{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Long referred to as Nubia, modern-day Sudan was the site of the Kingdom of Kerma (ca. 2500-1500 B.C.) until it was absorbed into the New Kingdom of Egypt. By the 11th century B.C., the Kingdom of Kush gained independence from Egypt; it lasted in various forms until the middle of the 4th century A.D. After the fall of Kush, the Nubians formed three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia. The latter two endured until around 1500. Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads, and between the 16th–19th centuries it underwent extensive Islamization. Following Egyptian occupation early in the 19th century, the British established an Anglo-Egyptian Sudan - nominally a condominium, but in effect a British colony. <br><br>Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since Sudan gained independence from Anglo-Egyptian co-rule in 1956. The 30-year reign of President Omar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR, following months of nationwide protests, ended with the military forcing him out in April 2019. In July 2019, the country’s Transitional Military Council signed an agreement with the Forces for Freedom and Change (an umbrella group of civilian actors) to form a transitional government under a Constitutional Declaration. Economist and former international civil servant Abdalla HAMDOUK al-Kinani was selected to serve as prime minister of a transitional government, which was to have guided the country to credible democratic elections in late 2022. In October 2021, the Sudanese military organized a takeover that ousted Prime Minister HAMDOUK and his government and replaced civilian members of the Sovereign Council (Sudan’s collective Head of State) with individuals selected by the military. HAMDOUK was briefly reinstated in November 2021 but resigned in January 2022.</p> <p>As of June 2023, General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman, the Chair of Sudan’s Sovereign Council and Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces, serves as de facto head of state and government. He presides over a Sovereign Council consisting of military leaders, former armed opposition group representatives, and civilians appointed by the military. A cabinet of acting ministers handles day-to-day administration. These acting ministers are either senior civil servants (some appointed by former Prime Minister HAMDOUK and some selected by the military) or holdover ministers from Prime Minister HAMDOUK’s former cabinet who were appointed by former armed opposition groups that the military allowed to remain in their positions. The Sudanese Armed Forces have been embroiled in a fight with the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces since mid-April 2023. <br><br>During most of the second half of the 20th century, Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of the largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern portion of the country. The first civil war ended in 1972, but another broke out in 1983. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04, and the final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years followed by a referendum on independence for Southern Sudan. South Sudan became independent in July 2011, but Sudan and South Sudan have yet to fully implement security and economic agreements relating to the normalization of relations between the two countries. <br><br>In the 21st century, Sudan faced conflict in Darfur, Southern Kordofan, and Blue Nile starting in 2003, and between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces in 2023, sparking mass displacement. </p> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "north-eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "15 00 N, 30 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,861,484 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "1,731,671 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "129,813 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly less than one-fifth the size of the US"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6,819 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Central African Republic 174 km; Chad 1,403 km; Egypt 1,276 km; Eritrea 682 km; Ethiopia 744 km; Libya 382 km; South Sudan 2,158 km"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Sudan-South Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei region pending negotiations between Sudan and South Sudan"
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "853 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "18 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "generally flat, featureless plain; desert dominates the north"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Jabal Marrah 3,042 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Red Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "568 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold; hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "100% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 15.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 84.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "15,666 sq km (2020)"
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "<p>Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km; Blue Nile river mouth (shared with Ethiopia [s]) - 1,600 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth</p>"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Mediterranean Sea)</em> Nile (3,254,853 sq km)<br>Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Nubian Aquifer System, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and throughout South Darfur as shown on this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "dust storms and periodic persistent droughts"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "the Nile is Sudan's primary water source; its major tributaries, the White Nile and the Blue Nile, meet at Khartoum to form the River Nile which flows northward through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "49,197,555 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Sudanese (singular and plural)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Sudanese"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Sudanese Arab (approximately 70%), Fur, Beja, Nuba, Ingessana, Uduk, Fallata, Masalit, Dajo, Gimir, Tunjur, Berti; there are over 500 ethnic groups"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Arabic (official), English (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, Fur"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)"
