{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Continuously populated for at least 2,500 years, the dense jungle in the area of Sierra Leone allowed the region to remain relatively protected from invaders from empires in West Africa. Traders introduced Sierra Leone to Islam, which occupies a central role in Sierra Leonean culture and history. In the 17th century, the British set up a trading post near present-day Freetown. The trade originally involved timber and ivory but later expanded to enslaved people. In 1787, following the American Revolution, Sierra Leone became a destination for Black British loyalists from the new United States. After the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, British ships delivered thousands of liberated Africans to Sierra Leone. During the 19th century, the colony gradually expanded inland.</p> <p>In 1961, Sierra Leone became independent of the UK. While Sierra Leone held free and fair elections in 1962 and 1967, Siaka STEVENS - Sierra Leone’s second prime minister - quickly reverted to authoritarian tendencies, outlawing most political parties and ruling from 1967 to 1985. In 1991, Sierra Leonean soldiers launched a civil war against STEVENS’ ruling party. The war caused tens of thousands of deaths and displaced more than 2 million people (about one third of the population). In 1998, a Nigerian-led West African coalition military force intervened, installing Tejan KABBAH - who was originally elected in 1996 - as prime minister. In 2002, KABBAH officially announced the end of the war. Since 1998, Sierra Leone has conducted uninterrupted democratic elections, dominated by the two main political parties. In 2018, Julius Maada BIO of the Sierra Leone People’s Party won the presidential election that saw a high voter turnout despite some allegations of voter intimidation. The next presidential election is scheduled for June 2023.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "8 30 N, 11 30 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "71,740 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "71,620 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "120 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than South Carolina"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,093 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Guinea 794 km; Liberia 299 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "402 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "279 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "56.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 23.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 30.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "37.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "6.3% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "300 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population clusters are found in the lower elevations of the south and west; the northern third of the country is less populated as shown on this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "rainfall along the coast can reach 495 cm (195 inches) a year, making it one of the wettest places along coastal, western Africa"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "8,908,040 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Sierra Leonean(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Sierra Leonean"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Temne 35.4%, Mende 30.8%, Limba 8.8%, Kono 4.3%, Korankoh 4%, Fullah 3.8%, Mandingo 2.8%, Loko 2%, Sherbro 1.9%, Creole 1.2% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century; also known as Krio), other 5% (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 77.1%, Christian 22.9% (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Sierra Leone’s youthful and growing population is driven by its high total fertility rate (TFR) of almost 4 children per woman as of 2022, which has declined little over the last two decades. Its elevated TFR is sustained by the continued desire for large families, the low level of contraceptive use, and the early start of childbearing. Despite its high TFR, Sierra Leone’s population growth is somewhat tempered by high infant, child, and maternal mortality rates that are among the world’s highest and are a result of poverty, a lack of potable water and sanitation, poor nutrition, limited access to quality health care services, and the prevalence of female genital cutting.</p> <p>Sierra Leone’s large youth cohort – about 60% of the population is under the age of 25 – continues to struggle with high levels of unemployment, which was one of the major causes of the country’s 1991-2002 civil war and remains a threat to stability today. Its estimated 60% youth unemployment rate is attributed to high levels of illiteracy and unskilled labor, a lack of private sector jobs, and low pay.</p> <p>Sierra Leone has been a source of and destination for refugees. Sierra Leone’s civil war internally displaced as many as 2 million people, or almost half the population, and forced almost another half million to seek refuge in neighboring countries (370,000 Sierra Leoneans fled to Guinea and 120,000 to Liberia). The UNHCR has helped almost 180,000 Sierra Leoneans to return home, while more than 90,000 others have repatriated on their own. Of the more than 65,000 Liberians who took refuge in Sierra Leone during their country’s civil war (1989-2003), about 50,000 have been voluntarily repatriated by the UNHCR and others have returned home independently.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "40.54% (male 1,820,988/female 1,790,185)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "56.89% (male 2,476,286/female 2,591,155)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "2.58% (2023 est.) (male 111,937/female 117,489)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "74"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "68.5"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "5.5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "18.3 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "19.1 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "19.7 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.41% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "31.49 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "9.14 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "1.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population clusters are found in the lower elevations of the south and west; the northern third of the country is less populated as shown on this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "44.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.309 million FREETOWN (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.95 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "19.6 years (2019 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "443 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "72.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "77.24 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "67.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "59.07 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "57.48 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "60.71 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "3.71 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.83 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "21.2% (2019)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 92.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 58% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 72.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 7.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 42% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 27.2% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "8.8% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.07 physicians/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 79.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 35.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 54.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 20.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 64.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 45.6% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2023)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "malaria and&nbsp;dengue fever"
