country, identifying potential victims, and continued working with teachers to prevent forced child begging; officials collaborated with international organizations and foreign donors to implement a humanitarian response plan to assist vulnerable people in conflict-affected areas, including potential trafficking victims; however, the government did not demonstrate overall increasing efforts compared to the previous year to improve its anti-trafficking capacity; substantial personnel turnover, related to the January 2022 coup d’état and formation of a transition government, hindered Burkina Faso’s ability to maintain consistent anti-trafficking efforts; officials did not report any prosecutions or convictions for the third consecutive year nor effectively screen vulnerable populations; the national anti-trafficking committee did not meet or coordinate anti-trafficking activities; the government did not adequately address complicity in trafficking crimes, including allegations of local officials exploiting internally displaced persons (IDPs) in sex trafficking; therefore, Burkina Faso remained on Tier 2 Watch List for the second consecutive year (2022)" }, "trafficking profile": { "text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Burkina Faso, and traffickers exploit victims from Burkina Faso abroad; traffickers fraudulently recruit Burkinabe children under the pretext of educational opportunities and exploit them as farm hands, laborers in artisanal mines, street vendors, and domestic servants; some parents knowingly allow their children to be exploited in domestic servitude to supplement family income; girls are exploited in sex trafficking in Ouagadougou and mining towns; some Quranic teachers force students to beg, sometimes with their parents’ knowledge; traffickers transport Burkinabe children—including homeless children—to Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, Senegal, and Niger for forced labor in artisanal mining, forced begging, cocoa production, and sex trafficking; traffickers recruit women with fraudulent employment offers to work in Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and—to a lesser extent—Europe then exploit them in sex trafficking or domestic servitude; more than 1.4 million IDPs are vulnerable to forced labor and sex trafficking; violent extremist groups exploit women and children in forced labor and sex trafficking, recruit and use child soldiers, and reportedly coerce victims to carry out attacks or act as accomplices; traffickers exploit children from neighboring countries, including Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria, in forced labor and sex trafficking; women from other West African countries are falsely recruited for employment in Burkina Faso and then exploited in forced labor in restaurants or domestic service; Nigerian women and girls are recruited for work in shops and salons and instead exploited in sex trafficking in mining regions; Cubans, including medical professionals, working in Burkina Faso may have been forced to work by the Cuban government; Burkina Faso is a transit country for traffickers moving children from Mali to Cote d’Ivoire and women and girls from Cote d’Ivoire to Saudi Arabia, as well as Ghanaian migrants traveling to Libya and Italy, some of whom are trafficking victims (2022)" } } } }