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Sunni Muslim, small Christian minority"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Sudan’s population grew almost fourfold between 1956 and 2008, the date of its last census.  Even after the southern part of the country became independent South Sudan in 2011, the population of Sudan has continued to grow.  The gender balance overall is fairly even.  Females, however, are more prevalent in rural areas because of males migrating to urban areas in search of work.  The total fertility rate (TFR) remains high despite falling from 7 children per woman in Sudan’s first census in 1955 to about 4.5 in 2022, which can be attributed to early marriage and a low contraceptive prevalence rate.  Among the factors that led to the reduction in fertility are family planning, improvement in women’s education and participation in the labor force outside the home, and migration and urbanization. </p> <p>The continued slow decline in fertility accompanied by a drop in mortality and increased life expectancy has produced an age structure where approximately 55% of the population was of working age (15-64) as of 2020.  This share will grow as the sizable youth population becomes working age.  As Sudan’s working age population increasingly outnumbers the youth and elderly populations (the dependent populations), the country will approach the possibility of a demographic dividend.  The window of opportunity for potential economic growth depends not only on a favorable age structure but also on having a trained and educated workforce, job creation (particularly in the formal market), and investment in health, as well as generating savings to invest in schooling and care for the elderly.  As of 2018, Sudan’s literacy rate was just over 60%, and even lower among women.  Improvements in school enrollment, student-teacher ratio, infrastructure, funding, and educational quality could help the country to realize a demographic dividend.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "40.47% (male 10,115,311/female 9,793,060)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "56.35% (male 13,774,002/female 13,946,621)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "3.19% (2023 est.) (male 814,480/female 754,081)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "76.9"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "74"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "6.2"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "16.2 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18.3 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.5 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.55% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "33.32 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-1.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and throughout South Darfur as shown on this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "36.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "6.344 million KHARTOUM (capital), 1.057 million Nyala (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.99 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "1.08 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "270 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "41.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "46.87 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "35.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "67.45 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "65.19 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "69.81 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "4.54 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "2.21 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "12.2% (2014)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 80.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 87.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 19.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 12.9% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "3% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.26 physicians/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "0.7 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 72.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 30.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 45.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 27.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 69.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 54.7% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2023)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever"
      },
      "water contact diseases": {
        "text": "schistosomiasis"
      },
      "animal contact diseases": {
        "text": "rabies"
      },
      "respiratory diseases": {
        "text": "meningococcal meningitis"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 22 March 2023, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Sudan is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "6.6% (2014)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.93 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "1.63 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "33% (2014)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "61.4% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "60.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "65.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "56.1% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "8 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "7 years (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "35.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "30.5%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "45.8% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "<p>water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; water scarcity and periodic drought; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; deforestation; loss of biodiversity</p> <p><strong> </strong></p>"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "100% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 15.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 84.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "36.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "severe localized food insecurity": {
        "text": "<em>due to conflict, civil insecurity, and soaring food prices - </em>according to the results of the latest analysis, about 11.7 million people (24% of the analyzed population) are estimated to be severely food insecure during June to September 2022; the main drivers are macroeconomic challenges resulting in rampant food and non‑food inflation, tight supplies due to a poor 2021 harvest and the escalation of intercommunal violence (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "3.