{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Much of the area of present-day Cameroon was ruled by powerful chiefdoms before becoming a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun. After World War I, the territory was divided between France and the UK as League of Nations mandates. French Cameroon became independent in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The following year the southern portion of neighboring British Cameroon voted to merge with the new country to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. In 1972, a new constitution replaced the federation with a unitary state, the United Republic of Cameroon. The country has generally enjoyed stability, which has enabled the development of agriculture, roads, and railways, as well as a petroleum industry. Nonetheless, unrest and violence in the country's two western, English-speaking regions has persisted since 2016. Movement toward democratic reform is slow and political power remains firmly in the hands of President Paul BIYA."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Central Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "6 00 N, 12 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "475,440 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "472,710 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "2,730 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly larger than California; about four times the size of Pennsylvania"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5,018 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Central African Republic 901 km; Chad 1,116 km; Republic of the Congo 494 km; Equatorial Guinea 183 km; Gabon 349 km; Nigeria 1975 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "402 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Fako on Mont Cameroun 4,045 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "667 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "20.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 13.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 3.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 4.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "41.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "37.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "290 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Chad (endorheic lake shared with Niger, Nigeria, and Chad) - 10,360-25,900 sq km<br>note - area varies by season and year to year"
      }
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), Niger (2,261,741 sq km)<br>Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Lake Chad Basin"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population concentrated in the west and north, with the interior of the country sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Mt. Cameroon (4,095 m), which last erupted in 2000, is the most frequently active volcano in West Africa; lakes in Oku volcanic field have released fatal levels of gas on occasion, killing some 1,700 people in 1986</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa because of its central location on the continent and its position at the west-south juncture of the Gulf of Guinea; throughout the country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "30,135,732 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Cameroonian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Cameroonian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Bamileke-Bamu 24.3%, Beti/Bassa, Mbam 21.6%, Biu-Mandara 14.6%, Arab-Choa/Hausa/Kanuri 11%, Adamawa-Ubangi, 9.8%, Grassfields 7.7%, Kako, Meka/Pygmy 3.3%, Cotier/Ngoe/Oroko 2.7%, Southwestern Bantu 0.7%, foreign/other ethnic group 4.5% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)<br><br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)"
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 38.3%, Protestant 25.5%, other Christian 6.9%, Muslim 24.4%, animist 2.2%, other 0.5%, none 2.2% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Cameroon has a large youth population, with more than 60% of the populace under the age of 25 as of 2020. Fertility is falling but remains at a high level, especially among poor, rural, and uneducated women, in part because of inadequate access to contraception. Life expectancy remains low at about 55 years due to the prevalence of HIV and AIDs and an elevated maternal mortality rate, which has remained high since 1990. Cameroon, particularly the northern region, is vulnerable to food insecurity largely because of government mismanagement, corruption, high production costs, inadequate infrastructure, and natural disasters. Despite economic growth in some regions, poverty is on the rise, and is most prevalent in rural areas, which are especially affected by a shortage of jobs, declining incomes, poor school and health care infrastructure, and a lack of clean water and sanitation. Underinvestment in social safety nets and ineffective public financial management also contribute to Cameroon’s high rate of poverty.  The activities of Boko Haram, other armed groups, and counterinsurgency operations have worsened food insecurity in the Far North region.  </p> <p>International migration has been driven by unemployment (including fewer government jobs), poverty, the search for educational opportunities, and corruption. The US and Europe are preferred destinations, but, with tighter immigration restrictions in these countries, young Cameroonians are increasingly turning to neighboring states, such as Gabon and Nigeria, South Africa, other parts of Africa, and the Near and Far East. Cameroon’s limited resources make it dependent on UN support to host more than 480,000 refugees and asylum seekers as of December 2022. These refugees and asylum seekers are primarily from the Central African Republic and Nigeria.  Internal and external displacement have grown dramatically in recent years.  Boko Haram's attacks and counterattacks by government forces in the Far North since 2014 have increased the number of internally displaced people.  Armed conflict between separatists and Cameroon's military in the Northwest and Southwest since 2016 have displaced hundreds of thousands of the country's Anglophone minority.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "41.69% (male 6,337,141/female 6,226,100)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "55.12% (male 8,231,473/female 8,379,699)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "3.19% (2023 est.) (male 447,656/female 513,663)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "82.3"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "77.3"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "4.9"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "20.3 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18.5 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.8 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.73% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "35.13 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "7.54 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population concentrated in the west and north, with the interior of the country sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "59.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "4.509 million YAOUNDE (capital), 4.063 million Douala (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.87 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "20.1 years (2018 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "438 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "47.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "52.18 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "42.