      },
      "water contact diseases": {
        "text": "schistosomiasis"
      },
      "animal contact diseases": {
        "text": "rabies"
      },
      "aerosolized dust or soil contact diseases": {
        "text": "Lassa fever"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Sierra Leone is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and <em>that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus</em>; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "8.7% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "2.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "6.4% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "13.5% (2019)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "58.9% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "8.6%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "29.6%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "4.1% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "9.1% of GDP (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write English, Mende, Temne, or Arabic"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "47.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "55.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "39.8% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10.8%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "7.6% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "rapid population growth pressuring the environment; overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation, soil exhaustion, and flooding; loss of biodiversity; air pollution; water pollution; overfishing"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Environmental Modification"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "56.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 23.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 30.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "37.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "6.3% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "44.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "severe localized food insecurity": {
        "text": "<em>due to high food prices and reduced incomes - </em>about 1.6 million people are estimated to be severely food insecure between June and August 2022 on account of high food prices and low purchasing power, resulting in acute constraints on households’ economic access to food (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "6.92% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "20.63 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "1.09 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "3.16 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "610,222 tons (2004 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "110 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "50 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "160 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Sierra Leone"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Sierra Leone"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Sierra Leone"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Sierra Leone"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the Portuguese explorer Pedro de SINTRA named the country \"Serra Leoa\" (Lion Mountains) for the impressive mountains he saw while sailing the West African coast in 1462"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Freetown"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "8 29 N, 13 14 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derived from the fact that the original settlement served as a haven for free-born and freed African Americans, as well as for liberated Africans rescued from slave ships"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "4 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, North Western, Southern, Western*"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "27 April 1961 (from the UK)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 27 April (1961)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest effective 1 October 1991"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in two successive readings and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting fundamental rights and freedoms and many other constitutional sections also requires approval in a referendum with participation of at least one half of qualified voters and at least two thirds of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2016"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of English common law and customary law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent or grandparent must be a citizen of Sierra Leone"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Julius Maada BIO (since 28 June 2023); Vice President Mohamed Juldeh JALLOH (since 28 June 2023); note - the president is both chief of state, head of government, and minister of defense"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Julius Maada BIO (since 28 June 2023); Vice President Mohamed Juldeh JALLOH (since 28 June 2023)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Ministers of State appointed by the president, approved by Parliament; the cabinet is responsible to the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 June 2023 (next to be in 2028)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<p><em>2023: </em>Julius Maada BIO elected president in first round; percent of vote - Julius Maada BIO (SLPP) 56.1%, Samura KAMARA (APC) 41.1%<em><br>2018: </em>Julius Maada BIO elected president in second round; percent of vote - Julius Maada BIO (SLPP) 51.8%, Samura KAMARA (APC) 48.2%<br><br></p>"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Parliament (146 seats; 132 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by a district block proportional representation vote and 14 seats filled in separate elections by non-partisan members of Parliament called \"paramount chiefs;\" members serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 24 June 2023 (next to be held in 2028)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - n/a; seats by party - SLPP 81, APC 54; composition - men 94, women 41, percent of women 30.3%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Superior Court of Judicature (consists of the Supreme Court - at the apex - with the chief justice and 4 other judges, the Court of Appeal with the chief justice and 7 other judges, and the High Court of Justice with the chief justice and 9 other judges); note &ndash; the Judicature has jurisdiction in all civil, criminal, and constitutional matters"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court chief justice and other judges of the Judicature appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, a 7-member independent body of judges, presidential