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "47.92 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "20 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "75.1 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "2,831,291 tons (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "<p>Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km; Blue Nile river mouth (shared with Ethiopia [s]) - 1,600 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth</p>"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Mediterranean Sea)</em> Nile (3,254,853 sq km)<br>Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Nubian Aquifer System, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "950 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "80 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "25.91 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "37.8 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of the Sudan"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Sudan"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Jumhuriyat as-Sudan"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "As-Sudan"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Sudan"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name \"Sudan\" derives from the Arabic \"bilad-as-sudan\" meaning \"Land of the Black [peoples]\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Khartoum"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "15 36 N, 32 32 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "several explanations of the name exist; two of the more plausible are that it is derived from Arabic \"al-jartum\" meaning \"elephant's trunk\" or \"hose,\" and likely referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles; alternatively, the name could derive from the Dinka words \"khar-tuom,\" indicating a \"place where rivers meet\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "18 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Blue Nile, Central Darfur, East Darfur, Gedaref, Gezira, Kassala, Khartoum, North Darfur, North Kordofan, Northern, Red Sea, River Nile, Sennar, South Darfur, South Kordofan, West Darfur, West Kordofan, White Nile",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the peace Agreement signed in October 2020 included a provision to establish a system of governance that will likely restructure the country's current 18 provinces/states into regions"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1 January 1956 (from Egypt and the UK)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 1 January (1956)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1973, 1998, 2005 (interim constitution, which was suspended in April 2019); latest initial draft completed by Transitional Military Council in May 2019; revised draft known as the \"Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period,\" or &ldquo;2019 Constitutional Declaration&rdquo; was signed by the Council and opposition coalition on 4 August 2019"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "amended 2020 to incorporate the Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan; the military suspended several provisions of the Constitutional Declaration in October 2021"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of Islamic law and English common law; note - in mid-July 2020, Sudan amended 15 provisions of its 1991 penal code"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; withdrew acceptance of ICCt jurisdiction in 2008"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "the father must be a citizen of Sudan"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "10 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "17 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "Sovereign Council Chair and Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman; note &ndash; the 2019 Constitutional Declaration established a collective chief of state of the \"Sovereign Council,\" which was chaired by al-BURHAN; on 25 October 2021, al-BURHAN dissolved the Sovereign Council but reinstated it on 11 November 2021, replacing its civilian members (previously selected by the umbrella civilian coalition the Forces for Freedom and Change) with civilians of the military&rsquo;s choosing; the Sovereign Council currently consists of 5 military-appointed civilians, 5 generals, and 3 representatives selected by former armed opposition groups"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Sovereign Council Chair and Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman; Acting Prime Minister Osman HUSSEIN (since 19 January 2022); note - former Prime Minister Abdallah HAMDOUK resigned on 2 January 2022; HAMDOUK served as prime minister from August 2019 to October 2019 before he was kidnapped; he was later freed and reinstated as prime minister on 21 November 2021"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "most members of the Council of Ministers were forced from office in October 2021 by the military and subsequently resigned in November 2021; the military allowed a handful of ministers appointed by former armed opposition groups to retain their posts; at present, most of the members of the Council are senior civil servants serving in an acting minister capacity appointed either by Prime Minister HAMDOUK prior to his resignation or by the military"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "the 2019 Constitutional Declaration originally called for elections to be held in late 2022 at the end of the transitional period; that date was pushed back to late 2023 by the Juba Peace Agreement; the methodology for future elections has not yet been defined; according to the 2019 Constitutional Declaration, civilian members of the Sovereign Council and the prime minister were to have been nominated by an umbrella coalition of civilian actors known as the Forces for Freedom and Change; this methodology was followed in selecting HAMDOUK as prime minister in August 2019; the military purports to have suspended this provision of the 2019 Constitutional Declaration in October 2021; Prime Minister HAMDOUK&rsquo;s restoration to office in November 2021 was the result of an agreement signed between him and Sovereign Council Chair BURHAN; military members of the Sovereign Council are selected by the leadership of the security forces; representatives of former armed groups to the Sovereign Council are selected by the signatories of the Juba Peace Agreement"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "according to the August 2019 Constitutional Declaration, which established Sudan's transitional government, the Transitional Legislative Council (TLC) was to have served as the national legislature during the transitional period until elections could be held; as of June 2023, the TLC had not been established"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "Council of State - last held 1 June 2015; subsequently dissolved in April 2019<br>National Assembly - last held on 13-15 April 2015; subsequently dissolved in April 2019 <br>note – according to the 2019 Constitutional Declaration, elections for a new legislature are to be held in late 2023"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Council of State - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; former composition - men 35, women 19, percent of women 35.2%<br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; former seats by party - NCP 323, DUP 25, Democratic Unionist Party 15, other 44, independent 19; former composition - men 296 women 130, percent of women 30.5%; note - former<br>total National Legislature percent of women 31%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "National Supreme Court (consists of 70 judges organized into panels of 3 judges and includes 4 circuits that operate outside the capital); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 justices including the court president); note - the Constitutional Court resides outside the national judiciary and has not been appointed since the signature of the 2019 Constitutional Declaration"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "National Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges selected by the Supreme Judicial Council, which replaced the National Judicial Service