{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "The uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century; Cabo Verde subsequently became a trading center for African slaves and later an important coaling and resupply stop for whaling and transatlantic shipping. The fusing of European and various African cultural traditions is reflected in Cabo Verde’s Crioulo language, music, and pano textiles. Following independence in 1975, and a tentative interest in unification with Guinea-Bissau, a one-party system was established and maintained until multi-party elections were held in 1990. Cabo Verde continues to sustain one of Africa's most stable democratic governments and relatively stable economies, maintaining a currency formerly pegged to the Portuguese escudo and then the euro since 1998. Repeated droughts during the second half of the 20th century caused significant hardship and prompted heavy emigration. As a result, Cabo Verde's expatriate population - concentrated in Boston and Western Europe - is greater than its domestic one. <br><br>Most Cabo Verdeans have both African and Portuguese antecedents. Cabo Verde’s population descends from its first permanent inhabitants in the late 15th-century – a preponderance of West African slaves, a small share of Portuguese colonists, and even fewer Italians and Spaniards. Among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable. Islands in the east are very dry and are home to the country's growing tourism industry. The more western islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations, but agriculture and livestock grazing have damaged their soil fertility and vegetation. For centuries, the country’s overall population size has fluctuated significantly, as recurring periods of famine and epidemics have caused high death tolls and emigration. In November 2021, Jose Maria Pereira NEVES was sworn in as Cabo Verde's latest president."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Western Africa, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Senegal"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "16 00 N, 24 00 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,033 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "4,033 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly larger than Rhode Island"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "965 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic baselines"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Mt. Fogo (a volcano on Fogo Island) 2,829 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "salt, basalt rock, limestone, kaolin, fish, clay, gypsum"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "18.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 11.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "21% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "60.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "35 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable; islands in the east are very dry and are only sparsely settled to exploit their extensive salt deposits; the more southerly islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations, but agriculture and livestock grazing have damaged the soil fertility and vegetation; approximately half of the population lives on Sao Tiago Island, which is the location of the capital of Praia; Mindelo, on the northern island of Sao Vicente, also has a large urban population as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Fogo (2,829 m), which last erupted in 1995, is Cabo Verde's only active volcano</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling site; one of four North Atlantic archipelagos that make up Macaronesia; the others are Azores (Portugal), Canary Islands (Spain), and Madeira (Portugal)"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "603,901 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Cabo Verdean(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Cabo Verdean"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Creole (Mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Portuguese (official), Crioulo (a Portuguese-based Creole language with two main dialects spoken in Cabo Verde and in the Cabo Verdean diaspora worldwide)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 77.3%, Protestant 4.6% (includes Church of the Nazarene 1.7%, Adventist 1.5%, Assembly of God 0.9%, Universal Kingdom of God 0.4%, and God and Love 0.1%), other Christian 3.4% (includes Christian Rationalism 1.9%, Jehovah's Witness 1%, and New Apostolic 0.5%), Muslim 1.8%, other 1.3%, none 10.8%, unspecified 0.7% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Cabo Verde’s population descends from its first permanent inhabitants in the late 15th-century – a preponderance of West African slaves, a small share of Portuguese colonists, and even fewer Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese Jews. Over the centuries, the country’s overall population size has fluctuated significantly, as recurring periods of famine and epidemics have caused high death tolls and emigration.</p><p>Labor migration historically reduced Cabo Verde’s population growth and still provides a key source of income through remittances. Expatriates probably outnumber Cabo Verde’s resident population, with most families having a member abroad. Cabo Verdeans have settled in the US, Europe, Africa, and South America. The largest diaspora community in New Bedford, Massachusetts, dating to the early 1800s, is a byproduct of the transatlantic whaling industry. Cabo Verdean men fleeing poverty at home joined the crews of US whaling ships that stopped in the islands. Many settled in New Bedford and stayed in the whaling or shipping trade, worked in the textile or cranberry industries, or operated their own transatlantic packet ships that transported compatriots to the US. Increased Cabo Verdean emigration to the US coincided with the gradual and eventually complete abolition of slavery in the archipelago in 1878.</p><p>During the same period, Portuguese authorities coerced Cabo Verdeans to go to Sao Tome and Principe and other Portuguese colonies in Africa to work as indentured laborers on plantations. In the 1920s, when the US implemented immigration quotas, Cabo Verdean emigration shifted toward Portugal, West Africa (Senegal), and South America (Argentina). Growing numbers of Cabo Verdean labor migrants headed to Western Europe in the 1960s and 1970s. They filled unskilled jobs in Portugal, as many Portuguese sought out work opportunities in the more prosperous economies of northwest Europe. Cabo Verdeans eventually expanded their emigration to the Netherlands, where they worked in the shipping industry. Migration to the US resumed under relaxed migration laws. Cabo Verdean women also began migrating to southern Europe to become domestic workers, a trend that continues today and has shifted the gender balance of Cabo Verdean emigration.</p><p>Emigration has declined in more recent decades due to the adoption of more restrictive migration policies in destination countries. Reduced emigration along with a large youth population, decreased mortality rates, and increased life expectancies, has boosted population growth, putting further pressure on domestic employment and resources. In addition, Cabo Verde has attracted increasing numbers of migrants in recent decades, consisting primarily of people from West Africa, Portuguese-speaking African countries, Portugal, and China. Since the 1990s, some West African migrants have used Cabo Verde as a stepping stone for illegal migration to Europe.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "26.68% (male 80,974/female 80,143)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "67.18% (male 198,503/female 207,205)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "6.14% (2023 est.) (male 14,099/female 22,977)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "47.2"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "39.2"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "8"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "12.5 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26.8 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "25.9 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "27.6 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "1.19% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "18.19 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.77 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable; islands in the east are very dry and are only sparsely settled to exploit their extensive salt deposits; the more southerly islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations, but agriculture and livestock grazing have damaged the soil fertility and vegetation; approximately half of the population lives on Sao Tiago Island, which is the location of the capital of Praia; Mindelo, on the northern island of Sao Vicente, also has a large urban population as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "68% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.83% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "168,000 PRAIA (capital) (2018)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.61 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "42 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "22.96 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "26.96 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "74.02 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "71.69 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "76.41 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.11 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.04 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "55.8% (2018)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 90% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 96.