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "63.74 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "61.92 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "65.61 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "4.5 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "2.22 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "19.3% (2018)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 95.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 56.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 78.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 4.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 43.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 21.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "3.8% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.13 physicians/1,000 population (2019)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "1.3 beds/1,000 population"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 83.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 27.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 59.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 16.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 72.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 40.3% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2023)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "malaria and&nbsp;dengue fever"
      },
      "water contact diseases": {
        "text": "schistosomiasis"
      },
      "animal contact diseases": {
        "text": "rabies"
      },
      "respiratory diseases": {
        "text": "meningococcal meningitis"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 22 March 2023, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Cameroon is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "11.4% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "2.36 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "1.56 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "13.2% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1.4% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "11% (2018/19)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "54.2% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "10.7%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "29.8%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "2.9% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "3.2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "77.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "82.6%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "71.6% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "12 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "13 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "11 years (2016)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "6%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "7.3% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "waterborne diseases are prevalent; deforestation and overgrazing result in erosion, desertification, and reduced quality of pastureland; poaching; overfishing; overhunting"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Nuclear Test Ban"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "20.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 13.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 3.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 4.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "41.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "37.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "59.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "severe localized food insecurity": {
        "text": "<em>due to civil insecurity and high food prices - </em>according to a March 2023 analysis, about 3 million people were estimated to be acutely food insecure between March and August 2023, as a result of conflict, sociopolitical unrest and high food prices, as well as floods that caused population displacements and damaged standing crops (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "2.5% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "65.26 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "8.29 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "30.71 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "3,270,617 tons (2013 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "13,082 tons (2009 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "0.4% (2009 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Chad (endorheic lake shared with Niger, Nigeria, and Chad) - 10,360-25,900 sq km<br>note - area varies by season and year to year"
      }
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), Niger (2,261,741 sq km)<br>Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Lake Chad Basin"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "250 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "100 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "740 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "283.15 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Cameroon"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Cameroon"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republique du Cameroun (French)/Republic of Cameroon (English)"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Cameroun/Cameroon"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Kamerun, French Cameroon, British Cameroon, Federal Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Cameroon"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "in the 15th century, Portuguese explorers named the area near the mouth of the Wouri River the Rio dos Camaroes (River of Prawns) after the abundant shrimp in the water; over time the designation became Cameroon in English; this is the only instance where a country is named after a crustacean"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Yaounde"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "3 52 N, 11 31 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "founded as a German colonial settlement of&nbsp;Jaunde in 1888 and named after the local Yaunde (Ewondo) people"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "10 regions (regions, singular - region); Adamaoua, Centre, East (Est), Far North (Extreme-Nord), Littoral, North (Nord), North-West (Nord-Ouest), West (Ouest), South (Sud), South-West (Sud-Ouest)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1 January 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "State Unification Day (National Day), 20 May (1972)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest effective 18 January 1996"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; amendment drafts require approval of at least one third of the membership in either house of Parliament; passage requires absolute majority vote of the Parliament membership; passage of drafts requested by the president for a second reading in Parliament requires two-thirds majority vote of its membership; the president can opt to submit drafts to a referendum, in which case passage requires a simple majority; constitutional articles on Cameroon&rsquo;s unity and territorial integrity and its democratic principles cannot be amended; amended 2008"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of English common law, French civil law, and customary law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Cameroon"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "20 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Joseph Dion NGUTE (since 4 January 2019); Deputy Prime Minister Amadou ALI (since 2014)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2025); prime minister appointed by the president"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2018: </em>Paul BIYA reelected president; percent of vote - Paul BIYA (CPDM) 71.3%, Maurice KAMTO (MRC) 14.2%, Cabral LIBII (Univers) 6.3%, other 8.2% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br>Senate or Senat (100 seats; 70 members indirectly elected by regional councils and 30 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)<br>National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (180 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "Senate - last held on 12 March 2023 (next to be held in 2028)<br>National Assembly - last held on 9 February 2020 (current term extended by president)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - CDPM 100% composition as of March 2023 - men 69, women 31, percent of women 31%<br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPDM 139, UNDP 7, SDF 5, PCRN 5, UDC 4, FSNC 3, MDR 2, Union of Socialist Movements 2; 13 vacant; composition as of June 2023 - men 119, women 61, percent of women 33.9%; note - total Parliament percent of women 31.1%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Cameroon (consists of 9 titular and 6 surrogate judges and organized into judicial, administrative, and audit chambers); Constitutional Council (consists of 11 members)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the advice of the Higher Judicial Council of Cameroon, a body chaired by the president and includes the minister of justice, selected magistrates, and representatives of the National Assembly; judge term NA; Constitutional Council members appointed by the president for single 9-year terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Parliamentary Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases involving the president and prime minister); appellate and first instance courts; circuit and magistrates' courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Alliance for Democracy and Development [Marcel YONDO]<br>Cameroon People's Democratic Movement or CPDM [Paul BIYA]<br>Cameroon People's Party or CPP [Edith Kah WALLA]<br>Cameroon Renaissance Movement or MRC [Maurice KAMTO]<br>Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA]<br>Cameroonian Party for National Reconciliation or PCRN [Cabral LIBII]<br>Front for the National Salvation of Cameroon or FSNC [Issa Tchiroma BAKARY]<br>Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]<br>Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [Marcel YONDO]<br>National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO BOUBA]<br>Progressive Movement or MP [Jean-Jacques EKINDI]<br>Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]<br>Union of Peoples of Cameroon or UPC [Provisionary Management Bureau] [Cecil ODHIAMBO] <br>Union of Socialist Movements NA"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, C, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LCBC, MIGA, MNJTF, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Henri ETOUNDI ESSOMBA (since 27 June 2016)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 265-8790"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 387-3826"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "cs@cameroonembassyusa.org<br><br>https://www.cameroonembassyusa.org/mainFolder/index.html"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Christopher J. LAMORA (since 21 March 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Avenue Rosa Parks, Yaound&eacute;"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2520 Yaounde Place, Washington, DC&nbsp; 20521-2520"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[237] 22251-4000/[237] 22220-1500"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[237] 22220-1500, Ext. 4531"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>YaoundeACS@state.gov<br><br>https://cm.usembassy.gov/"
      },
      "branch office(s)": {
        "text": "Douala"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; the vertical tricolor recalls the flag of France; red symbolizes unity, yellow the sun, happiness, and the savannahs in the north, and green hope and the forests in the south; the star is referred to as the \"star of unity\"",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "lion; national colors: green, red, yellow"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"O Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancetres\" (O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Rene Djam AFAME, Samuel Minkio BAMBA, Moise Nyatte NKO'O [French], Benard Nsokika FONLON [English]/Rene Djam AFAME"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1957; Cameroon's anthem, also known as \"Chant de Ralliement\" (The Rallying Song), has been used unofficially since 1948 and officially adopted in 1957; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "2 (both natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Dja Faunal Reserve; Sangha Trinational Forest"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "largest CEMAC economy with many natural resources; recent political instability and terrorism reducing economic output; systemic corruption; poor property rights enforcement; increasing poverty in northern regions"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$100.648 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$97.103 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$96.852 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.65% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "0.26% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "3.48% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$3,700 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$3,700 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$3,800 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$34.99 billion (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "2.27% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "2.44% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "2.45% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "B (2006)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B2 (2016)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B- (2020)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "16.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "26.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "56.8% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "66.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "11.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "21.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "-0.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "21.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-20.9% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "cassava, plantains, maize, oil palm fruit, taro, sugar cane, sorghum, tomatoes, bananas, vegetables"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "petroleum production and refining, aluminum production, food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, lumber, ship repair"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "3.22% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "11.81 million (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "70%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "13%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "17% (2001 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.87% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "3.84% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "3.64% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "6%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "7.3% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "37.5% (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