appointees, and the Commission chairman, and are subject to approval by Parliament; all Judicature judges serve until retirement at age 65"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "magistrates' courts; District Appeals Court; local courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "All People's Congress or APC [Ernest Bai KOROMA]<br>Coalition for Change or C4C [Tamba R. SANDY]<br>National Grand Coalition or NGC [Dr. Dennis BRIGHT]<br>Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Dr. Prince HARDING]<br>numerous other parties"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, ATMIS, AU, C, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNSOM, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Sidique Abou-Bakarr WAI (since 8 April 2019)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009-1605"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 939-9261"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 483-1793"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info@embassyofsierraleone.net<br><br>https://embassyofsierraleone.net/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador David REIMER (since 24 March 2021)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Southridge-Hill Station, Freetown"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2160 Freetown Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-2160"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[232] 99 105 000"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>consularfreetown@state.gov<br><br>https://sl.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue; green symbolizes agriculture, mountains, and natural resources, white represents unity and justice, and blue the sea and the natural harbor in Freetown"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "lion; national colors: green, white, blue"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free\""
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Clifford Nelson FYLE/John Joseph AKA"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1961"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "low-income West African economy; primarily subsistent agriculture; key iron and diamond mining activities suspended; slow recovery from 1990s civil war; systemic corruption; high-risk debt; high youth unemployment; natural resource rich"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$13.597 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$13.061 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$13.323 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "4.1% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-1.97% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "5.25% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$1,600 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$1,600 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$1,700 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$4.132 billion (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "11.87% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "13.45% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "14.8% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "60.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "6.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "32.9% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "97.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "12.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "18.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "26.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-55.3% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "cassava, rice, vegetables, oil palm fruit, sweet potatoes, milk, citrus fruit, groundnuts, fruit, pulses nes"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "diamond mining; iron ore, rutile and bauxite mining; small-scale manufacturing (beverages, textiles, footwear)"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "17.41% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "2.858 million (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "61.1%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "5.5%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "33.4% (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.33% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "5.2% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "4.65% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10.8%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "7.6% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "56.8% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
        "text": "35.7 (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.6%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "33.6% (2003)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$740 million (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$867 million (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-7.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "63.9% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "54.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "15.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$275.638 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$583.555 million (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2018": {
        "text": "-$504.851 million (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$700.971 million (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$1.06 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$963.948 million (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Belgium 26%, China 25%, Romania 9%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Germany 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "titanium, lumber, diamonds, aluminum, cocoa beans (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$1.418 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$1.818 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$1.594 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 27%, India 11%, United States 6%, Ghana 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "rice, plastics, packaged medicines, sauces/seasonings, cars (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$945.908 million (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$707.704 million (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$530.138 million (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$1.615 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$1.503 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "leones (SLL) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "10,439.425 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "9,829.927 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "9,010.221 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "7,931.632 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "7,384.432 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "population without electricity": {
        "text": "(2020) 6 million"
      },
