{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>From the 11th to the 16th centuries, various ethnic groups settled the Togo region. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the coastal region became a major trading center for enslaved people, and the surrounding region took on the name of \"The Slave Coast.\" In 1884, Germany declared a region, which included present-day Togo, as a protectorate called Togoland. After World War I, colonial rule over Togo was transferred to France. French Togoland became Togo upon independence in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, ruled Togo with a heavy hand for almost four decades. Despite the facade of multi-party elections instituted in the early 1990s, the government was largely dominated by President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party has been in power almost continually since 1967 and its successor, the Union for the Republic, maintains a majority of seats in today's legislature. Upon EYADEMA's death in February 2005, the military installed the president's son, Faure GNASSINGBE, and then engineered his formal election two months later. Togo held its first relatively free and fair legislative elections in October 2007. Since then, President GNASSINGBE has started the country along a gradual path to democratic reform. Togo has held multiple presidential and legislative elections, and in 2019 held its first local elections in 32 years. Despite those positive moves, political reconciliation has moved slowly, and the country experiences periodic outbursts of protests by frustrated citizens that have led to violence between security forces and protesters. Constitutional changes in 2019 to institute a runoff system in presidential elections and to establish term limits has done little to reduce the resentment many Togolese feel after more than 50 years of one-family rule. GNASSINGBE became eligible for his current fourth term and one additional fifth term under the new rules. The next presidential election will be in 2025. </p> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "8 00 N, 1 10 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "56,785 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "54,385 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "2,400 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than West Virginia"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,880 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Benin 651 km; Burkina Faso 131 km; Ghana 1,098 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "56 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "30 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claim"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Mont Agou 986 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "236 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "67.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 45.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 3.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 18.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "4.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "27.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "70 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Volta (410,991 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "one of the more densely populated African nations with most of the population residing in rural communities, density is highest in the south on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "8,703,961 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Togolese (singular and plural)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Togolese"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Adja-Ewe/Mina 42.4%, Kabye/Tem 25.9%, Para-Gourma/Akan 17.1%, Akposso/Akebu 4.1%, Ana-Ife 3.2%, other Togolese 1.7%, foreigners 5.2%, no response 0.4% (2013-14 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Togo has an estimated 37 ethnic groups"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "French (official, the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Christian 42.3%, folk religion 36.9%, Muslim 14%, Hindu &lt;1%, Buddhist &lt;1%, Jewish &lt;1%, other &lt;1%, none 6.2% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Togo’s population is estimated to have grown to four times its size between 1960 and 2010. With nearly 60% of its populace under the age of 25 and a high annual growth rate attributed largely to high fertility, Togo’s population is likely to continue to expand for the foreseeable future. Reducing fertility, boosting job creation, and improving education will be essential to reducing the country’s high poverty rate. In 2008, Togo eliminated primary school enrollment fees, leading to higher enrollment but increased pressure on limited classroom space, teachers, and materials. Togo has a good chance of achieving universal primary education, but educational quality, the underrepresentation of girls, and the low rate of enrollment in secondary and tertiary schools remain concerns.</p> <p>Togo is both a country of emigration and asylum. In the early 1990s, southern Togo suffered from the economic decline of the phosphate sector and ethnic and political repression at the hands of dictator Gnassingbe EYADEMA and his northern, Kabye-dominated administration. The turmoil led 300,000 to 350,000 predominantly southern Togolese to flee to Benin and Ghana, with most not returning home until relative stability was restored in 1997. In 2005, another outflow of 40,000 Togolese to Benin and Ghana occurred when violence broke out between the opposition and security forces over the disputed election of EYADEMA’s son Faure GNASSINGBE to the presidency. About half of the refugees reluctantly returned home in 2006, many still fearing for their safety. Despite ethnic tensions and periods of political unrest, Togo in December 2022 was home to almost 8,400 refugees from Ghana.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "38.98% (male 1,720,743/female 1,672,286)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "56.76% (male 2,413,709/female 2,526,816)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "4.26% (2023 est.) (male 153,461/female 216,946)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "76.5"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "71"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "5.5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "18.3 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "19.7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "20.3 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.45% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "31.39 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.16 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-1.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "one of the more densely populated African nations with most of the population residing in rural communities, density is highest in the south on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "44.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.6% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.982 million LOME (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.71 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "25 years (2017 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-29"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "399 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "39.79 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "44.41 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "35.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "71.71 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "69.13 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "74.37 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "4.18 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "2.06 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "23.9% (2017)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 93.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 60.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 74.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 6.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 39.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 25.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "6% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.08 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "0.7 beds/1,000 population (2011)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 81.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 18.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 45.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 18.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 81.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 54.5% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2023)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "malaria and dengue fever"
