{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "For centuries prior to colonization in the 19th century, the archipelago of the Comoros in the Indian Ocean, served as a key node in the maritime trade networks that connected the Middle East, India, and eastern African regions. Composed of the islands of Anjouan, Mayotte, Moheli, and Grande Comore, Comoros spent most of the 20th century as a colonial outpost until it declared independence from France on 6 July 1975. Residents of Mayotte, however, voted to remain in France, and the French Government now has classified it as a department of France. Since independence, Comoros has weathered approximately 20 realized and attempted coups resulting in prolonged political instability and stunted economic development. In 2002, President AZALI Assoumani became the first elected president following the completion of the Fomboni Accords, in which the islands of Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli reached an agreement whereby the presidency would rotate among the islands every five years. This power-sharing agreement also included provisions allowing each island to maintain its local government. AZALI stepped down in 2006 and President Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed SAMBI was elected as president from Anjouan. In 2007, Mohamed BACAR effected Anjouan's de-facto secession from the Union of the Comoros, refusing to step down when Comoros' other islands held legitimate elections in July. The African Union (AU) initially attempted to resolve the political crisis by applying sanctions and a naval blockade to Anjouan, but in March 2008 the AU and Comoran soldiers seized the island. The island's inhabitants generally welcomed the move. In May 2011, Ikililou DHOININE won the presidency in peaceful elections widely deemed to be free and fair. In closely contested elections in 2016, former President AZALI Assoumani won a second term, when the rotating presidency returned to Grande Comore. A referendum held in July 2018 - boycotted by the opposition parties - overwhelmingly approved a new constitution removing presidential term limits and the requirement for the presidency to rotate between the three main islands. In August 2018, President AZALI formed a new government and subsequently ran and was elected president in March 2019."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southern Africa, group of islands at the northern mouth of the Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "12 10 S, 44 15 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,235 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "2,235 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "340 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Karthala 2,360 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "fish"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "84.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 46.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 29.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 8.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "1.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "14.2% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "1.3 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the capital city of Maroni, located on the western side of the island of Grande Comore, is the country's largest city; however, of the three islands that comprise Comoros, it is Anjouan that is the most densely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); volcanic activity on Grand Comore</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Karthala (2,361 m) on Grand Comore Island last erupted in 2007; a 2005 eruption forced thousands of people to be evacuated and produced a large ash cloud</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel; the only Arab League country that lies entirely in the Southern Hemisphere"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "888,378 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Comoran(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Comoran"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (official; similar to Swahili) (Comorian)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Sunni Muslim 98%, other (including Shia Muslim, Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Protestant) 2%",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Sunni Islam is the state religion"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Comoros’ population is a melange of Arabs, Persians, Indonesians, Africans, and Indians, and the much smaller number of Europeans that settled on the islands between the 8th and 19th centuries, when they served as a regional trade hub. The Arab and Persian influence is most evident in the islands’ overwhelmingly Muslim majority – about 98% of Comorans are Sunni Muslims. The country is densely populated, averaging nearly 350 people per square mile, although this varies widely among the islands, with Anjouan being the most densely populated.</p><p>Given the large share of land dedicated to agriculture and Comoros’ growing population, habitable land is becoming increasingly crowded. The combination of increasing population pressure on limited land and resources, widespread poverty, and poor job prospects motivates thousands of Comorans each year to attempt to illegally migrate using small fishing boats to the neighboring island of Mayotte, which is a French territory. The majority of legal Comoran migration to France came after Comoros’ independence from France in 1975, with the flow peaking in the mid-1980s.</p><p>At least 150,000 to 200,000 people of Comoran citizenship or descent live abroad, mainly in France, where they have gone seeking a better quality of life, job opportunities, higher education (Comoros has no universities), advanced health care, and to finance elaborate traditional wedding ceremonies (aada). Remittances from the diaspora are an economic mainstay, in 2013 representing approximately 25% of Comoros’ GDP and significantly more than the value of its exports of goods and services (only 15% of GDP). Grand Comore, Comoros’ most populous island, is both the primary source of emigrants and the main recipient of remittances. Most remittances are spent on private consumption, but this often goes toward luxury goods and the aada and does not contribute to economic development or poverty reduction. Although the majority of the diaspora is now French-born with more distant ties to Comoros, it is unclear whether they will sustain the current level of remittances.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "33.45% (male 148,485/female 148,651)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "62% (male 264,023/female 286,805)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "4.55% (2023 est.) (male 17,696/female 22,718)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "74.1"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "66.6"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "7.5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "13.3 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.9 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21.5 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "1.34% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "22.06 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "6.49 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-2.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the capital city of Maroni, located on the western side of the island of Grande Comore, is the country's largest city; however, of the three islands that comprise Comoros, it is Anjouan that is the most densely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "30.1% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "62,000 MORONI (capital) (2018)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.92 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.78 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "23 years (2012 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "217 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "56.01 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "66.02 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "45.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "67.5 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "65.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "69.87 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.69 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.33 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "19.4% (2012)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 97.4% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 88.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 91% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 2.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 11.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 8.9% of population (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "5.4% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.26 physicians/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 62.4% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 43.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 49% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 37.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 56.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 51% of population (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "7.8% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.07 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.07 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "29.