Commission upon enactment of the 2019 Constitutional Declaration"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Court of Appeal; other national courts; public courts; district, town, and rural courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "<p>Major Parties as of April 2019: <br>Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI]<br>Democratic Unionist Party or DUP [Babika BABIKER]<br>Federal Umma Party [Dr. Ahmed Babikir NAHAR]<br>Muslim Brotherhood or MB [Sadig Abdalla ABDELMAJID and Dr. Yousif Al-Hibir Nor-ELDAYIM]<br>National Congress Party or NCP [Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR]<br>National Umma Party or NUP [Fadlallah Baramah NASSER]<br>Popular Congress Party or PCP [Nawal Al-KHIDIR]<br>Reform Movement Now [Dr. Ghazi Salahuddin al-ATABANI]<br>Sudan National Front [Ali Mahmud HASANAYN]<br>Sudanese Communist Party or SCP [Mohammed Moktar Al-KHATEEB]<br>Sudanese Congress Party or SCoP [Omar El DIGAIR]<br>Umma Party for Reform and Development [Mubarak Al-Fadul Al-MAHDI]<br>Unionist Movement Party or UMP [led by DUP Chair Mohammed Osama Al-MERGHANI]</p> <strong>note: </strong>in November 2019, the transitional government banned the National Congress Party"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Mohamed Abdalla Idris MOHAMED (since 16 September 2022)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 338-8565"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 667-2406"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>consular@sudanembassy.org<br><br>https://www.sudanembassy.org/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador John T. GODFREY (since 1 September 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "P.O. Box 699, Kilo 10, Soba, Khartoum"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2200 Khartoum Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-2200"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[249] 187-0-22000"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ACSKhartoum@state.gov<br><br>https://sd.usembassy.gov/"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong>  the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum suspended operations on 22 April 2023, and the Department of State ordered the departure of U.S. employees due to the continued threat from armed conflict in Sudan "
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; colors and design based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I, but the meanings of the colors are expressed as follows: red signifies the struggle for freedom, white is the color of peace, light, and love, black represents the people of Sudan (in Arabic 'Sudan' means black), green is the color of Islam, agriculture, and prosperity"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "secretary bird; national colors: red, white, black, green"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Nahnu Djundulla Djundulwatan\" (We Are the Army of God and of Our Land)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Sayed Ahmad Muhammad SALIH/Ahmad MURJAN"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1956; originally served as the anthem of the Sudanese military"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "3 (2 cultural, 1 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region (c); Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe (c); Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay – Mukkawar Island Marine National Park (n)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "low-income Sahel economy; one of the world&rsquo;s major agricultural exporters; shared oil pipeline exports with South Sudan; transitional government increasing human capital investment; food prices hit hard by COVID-19; ongoing Gezira Scheme irrigation project"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$168.98 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$172.198 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$178.684 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "-1.87% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-3.63% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "-2.18% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$3,700 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$3,900 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$4,100 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$24.918 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "382.82% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "150.32% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "50.99% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "39.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "2.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "57.8% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "77.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "5.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "18.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "9.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-11.8% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "sugar cane, sorghum, milk, groundnuts, onions, sesame seed, goat milk, millet, bananas, wheat"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, armaments, automobile/light truck assembly, milling"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.7% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "12.921 million (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "80%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "7%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "13% (1998 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "19.81% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "19.65% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "17.65% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "35.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "30.5%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "45.8% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "46.5% (2009 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
        "text": "34.2 (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.7%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "26.7% (2009 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$3.479 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$8.277 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-10.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "121.6% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "99.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "7.39% (of GDP) (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$2.886 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$5.841 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$4.78 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$5.916 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$5.065 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$5.101 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "United Arab Emirates 31%, China 19%, Saudi Arabia 14%, India 12%, Egypt 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, crude petroleum, sesame seeds, sheep, goats, cotton, ground nuts (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$9.788 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$10.52 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$9.787 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 31%, India 14%, United Arab Emirates 11%, Egypt 6% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "raw sugar, wheat, packaged medicines, jewelry, tires, cars and vehicle parts (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$177.934 million (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$168.3 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$56.05 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$51.26 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Sudanese pounds (SDG) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "53.996 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "45.767 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "24.329 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "6.683 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2016": {