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "27.4% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "56.9% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "4.9% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "180,000 kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "130.708 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "77 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "8.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "2.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "87% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "1.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "5,900 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "6,439 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "899,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "899,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "1.803 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "269 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "0 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "8,227,093 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "98 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "the telecom sector has only gradually recovered from the destruction caused during the war years, and only since 2019 has there been an effective terrestrial fiber backbone infrastructure, while the cable link to neighboring Guinea was not completed until February 2020; there is considerable available capacity from the ACE submarine cable and the national fiber network, but this is used inefficiently and so the price of internet connectivity remains one of the highest in the region; the theft of equipment and cabling, compounded by neglect, mismanagement, and under investment, means that telcos continue to operate in difficult conditions; the telecom regulator has made efforts to improve the market, including the liberalization of the international gateway and regular checks on QoS; the regulator reduced the price floor for mobile voice calls in early 2020, though consumers objected to the MNOs withdrawing a number of cheap packages as a response; the mobile sector has been the main driver of overall telecom revenue (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line less than 0 per 100 and mobile-cellular just over 98 per 100 (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 232; landing point for the ACE submarine cable linking to South Africa, over 20 western African countries and Europe; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "<p>1 government-owned TV station; 3 private TV stations; a pay-TV service began operations in late 2007; 1 government-owned national radio station; about two-dozen private radio stations primarily clustered in major cities; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available </p> (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".sl"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,047,499 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "12.7% (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "50,193 (2015)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "0 (2015) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "9L"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "8 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "1",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "7",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "2 (2021)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11,701 km (2015)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "1,051 km (2015)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "10,650 km (2015)"
      },
      "urban": {
        "text": "3,000 km (2015)"
      },
      "non-urban": {
        "text": "8,700 km (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "800 km (2011) (600 km navigable year-round)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "605"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 36, container ship 6, general cargo 325, oil tanker 104, other 134 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Freetown, Pepel, Sherbro Islands"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF): operates under a Joint Force Command with Land Forces, Maritime Forces, and an Air Wing; Ministry of Internal Affairs: Sierre Leone Police (2022)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "0.3% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "0.3% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "0.3% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "0.3% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 9,000 personnel, mostly ground forces (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the RSLAF has a small inventory that includes a mix of Soviet-origin and other older foreign-supplied equipment; in recent years, it has received limited amounts of mostly donations and secondhand equipment (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-29 for voluntary military service; women are eligible to serve; no conscription (2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the RSLAF’s principle responsibilities are securing the borders and the country’s territorial waters, supporting civil authorities during emergencies and reconstruction efforts, and participating in peacekeeping missions; it is small, lightly armed, and has a limited budget; since being reduced in size and restructured with British assistance after the end of the civil war in 2002, it has received assistance from several foreign militaries, including those of Canada, China, France, the UK, and the US; the RSLAF has participated in peacekeeping operations in Somalia and Sudan; the Land Forces are by far the largest service and have 4 small light infantry brigades; the Maritime Forces have a few small coastal and in-shore patrol boats, while the Air Wing has a handful of serviceable combat helicopters<br><br>the RSLAF’s origins lie in the Sierra Leone Battalion of the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF), a multi-regiment force formed by the British colonial office in 1900 to garrison the West African colonies of Gold Coast (Ghana), Nigeria (Lagos and the protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria), Sierra Leone, and Gambia; the RWAFF fought in both World Wars (2023)"
    },
    "Maritime threats": {
      "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reported one incident in the territorial waters of Sierra Leone in 2022 where the ship was hijacked, this was the first incident reported in two years; this incident was one of only two hijackings Worldwide in 2022; the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; past incidents have been reported where vessels were attacked and crews kidnapped; these incidents showed that the pirates / robbers in the area are well armed and violent; pirates have robbed vessels and kidnapped crews for ransom; in the past, product tankers were hijacked and cargo stolen; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2023-001 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 3 January 2023, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea\""
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Sierra Leone-Guinea</em>: Sierra Leone opposed Guinean troops' continued occupation of Yenga, a small village on the Makona River that serves as a border with Guinea; Guinea's forces came to Yenga in the mid-1990s to help the Sierra Leonean military to suppress rebels and to secure their common border but remained there even after both countries signed a 2005 agreement acknowledging that Yenga belonged to Sierra Leone; in 2012, the two sides signed a declaration to demilitarize the area; in 2019, Sierra Leone’s Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation stated that the dispute over Yenga had been resolved; however, at a 2021 ECOWAS meeting, Sierra Leone’s President BIO called on the bloc to help resolve an incursion of Guinean troops in Yenga</p> <p><em>Sierra Leone-Liberia</em>: none identified</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "5,500 (displacement caused by post-electoral violence in 2018 and clashes in the Pujehun region in 2019) (2021)"
      }
    }
  }
}