      },
      "water contact diseases": {
        "text": "schistosomiasis"
      },
      "animal contact diseases": {
        "text": "rabies"
      },
      "respiratory diseases": {
        "text": "meningococcal meningitis"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 22 March 2023, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Togo is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "8.4% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.78 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6.8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "15.2% (2017)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "62% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "6.4%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "24.8%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "2.6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "66.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "80%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "55.1% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "12 years (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "7.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; very little rain forest still present and what remains is highly degraded; desertification; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "67.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 45.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 3.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 18.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "4.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "27.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "44.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.6% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "3.96% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "32.71 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "3 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "3.06 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "1,109,030 tons (2014 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "22,181 tons (2012 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "2% (2012 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Volta (410,991 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "140 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "80 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "14.7 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Togolese Republic"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Togo"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republique Togolaise"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "French Togoland"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "derived from the Ewe words \"to\" (river) and \"godo\" (on the other side) to give the sense of \"on the other side of the river\"; originally, this designation applied to the town of Togodo (now Togoville) on the northern shore of Lake Togo, but the name was eventually extended to the entire nation"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Lome"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "6 07 N, 1 13 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "Lome comes from \"alotime\" which in the native Ewe language means \"among the alo plants\"; alo trees dominated the city's original founding site"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "5 regions (regions, singular - region); Centrale, Kara, Maritime, Plateaux, Savanes"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 27 April (1960)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted 27 September 1992, effective 14 October 1992"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one fifth of the National Assembly membership; passage requires four-fifths majority vote by the Assembly; a referendum is required if approved by only two-thirds majority of the Assembly or if requested by the president; constitutional articles on the republican and secular form of government cannot be amended; amended 2002, 2007, last in 2019 when the National Assembly unanimously approved a package of amendments, including setting presidential term limits of two 5-year mandates"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "customary law system"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Togo"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 4 May 2005)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Victoire Tomegah DOGBE (since 28 September 2020)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 22 February 2020 (next to be held 2025); prime minister appointed by the president"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<p><em>2020:</em> Faure GNASSINGBE reelected president; percent of vote - Faure GNASSINGBE (UNIR) 70.8%, Agbeyome KODJO (MPDD) 19.5%, Jean-Pierre FABRE (ANC) 4.7%, other 5%<br><br><em>2015:</em> Faure GNASSINGBE reelected president; percent of vote - Faure GNASSINGBE (UNIR) 58.8%, Jean-Pierre FABRE (ANC) 35.2%, Tchaboure GOGUE (ADDI) 4%, other 2%</p> <p> </p>"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (91 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed, party-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms); party lists are required to contain equal numbers of men and women"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 20 December 2018 (next to be held in 2023)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by coalition/party - NA; seats by party - UNIR 59, UFC 7, NET 3, MPDD 2, MRC 1, PDP 1, independent 18; composition - men 76, women 15, percent of women 16.5%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (organized into criminal and administrative chambers, each with a chamber president and advisors); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, including the court president)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court president appointed by decree of the president of the republic upon the proposal of the Supreme Council of the Magistracy, a 9-member judicial, advisory, and disciplinary body; other judicial appointments and judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly; judge tenure NA"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Court of Assizes (sessions court); Appeal Court; tribunals of first instance (divided into civil, commercial, and correctional chambers; Court of State Security; military tribunal"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Dodji APEVON]<br>Alliance of Democrats for Integral Development or ADDI [Tchaboure GOGUE]<br>Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA [Léopold GNININVI]<br>Democratic Forces for the Republic or FDR [Dodji APEVON]<br>National Alliance for Change or ANC [Jean-Pierre FABRE]<br>New