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "11.1% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "16.9% (2012)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "61.2% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "2.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "62%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "67%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "56.9% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "11 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "11 years (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "21.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21.5% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation; soil degradation and erosion results from forest loss and from crop cultivation on slopes without proper terracing; marine biodiversity affected as soil erosion leads to the silting of coral reefs"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "84.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 46.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 29.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 8.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "1.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "14.2% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "30.1% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "1.39% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "18.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "0.2 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "0.19 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "91,013 tons (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "4.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "500,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "4.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "1.2 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Union of the Comoros"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Comoros"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Udzima wa Komori (Comorian)/Union des Comores (French)/Al Ittihad al Qumuri (Arabic)"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Komori (Comorian)/Les Comores (French)/Juzur al Qamar (Arabic)"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Comorian State, Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derives from the Arabic designation \"Juzur al Qamar\" meaning \"Islands of the Moon\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "federal presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Moroni"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "11 42 S, 43 14 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "Moroni derives from \"mroni,\" which means \"at the river\" in Shingazidja, the Comorian language spoken on Grande Comore (N'gazidja)"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "3 islands; Anjouan (Ndzuwani), Grande Comore (N'gazidja), Moheli (Mwali)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "6 July 1975 (from France)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 6 July (1975)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1996, 2001; newest adopted 30 July 2018"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the union or supported by at least one third of the Assembly of the Union membership; adoption requires approval by at least three-quarters majority of the total Assembly membership or approval in a referendum"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>a referendum held on 30 July 2018 - boycotted by the opposition - overwhelmingly approved a new constitution that allows for 2 consecutive 5-year presidential terms and revises the rotating presidency within the islands"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of Islamic religious law, the French civil code of 1975, and customary law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of the Comoros"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "10 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 March 2019 (next to be held in 2024)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2019</em>: AZALI Assoumani (CRC) elected president in first round - AZALI Assoumani (CRC) 60.8%, Ahamada MAHAMOUDOU (PJ) 14.6%, Mouigni Baraka Said SOILIHI (independent) 5.6%, other 19%<br><br><em>2016:</em> AZALI Assoumani (CRC) elected president in the second round; percent of vote in first round - Mohamed Ali SOILIHI (UPDC) 17.6%, Mouigni BARAKA (RDC) 15.1%, AZALI Assoumani (CRC) 15%, Fahmi Said IBRAHIM (PEC) 14.5%, other 37.8%; percent of vote in second round - AZALI Assoumani (CRC) 41.4%, Mohamed Ali SOILIHI (UPDC) 39.7%; Mouigni BARAKA (RDC) 19%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Assembly of the Union (33 seats; 24 members directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed and 9 members indirectly elected by the 3 island assemblies; members serve 5-year terms) (2017)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on&nbsp;19 January 2020 with a runoff on 23&nbsp;February 2020 (next to be held in 2025) (2020)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - 1st round - CRC 60.9%, Orange Party 4.3%, Independents 30.8%, other 4%; 2nd round - CRC 54.1%, Orange Party 18.9%, Independents 26.1%, other 1%; seats by party - 1st round -  CRC 16, Orange Party 1, Independents 2; 2nd round - CRC 4, Orange Party 1; note - 9 additional seats filled by the 3 island assemblies; composition for elected members as of 2022 - men 20, women 4, percent of women 16.7%<br> <h3> </h3> (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 7 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges - selection and term of office NA"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Court of Appeals (in Moroni); Tribunal de premiere instance; island village (community) courts; religious courts"
      },
      "note": "<br>   <br><br> "
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros or CRC [AZALI Assoumani]<br>Orange Party [Mohamed DAOUDOU]<br>Independents<br><br><strong>Note</strong>: only parties with seats in the Assembly of the Union included (2020)"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AMF, AOSIS, AU, CAEU (candidates), COMESA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Issimail CHANFI (since 23 December 2020)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "Permanent Mission to the UN, 866 United Nations Plaza, Suite 495, New York, NY 10017"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (212) 750-1637"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (212) 750-1657"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>comoros@un.int<br><br>https://www.un.int/comoros/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "embassy": {
        "text": "the US does not have an embassy in Comoros; the US Ambassador to Madagascar is accredited to Comoros"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a vertical white crescent moon with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, N'gazidja, Ndzuwani, and Mahore (Mayotte - department of France, but claimed by Comoros)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "four five-pointed stars and crescent moon; national colors: green, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Udzima wa ya Masiwa\" (The Union of the Great Islands)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Said Hachim SIDI ABDEREMANE/Said Hachim SIDI ABDEREMANE and Kamildine ABDALLAH"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1978"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "small trade-based island economy; declining remittances; new structural and fiscal reforms; adverse cyclone and COVID-19 impacts; manageable debts; fragile liquidity environment; large foreign direct investment; state-owned enterprises suffering"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$2.653 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$2.598 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$2.603 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "2.11% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-0.2% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "1.76% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$3,200 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$3,200 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$3,300 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$1.186 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": {
        "text": "1.8% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "47.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "11.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "40.5% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "92.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "20.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "20% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "-3.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "17.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-47.1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "coconuts, cassava, rice, bananas, pulses nes, milk, taro, sweet potatoes, maize, cloves"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "fishing, tourism, perfume distillation"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.25% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "219,900 (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "80%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "20% (1996 est.)"