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 10% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 3.3% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "6% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.83 physicians/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "2.1 beds/1,000 population"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 91.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 73.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 85.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 8.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 26.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 14.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "11.8% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.7 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "2.28 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "1.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.6 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "17.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "5.4% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "46.9% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "7.6% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "90.8%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "94.2%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "87.4% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "13 years (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "34.3%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "29.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "40.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation due to demand for firewood; water shortages; prolonged droughts and improper use of land (overgrazing, crop cultivation on hillsides lead to desertification and erosion); environmental damage has threatened several species of birds and reptiles; illegal beach sand extraction; overfishing"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "18.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 11.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "21% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "60.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "68% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.83% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.38% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "31.99 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "0.54 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "0.13 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "132,555 tons (2012 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "1.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "300 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Cabo Verde"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Cabo Verde"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republica de Cabo Verde"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Cabo Verde"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name derives from Cap-Vert (Green Cape) on the Senegalese coast, the westernmost point of Africa and the nearest mainland to the islands"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Praia"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "14 55 N, 23 31 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC-1 (4 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the earlier Portuguese name was Villa de Praia (\"Village of the Beach\"); it became just Praia in 1974 (prior to full independence in 1975)"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "22 municipalities (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Maio, Mosteiros, Paul, Porto Novo, Praia, Ribeira Brava, Ribeira Grande, Ribeira Grande de Santiago, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina do Fogo, Santa Cruz, Sao Domingos, Sao Filipe, Sao Lourenco dos Orgaos, Sao Miguel, Sao Salvador do Mundo, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal, Tarrafal de Sao Nicolau"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "5 July 1975 (from Portugal)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 5 July (1975)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1981; latest effective 25 September 1992"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposals require support of at least four fifths of the active National Assembly membership; amendment drafts require sponsorship of at least one third of the active Assembly membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional sections, including those on national independence, form of government, political pluralism, suffrage, and human rights and liberties, cannot be amended; revised 1995, 1999, 2010"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system of Portugal"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Cabo Verde"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since 9 November 2021)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Jose Ulisses CORREIA E. SILVA (since 22 April 2016)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 October 2021 (next to be held in October 2026); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2020: </em>Jose Maria Pereira NEVES elected president; percent of vote - Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (PAICV) 51.7%, Carlos VEIGA (MPD) 42.4%, Casimiro DE PINA (Independent) 1.8%, Fernando Rocha DELGADO (Independent) 1.4%, Helio SANCHES (independent) 1.14%, Gilson ALVES (independent) 0.8%, Joaquim MONTEIRO (independent) 3.4%<br><br><em>2016: </em>Jorge Carlos FONSECA reelected president; percent of vote - Jorge Carlos FONSECA (MPD) 74.1%, Albertino GRACA (independent) 22.5%, other 3.4%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (72 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 18 April 2021 (next to be held in April 2026)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party MPD 50.2%, PAICV 39.6%, UCID 9.0%; seats by party - MPD 38, PAICV 30, UCID 4; composition - men 44, women 28, percent of women 37.5%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief justice and at least 7 judges and organized into civil, criminal, and administrative sections)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "judge appointments - 1 by the president of the republic, 1 elected by the National Assembly, and 3 by the Superior Judicial Council (SJC), a 16-member independent body chaired by the chief justice and includes the attorney general, 8 private citizens, 2 judges, 2 prosecutors, the senior legal inspector of the Attorney General's office, and a representative of the Ministry of Justice; chief justice appointed by the president of the republic from among peers of the Supreme Court of Justice and in consultation with the SJC; judges appointed for life"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "appeals courts, first instance (municipal) courts; audit, military, and fiscal and customs courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "African Party for Independence of Cabo Verde or PAICV [Jose Maria Pereira NEVES]<br>Democratic and Independent Cabo Verdean Union or UCID [João DOS SANTOS LUIS]<br>Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES]<br>Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Victor FIDALGO]<br>Movement for Democracy or MPD [Ulisses CORREIA E SILVA]<br>Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO]<br>Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Anibal MEDINA]<br>Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, CD, CPLP, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Jose Luis do Livramento MONTEIRO ALVES DE BRITO (since 23 December 2020)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 965-6820"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 965-1207"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>embassy.wdc@mnec.gov.cv<br><br>https://www.embcv-usa.gov.cv/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Boston"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador John \"Jeff\" DAIGLE (since 10 September 2019)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Rua Abilio Macedo 6, Praia"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2460 Praia Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-2460"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[238] 260-8900"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[238] 261-1355"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>PraiaConsular@state.gov<br><br>https://cv.