        "text": "6.212 (2016 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "population without electricity": {
        "text": "(2020) 23 million"
      },
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "61.7% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "84.2% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "49.3% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "4.354 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "9,682,060,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "4.599 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "43.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "55.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "66,900 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "137,700 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "12,900 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "9,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "5 billion barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "94,830 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "8,541 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "24,340 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "84.95 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "17.319 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "17.319 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "8.047 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "129,408 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2021 est.) less than 1"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "16,688,773 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "37 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Sudan emerged as a poorer country when South Sudan separated from it in 2011; although Sudan has about four times the population of South Sudan, the latter benefits from its control of the majority of known oil reserves; the Sudanese economy has been affected by hyperinflation in recent years, partly the result of the loss of oil revenue but also due to domestic volatility and social unrest; the difficult economic conditions have meant that for several years telcos have reported revenue under hyper inflationary reporting standards; pressure on revenue has made it difficult for operators to invest in infrastructure upgrades, and so provide improved services to customers; despite this, the number of mobile subscribers increased 7% in 2021, year-on-year; this level of growth is expected to have been maintained in 2022, though could slow from 2023; the country&rsquo;s poor fixed-line infrastructure has helped the development of mobile broadband services (2023)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "teledensity fixed-line is 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 37 telephones per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 249; landing points for the EASSy, FALCON&nbsp;and SAS-1,-2, fiber-optic submarine cable systems linking Africa, the Middle East, Indian Ocean Islands and Asia; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "Following the establishment of Sudan&rsquo;s transitional government in August 2019, government-owned broadcasters became increasingly independent from government and military control. Following the October 2021 military takeover, additional restrictions were imposed on these government-owned broadcasters, which now practice a heightened degree of self-censorship but still operate more independently than in the pre-2019 environment. (2022)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".sd"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13.248 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "28.8% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "28,782 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "0.1 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "9 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "42"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "269,958 (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "ST"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "67 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "17",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "50",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "7 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "156 km gas, 4,070 km oil, 1,613 km refined products (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7,251 km (2014)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "5,851 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge"
      },
      "note": "1,400 km 0.600-m gauge for cotton plantations"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31,000 km (2019)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "8,000 km (2019)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "23,000 km (2019)"
      },
      "urban": {
        "text": "1,000 km (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "4,068 km (2011) (1,723 km open year-round on White and Blue Nile Rivers)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "other 15 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Port Sudan"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF): Ground Force, Navy, Sudanese Air Force; Rapid Support Forces (RSF), Border Guards; Ministry of Interior: security police, special forces police, traffic police, Central Reserve Police (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the RSF is a semi-autonomous paramilitary force formed in 2013 to fight armed rebel groups in Sudan, with Mohammed Hamdan DAGALO (aka Hemeti) as its commander (he is also a member of the Sovereign Council); it was initially placed under the National Intelligence and Security Service, then came under the direct command of former president Omar al-BASHIR, who boosted the RSF as his own personal security force; as a result, the RSF was better funded and equipped than the regular armed forces; the RSF has since recruited from all parts of Sudan beyond its original Darfuri Arab groups but remains under the personal patronage and control of DAGALO; the RSF has participated in combat operations in Yemen and in counterinsurgency operations in Darfur, South Kordofan, and the Blue Nile State; it has also been active along the borders with Libya and the Central African Republic and has been used to respond to anti-regime demonstrations; the RSF has been accused of committing human rights abuses against civilians and is reportedly involved in business enterprises, such as gold mining<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Central Reserve Police (aka Abu Tira) is a combat-trained paramilitary force that has been used against demonstrators and sanctioned by the US for human rights abuses"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "2.4% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "3.6% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> many defense expenditures are probably off-budget"