        "text": "46.6 (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "45.3% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "2.1% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "37.5%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "35.4% (2001)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$6.118 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$7.405 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-3.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "36.9% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "32.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "10.87% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "1 July - 30 June"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$1.795 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$1.512 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$1.695 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$7.449 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$6.124 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$7.731 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 17%, Netherlands 14%, Italy 9%, United Arab Emirates 8%, India 7%, United States 6%, Belgium 6%, Spain 5%, France 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, cocoa beans, lumber, gold, bananas (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$9.027 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$7.212 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$9.085 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 28%, Nigeria 15%, France 9%, Belgium 6% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, scrap vessels, rice, special purpose ships, packaged medicines (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2018": {
        "text": "$3.459 billion (31 December 2018 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$3.197 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$2.26 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$9.375 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$7.364 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "554.531 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "575.586 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "585.911 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "555.446 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "580.657 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "population without electricity": {
        "text": "(2020) 10 million"
      },
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "65.4% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "94.6% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "24.8% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "1.754 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "6,508,840,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "19 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "1.864 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "32.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "67.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "63,200 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "37,900 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "62,200 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "20,200 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "200 million barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "39,080 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "8,545 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "14,090 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "2,678,486,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "986.189 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "1,603,156,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "135.071 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "7.105 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "5.171 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "1.935 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "6.187 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "739,572 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "3 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "22,442,414 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "83 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Cameroon was for many years one of the few countries in Africa with only two competing mobile operators; the investment programs among operators over the next few years will considerably boost mobile broadband services in rural areas of the country, many of which are under served by fixed-line infrastructure; the government has also been supportive, having launched its &lsquo;Cameroon Digital 2020&rsquo; program, aimed at improving connectivity nationally; improved submarine and terrestrial cable connectivity has substantially increased international bandwidth, in turn leading to reductions in access prices for consumers; other projects such as Acceleration of the Digital Transformation of Cameroon are aimed at developing the digital economy (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "only a little above 3 per 100 persons for fixed-line subscriptions; mobile-cellular usage has increased sharply, reaching a subscribership base of roughly 83 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 237; landing points for the SAT-3/WASC, SAIL, ACE, NCSCS, Ceiba-2, and WACS&nbsp;fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe, South America, and West Africa; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "government maintains tight control over broadcast media; state-owned Cameroon Radio Television (CRTV), broadcasting on both a TV and radio network, was the only officially recognized and fully licensed broadcaster until August 2007, when the government finally issued licenses to 2 private TV broadcasters and 1 private radio broadcaster; about 70 privately owned, unlicensed radio stations operate but are subject to closure at any time; foreign news services required to partner with state-owned national station (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".cm"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "12.42 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "46% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "722,579 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "3 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "265,136 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "70,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "TJ"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "33 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "11",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "22",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "53 km gas, 5 km liquid petroleum gas, 1,107 km oil, 35 km water (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "987 km (2014)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "987 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> railway connections generally efficient but limited; rail lines connect major cities of Douala, Yaounde, Ngaoundere, and Garoua; passenger and freight service provided by CAMRAIL"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "77,589 km (2016)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "5,133 km (2016)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "72,456 km (2016)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "(2010) (major rivers in the south, such as the Wouri and the Sanaga, are largely non-navigable; in the north, the Benue, which connects through Nigeria to the Niger River, is navigable in the rainy season only to the port of Garoua)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "121"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 2, general cargo 45, oil tanker 33, other 41 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "oil terminal(s)": {