      },
      "industry and services": {
        "text": "20% (1996 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "9.45% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "9.22% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "8.08% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "21.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21.5% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "42.4% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
        "text": "45.3 (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "0.9%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "55.2% (2004)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$223 million (2018 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$228 million (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-6.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "32.4% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "27.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "25.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$6.145 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$22.048 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$39.814 million (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$139.575 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$68.937 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$142.21 million (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "France 32%, India 23%, Germany 10%, Turkey 9%, Madagascar 7% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "cloves, tug boats, essential oils, scrap vessels, vanilla (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$407 million (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$344 million (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$353 million (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 22%, United Arab Emirates 16%, France 11%, Pakistan 9%, India 6% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "rice, chicken products, refined petroleum, cement, cars (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$329,671,800 (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$294,339,900 (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$202,031,700 (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$199.8 million (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$132 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "415.956 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "430.721 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "439.463 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "416.585 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "435.493 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "population without electricity": {
        "text": "(2020) less than 1 million"
      },
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "87.9% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "100% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "82.8% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "35,000 kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "96.248 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "6.048 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "100% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "2,200 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "1,241 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "326,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "326,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "5.346 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "7,431 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "1 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "853,449 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "104 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Comoros launched a special program for the construction of a wireless network to inter connect the 3 islands of the archipelago; telephone service limited to the islands' few towns (2020)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line connections less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage about 104 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 269; landing point for the EASSy, Comoros Domestic Cable System, Avassa, and FLY-LION3&nbsp;fiber-optic submarine cable system connecting East Africa with Europe; HF radiotelephone communications to Madagascar and Reunion (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "national state-owned TV station and a TV station run by Anjouan regional government; national state-owned radio; regional governments on the islands of Grande Comore and Anjouan each operate a radio station; a few independent and small community radio stations operate on the islands of Grande Comore and Moheli, and these two islands have access to Mayotte Radio and French TV"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".km"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "221,400 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "27% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,066 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "0.1 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "9"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "D6"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "4 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "4",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "880 km (2002)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "673 km (2002)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "207 km (2002)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "248"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 10, container ship 6, general cargo 108, oil tanker 38, other 86 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Moroni, Moutsamoudou"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "National Army for Development (l'Armee Nationale de Developpement, AND): Comoran Defense Force (Force Comorienne de Defense, FCD), includes Gendarmerie); Ministry of Interior: Coast Guard, Federal Police, National Directorate of Territorial Safety (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>when the Gendarmerie serves as the judicial police, it reports to the Minister of Justice; the Gendarmerie also has an intervention platoon that may act under the authority of the interior minister<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the National Directorate of Territorial Safety oversees customs and immigration<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> the FCD is also known as the Comoran Security Force"
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "estimated 600 Defense Force personnel; estimated 500 Federal Police (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the defense forces are lightly armed with a mix of mostly older equipment originating from several countries, including France, Italy, Russia, and the US (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for 2-year voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (2021)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the security forces are limited in capabilities to performing search and rescue operations and maintaining internal security; a defense treaty with France provides naval resources for protection of territorial waters, training of Comoran military personnel, and air surveillance; France maintains a small maritime base and a Foreign Legion contingent on neighboring Mayotte (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>claims French-administered Mayotte and challenges France's and Madagascar's claims to Banc du Geyser, a drying reef in the Mozambique Channel; in May 2008, African Union forces assisted the Comoros military in recapturing Anjouan Island from rebels who seized it in 2001</p>"
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 2 Watch List &mdash; Comoros does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; officials have made key achievements, and therefore, Comoros was upgraded to Tier 2 Watch List; the government has investigated trafficking crimes for the first time since 2014 and initiated its first trafficking prosecution; authorities have been identifying victims and referring them to protective services; Comoros partnered with an international organization and implemented standard operating procedures for victim identification and provided training for officials; the government also conducted anti-trafficking awareness campaigns; despite these achievements, the government has never reported convicting a trafficker, lacks a national referral mechanism, did not finalize a national action plan to combat trafficking, and did not allocate funds for anti-trafficking efforts (2022)"
      },
      "trafficking profile": {
        "text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Comoros and Comorians abroad; some Comorian women and children are subject to forced labor and may be vulnerable to sex trafficking; adults may be forced to work in agriculture, construction, or as domestics on Mayotte, a French department, and continental Africa; children on Anjouan, including some abandoned by parents who left to seek jobs abroad, are vulnerable to exploitation in domestic service, vending, baking, fishing, and agriculture; children from poor families whose parents place them with a relative or acquaintance for educational opportunities are vulnerable to domestic servitude and physical and sexual abuse; some children in Koranic schools may experience forced labor in agriculture or domestic servitude; inadequate border controls; government corruption, and international crime networks leave Comorians vulnerable to international trafficking (2022)"
      }
    }
  }
}