Togolese Commitment [Gerry TAAMA]<br>Pan-African National Party or PNP [Tikpi ATCHADAM]<br>Pan-African Patriotic Convergence or CPP [Edem KODJO]<br>Patriotic Movement for Democracy and Development or MPDD [Agbeyome KODJO] <br>Socialist Pact for Renewal or PSR [Abi TCHESSA]<br>The Togolese Party [Nathaniel OLYMPIO]<br>Union of Forces for Change or UFC [Dr. Gilchrist Sylvanus OLYMPIO]<br>Union for the Republic or UNIR [Faure GNASSINGBE]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Frederic Edem HEGBE (since 24 April 2017)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 234-4212"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 232-3190"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>embassyoftogo@hotmail.com<br><br>https://embassyoftogousa.com/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Elizabeth FITZSIMMONS (since 26 April 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Boulevard Eyadema, B.P. 852, Lome"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2300 Lome Place, Washington, DC 20521-2300"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[228] 2261-5470"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[228] 2261-5501"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>consularLome@state.gov<br><br>https://tg.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner; the five horizontal stripes stand for the five different regions of the country; the red square is meant to express the loyalty and patriotism of the people, green symbolizes hope, fertility, and agriculture, while yellow represents mineral wealth and faith that hard work and strength will bring prosperity; the star symbolizes life, purity, peace, dignity, and Togo's independence",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "lion; national colors: green, yellow, red, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Salut a toi, pays de nos aieux\" (Hail to Thee, Land of Our Forefathers)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Alex CASIMIR-DOSSEH"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1960, restored 1992; this anthem was replaced by another during one-party rule between 1979 and 1992"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "1 (cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Koutammakou; the Land of the Batammariba"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "low-income West African economy; primarily agrarian economy; has a deep-water port; growing international shipping locale; improving privatization and public budgeting transparency; key phosphate mining industry; extremely high rural poverty"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$18.369 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$17.451 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$17.15 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.26% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "1.75% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "5.46% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$2,100 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$2,100 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$2,100 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$5.232 billion (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "1.83% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "0.69% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "0.93% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B3 (2019)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "28.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "21.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "49.8% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "84.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "11.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "23.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "-1.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "43.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-61% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "cassava, maize, yams, sorghum, beans, oil palm fruit, rice, vegetables, cotton, groundnuts"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "5.32% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "2.965 million (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "65%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "5%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "30% (1998 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "4% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "3.94% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "3.72% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "7.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "55.1% (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
        "text": "42.4 (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.3%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "27.1% (2006)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$1.275 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$1.158 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-3.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "75.7% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "81.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "13.16% (of GDP) (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$20.738 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$55.444 million (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2018": {
        "text": "-$184.852 million (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$1.722 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$1.665 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$1.703 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "India 16%, Benin 15%, Burkina Faso 6%, France 6%, Morocco 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, electricity, calcium phosphates, cotton (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$2.389 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$2.261 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$2.329 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 18%, South Korea 13%, India 11%, Belgium 10%, Netherlands 8%, United States 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, motorcycles, crude petroleum, rice, broadcasting equipment (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$77.8 million (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$42.6 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$1.442 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$1.22 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "554.531 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "575.586 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "585.911 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "555.446 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "580.657 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "population without electricity": {
        "text": "(2020) 5 million"
      },