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "estimates vary widely; up to 200,000 SAF personnel; the strength of the RSF ranges from a low of about 30,000 to as many as 100,000 fighters; up to 80,000 Central Reserve Police (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the SAF's inventory includes a mix of Chinese, Russian, Soviet-era, and domestically produced weapons systems; in recent years, Russia has been the leading arms provider; Sudan has one of the largest defense industries in Africa, which includes state-owned companies with military involvement; it mostly manufactures weapons systems under license from China, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-33 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service for men and women; 12-24 month service obligation (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> implementation of conscription is reportedly uneven"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "approximately 750 Democratic Republic of the Congo (East African Community stabilization force)<br><br>Sudan joined the Saudi-led coalition that intervened in Yemen in 2015, reportedly providing as many as 40,000 troops during the peak of the war in 2016-17, mostly from the Rapid Support Forces; by 2021, Sudan had reduced the size of the force to about a brigade (approximately 2-3,000 troops) (2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "<p>the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) is a large and relatively well-equipped military; its primary focuses are internal security, border issues, and potential external threats from its neighbors; the SAF is often supported by militia and paramilitary forces, particularly the Rapid Support Forces (RSF); in the Spring of 2023, heavy fighting broke out between the SAF and the paramilitary RSF amid disputes over an internationally-backed plan for a transition towards civilian rule, particularly around the capital Khartoum and in some outlying areas; both the SAF and the RSF have some operational experience from internal security operations and Sudan’s years-long intervention in Yemen with the Saudi-led coalition; information on the organization of the SAF and the RSF varies; the SAF Army is estimated to have more than 10 infantry divisions, as well as divisions of mechanized, armored, and airborne/special forces, and several independent infantry brigades; the SAF Air Force has several squadrons of Chinese- and Russian-origin combat  aircraft, as well as multiple squadrons of combat helicopters, also largely of Russian origin; the Navy has a small force of coastal patrol boats; the RSF is a lightly-armed ground force reportedly organized into brigades of varying size and makeup   </p> <p>the Sudanese military has been a dominant force in the ruling of the country since its independence in 1956; in addition, the Sudanese military and security forces have a large role in the country's economy, reportedly controlling over 200 commercial companies, including businesses involved in gold mining, rubber production, agriculture, and meat exports</p> the UN Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; UNISFA had about 2,800 personnel deployed as of early 2023<br><br>the October 2020 peace agreement provided for the establishment of a Joint Security Keeping Forces (JSKF) comprised of 12,000 personnel tasked with securing the Darfur region in the place of the UN African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), a joint African Union-UN peacekeeping force that operated in the war-torn region between 2007 and the end of its mandate in December 2020; in June 2021, Sudan's transitional government announced it would increase the size of this force to 20,000 and expand its mission scope to include the capital and other parts of the country suffering from violence; the force would include the SAF, RSF, police, intelligence, and representatives from armed groups involved in peace negotiations; in September 2022, the first 2,000 members of the JSKF completed training (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa’ida; Harakat Sawa’d Misr",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Sudan-Central African Republic</em>: periodic violent skirmishes persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic over water and grazing rights; Sudan closed its border with the Central African Republic in January 2022 due to security concerns</p> <p><em>Sudan-Chad</em>: Chad wants to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; however, since the August 2020 Juba Peace Agreement between the Sudanese Government and the Sudanese Revolutionary Front and the termination of the UN’s peacekeeping mission, UNAMID, at the end of 2020, violence continues to break out over land and water access</p> <p><em>Sudan-Egypt</em>: Sudan claims, but Egypt de facto administers, security and economic development of the Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel boundary</p> <p><em>Sudan-Eritrea</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Sudan-Ethiopia</em>: civil unrest in eastern Sudan has hampered efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia; clashes continue between Sudan and Ethiopia over al-Fashaga, a fertile piece of land inhabited by Ethiopian farmers for years until the Sudanese army expelled them in December 2020, claiming the land belonged to Sudan based on colonial-era maps from over 100 years ago; in February, 2022, the two countries were discussing resuming talks over the border conflict</p> <p><em>Sudan-Libya</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Sudan-South Sudan</em>: the South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment, final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan; clashes continue in the oil-rich Abyei region; the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has been deployed since 2011, when South Sudan became independent; the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has condemned renewed clashes on 23 September 2022 between the Twik and Ngok Dinka communities taking place in Agok, 28 kilometres from Abyei town</p> <p> </p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "882,765 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 137,402 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 93,477 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 72,334 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 24,370 (Central African Republic) (2023)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "2.41 million (armed conflict between rival factions of the military government of Sudan since 15 April 2023) (2023)"
      }
    }
  }
}