        "text": "Limboh Terminal"
      },
      "river port(s)": {
        "text": "Douala (Wouri)"
      },
      "note": "Garoua (Benoue)"
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Cameroon Armed Forces (Forces Armees Camerounaises, FAC): Army (L'Armee de Terre), Navy (Marine Nationale Republique, MNR, includes naval infantry or fusiliers marin), Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Cameroun, AAC), Rapid Intervention Battalion (Bataillons d’Intervention Rapide or BIR), National Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the National Police and the National Gendarmerie are responsible for internal security; the Police report to the General Delegation of National Security, while the Gendarmerie reports to the Secretariat of State for Defense in charge of the Gendarmerie<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Rapid Intervention Battalion (BIR) maintains its own command and control structure and reports directly to the president; the BIR is structured as a large brigade with up to 9 battalions, detachments, or groups consisting of infantry, airborne/airmobile, amphibious, armored reconnaissance, counterterrorism, and support elements, such as artillery and intelligence; the BIR receives better training, equipment, and pay than regular Army units"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "information varies; approximately 35-40,000 active-duty troops; (20-25,000 ground forces, including the Rapid Intervention Battalion/BIR and Presidential Guard; 2,000 Navy; 1,000 Air Force; 12,000 Gendarmerie) (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the BIR has approximately 5,000 personnel"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the FAC inventory includes a wide mix of mostly older or second-hand Chinese, Russian, and Western equipment, with a limited quantity of more modern weapons received in recent years from such countries as China, France, and Russia (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; high school graduation required; service obligation 4 years (2023)"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "750 (plus about 350 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (May 2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>Cameroon has committed approximately 2,000-2,500 troops to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram and other terrorist groups operating in the general area of the Lake Chad Basin and along Nigeria's northeast border; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations occur occasionally"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the FAC is a professional and politically independent military; the Army and the Rapid Intervention Battalion (BIR) are organized and equipped for mobile operations; the Army has 4 motorized infantry brigades spread amongst 5 military regions; the US-trained, 5,000-man BIR has up to 9 battalions, detachments, or groups consisting of airborne, air mobile, amphibious, light, and motorized infantry, armored reconnaissance, counterterrorism, and support units, such as artillery and intelligence; the BIR reportedly receives better training, equipment, and pay than regular Army units<br><br>the ground forces are largely focused on internal security, particularly the threat from the terrorist groups Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa along its frontiers with Nigeria and Chad (Far North region) and an insurgency from armed Anglophone separatist groups in the North-West and South-West regions (as of 2023, this conflict had left more than 3,500 civilians dead and over 500,000 people displaced since fighting started in 2016); in addition, the FAC often deploys ground units to the border region with the Central African Republic to counter intrusions from armed militias and bandits; the Navy’s missions include protecting Cameroon’s oil installations, combatting crime and piracy in the Gulf of Guinea, and patrolling the country’s lakes and rivers; the Air Force supports both the ground and naval forces and has small numbers of light ground attack and reconnaissance aircraft, as well as attack, multipurpose, and transport helicopters (2023)"
    },
    "Maritime threats": {
      "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports incidents appear to have stopped in the territorial and offshore waters of Cameroon; the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; past incidents have been reported where vessels were attacked and crews kidnapped; these incidents showed that the pirates / robbers in the area are well armed and violent; pirates have robbed vessels and kidnapped crews for ransom; in the past, product tankers were hijacked and cargo stolen; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2023-001 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 3 January 2023, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea\""
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>Joint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately ceded sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a full phase-out of Nigerian control and patriation of residents in 2008; Cameroon and Nigeria agreed on maritime delimitation in March 2008; sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "350,428 (Central African Republic), 116,183 (Nigeria) (2023)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "1.01 million (2023) (includes far north, northwest, and southwest)"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 2 Watch List —<strong> </strong>Cameroon does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; authorities prosecuted and convicted more alleged traffickers; the government extended the 2020-2021 national action plan for an additional two years and conducted trafficking awareness  activities; however, the government did not demonstrate overall increasing efforts to improve anti-trafficking capacity; officials investigated fewer trafficking cases and identified fewer victims, and did not investigate allegations of security forces involvement in sexual exploitation of women; officials prosecuted and convicted fewer traffickers; standard operating procedures for the identification and referral of trafficking victims were not widely disseminated; the government did not pass draft anti-trafficking legislation pending since 2012 to address victim and witness protection in conformity with international law; nonetheless, because the government devoted sufficient efforts to meet the minimum standards, Cameroon was granted a waiver per the TVPA from a downgrade to Tier 3, therefore Cameroon remained on Tier 2 Watch List for a third consecutive year (2022)"
      },
      "trafficking profile": {
        "text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Cameroon, and traffickers exploit victims from Cameroon abroad; deteriorating economic and education conditions and diminished police and judicial presence caused by conflict in the Northwest and Southwest has left displaced persons vulnerable to trafficking; parents may be lured by promises of education or a better life for their children in urban areas, and then the children are subject to forced labor and sex trafficking; teenagers and adolescents may be lured to cities with promises of employment and then become victims of forced labor and sex trafficking; children from neighboring countries are forced to work in spare parts shops or cattle grazing by business owners and herders; Cameroonians, often from rural areas, are exploited in forced labor and sex trafficking in the Middle East, Europe, the United States, and African countries (2022)"
      }
    }
  }
}