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "55.7% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "96.3% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "24.6% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "210,000 kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "1,180,140,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "118 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "963 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "210 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "82.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "17.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "46,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "46,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "10,000 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "13,100 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "44.797 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "2.244 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "706,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "1.451 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "87,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "4.113 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "54,000 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2021 est.) less than 1"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "6.3 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "72 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "&nbsp;include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line less than 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 72 telephones per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 228; landing point for the WACS submarine cable, linking countries along the west coast of Africa with each other and with Portugal; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Symphonie (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "1&nbsp;state-owned TV station with multiple transmission sites; five private TV stations broadcast locally; cable TV service is available; state-owned radio network with two stations (in Lome and Kara); several dozen private radio stations and a few community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters available (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".tg"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.01 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "35% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "52,706 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "0.6 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "8"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "566,295 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "10.89 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "5V"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "8 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "2",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "6",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "62 km gas"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "568 km (2014)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "568 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9,951 km (2018)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "1,794 km (2018)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "8,157 km (2018)"
      },
      "urban": {
        "text": "1,783 km (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "50 km (2011) (seasonally navigable by small craft on the Mono River depending on rainfall)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "403"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 10, general cargo 254, oil tanker 57, other 81 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Kpeme, Lome"
      },
      "container port(s) (TEUs)": {
        "text": "Lome (1,962,304) (2021)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Togolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Togolaise, FAT): Togolese Army (l'Armee de Terre), Togolese Navy (Forces Naval Togolaises), Togolese Air Force (Armee de l’Air), National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie Nationale Togolaise or GNT); Ministry of Security and Civil Protection: National Police Directorate (Direction de la Police Nationale) (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Police Directorate and GNT are responsible for law enforcement and maintenance of order within the country; the GNT is also responsible for migration and border enforcement; the GNT falls under the Ministry of the Armed Forces but also reports to the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection on many matters involving law enforcement and internal security "
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "2.1% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "2.6% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 11,000 personnel (6,500 Army; 500 Air and Navy; 3,000 Gendarmerie) (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in January 2022, the Togolese Government announced its intent to boost the size of the FAT to more than 20,000 by 2025"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the FAT has a small, mixed inventory of mostly older equipment from a variety of countries, including Brazil, China, France, Germany, Russia/former Soviet Union, South Africa, the UK, and the US (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for military service; 2-year service obligation; no conscription; women have been able to serve since 2007 (2022)"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "730 (plus about 300 police) Mali (MINUSMA) (May 2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "since its creation in 1963, the Togolese military has had a history of interfering in the country’s politics with assassinations, coups, influence, and a large military crackdown in 2005 that killed hundreds; over the past decade, however, it has made some efforts to reform and professionalize, as well as increase its role in UN peacekeeping activities; Togo maintains a regional peacekeeping training center for military and police in Lome; the FAT participates in multinational exercises and has received training from foreign partners, including France and the US<br><br>the FAT’s current focuses are primarily terrorism and maritime security; in recent years, it has increased operations in the northern border region of the country to boost border security and prevent terrorist infiltrations from Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), a coalition of al-Qa'ida-affiliated militant groups based in Mali that also operates in neighboring Burkina Faso; in 2022, the Togolese Government declared a state of emergency in the north due to the threat from JNIM following an attack on a Togolese military post that killed several soldiers; the Navy and Air Force have increased focus on combating piracy and smuggling in the Gulf of Guinea<br><br>the Army has a mixed force of small, lightly-armed combined arms, infantry, and commando regiments, as well as a rapid reaction force; the Gendarmerie includes mobile, regionally-based, and maritime units; the Navy operates a few patrol boats while the Air Force has a small inventory of training, light attack-capable, and transport aircraft, as well as combat helicopters and a few armed UAVs acquired from Turkey in 2022 (2023)"
    },
    "Maritime threats": {
      "text": "for a second year the International Maritime Bureau reported no incidents in 2022 in the territorial and offshore waters of Togo; past incidents have been reported where vessels were attacked and crews kidnapped; these incidents showed that the pirates / robbers in the area are well armed and violent; pirates have robbed vessels and kidnapped crews for ransom; in the past, product tankers were hijacked and cargo stolen; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2023-001 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 3 January 2023, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea\""
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Jama’at Nusrat al Islam wal Muslimeen (JNIM)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Togo-Benin</em>: in 2001, Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint commission continues to resurvey the boundary; Benin’s and Togo’s Adjrala hydroelectric dam project on the Mona River, proposed in the 1990s, commenced in 2017 with funding from a Chinese bank</p> <p><em>Togo-Burkina Faso</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Togo-Ghana</em>: none identified</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "8,395 (Ghana) (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money laundering not a significant problem"
    }
  }
}