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10 yellow, five-pointed stars is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side; blue stands for the sea and the sky, the circle of stars represents the 10 major islands united into a nation, the stripes symbolize the road to formation of the country through peace (white) and effort (red)"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "ten, five-pointed, yellow stars; national colors: blue, white, red, yellow"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Cantico da Liberdade\" (Song of Freedom)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Amilcar Spencer LOPES/Adalberto Higino Tavares SILVA"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1996"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "1 (cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Cidade Velha; Historic Center of Ribeira Grande"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "tourism-dominated economy benefits from the country&rsquo;s relative close proximity to Europe; 2009 Financial Crisis halted economic growth for seven years; leveraging export-based growth; COVID-19 decimated economic growth and recovery; high external debt"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$3.595 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$3.361 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$3.944 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "6.95% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-14.78% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "5.67% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$6,100 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$5,800 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$6,800 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$1.971 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "1.86% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "0.61% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "1.11% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "B- (2020)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B (2013)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "8.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "17.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "73.7% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "50.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "18.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "32.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "1.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "48.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-51.1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "sugar cane, tomatoes, bananas, cabbages, coconuts, cassava, pulses, vegetables, milk, goat milk"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "food and beverages, fish processing, shoes and garments, salt mining, ship repair"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "11.76% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "234,300 (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "15.42% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "15.31% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "12.22% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "34.3%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "29.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "40.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "35% (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": {
        "text": "42.4 (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "1.9%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "40.6% (2000)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$583 million (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$619 million (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "125.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "127.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "20.09% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$256.181 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$284.109 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "$6.477 million (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$459.923 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$415.242 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$1.006 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Spain 65%, Portugal 14%, Italy 8% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "tuna, mackerel, aircraft, other processed and frozen fish, postage stamps and title bond paper documents, mollusks (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$1.117 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$1.008 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$1.287 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Portugal 36%, Netherlands 16%, Spain 11%, China 6% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, delivery trucks, coal tar oil, cars, rice (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$769.65 million (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$735.085 million (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$737.991 million (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$1.713 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$1.688 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Cabo Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "93.218 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "96.796 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "98.495 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "93.414 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "97.807 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "95.2% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "94.8% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "96.8% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "205,000 kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "436.854 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "32.146 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "80.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "17.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "6,500 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "5,607 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "1.002 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "1.002 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "26.539 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "53,586 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "9 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "590,171 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "100 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "LTE reaches almost 40% of the population; regulator awards commercial 4G licenses and starts 5G pilot; govt. extends USD 25 million for submarine fiber-optic cable project linking Africa to Portugal and Brazil (2020)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "9 per 100 fixed-line teledensity and nearly 100 per 100 mobile-cellular (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 238; landing points for the Atlantis-2, EllaLink, Cabo&nbsp;Verde Telecom Domestic Submarine Cable Phase 1,&nbsp;2, 3 and WACS fiber-optic transatlantic telephone cable that provides links to South America, Africa, and Europe; HF radiotelephone to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-run TV and radio broadcast network plus a growing number of private broadcasters; Portuguese public TV and radio services for Africa are available; transmissions of a few international broadcasters are available (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".cv"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "413,000 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "70% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "24,839 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "5 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "140,429 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,728,152 (2015) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "D4"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "9 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "9",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,350 km (2013)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "932 km (2013)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "418 km (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "47"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 16, oil tanker 3, other 28 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Porto Grande"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Cabo Verdean Armed Forces (FACV): Army (also called the National Guard, GN; includes a small air component), Cabo Verde Coast Guard (Guardia Costeira de Cabo Verde, GCCV) (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong>  the National Police are under the Ministry of Internal Affairs"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "0.5% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "0.5% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "0.5% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "0.5% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 1,200 personnel including about 100 in the Coast Guard (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the FACV has a limited amount of mostly dated and second-hand equipment, largely from China, some European countries, and the former Soviet Union (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-35 years of age for male and female selective compulsory military service; 24-month conscript service obligation; 17 years of age for voluntary service (with parental consent) (2023)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the FACV/National Guard is mostly a ground force with 2 infantry battalions and a small air component with a maritime patrol squadron; the Coast Guard had a few coastal patrol craft and patrol boats (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>none</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "115 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>narcotraffickers transit cocaine, cannabis, and other drugs to Africa and Europe; domestic trafficking contributes to increased consumption of illicit substances;</p>"
    }
  }
}