{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>A sultanate since the 12th century, the Maldives became a British protectorate in 1887 and a republic in 1968, three years after independence. President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM dominated Maldives' political scene for 30 years, elected to six successive terms by single-party referendums. After political demonstrations in the capital Male in 2003, GAYOOM and his government pledged to embark upon a process of liberalization and democratic reforms, including a more representative political system and expanded political freedoms. Political parties were legalized in 2005.</p> <p>In 2008, a constituent assembly -- termed the \"Special Majlis\" -- finalized a new constitution ratified by GAYOOM. The first-ever presidential elections under a multi-candidate, multi-party system were held later that year. GAYOOM was defeated in a runoff by Mohamed NASHEED, a political activist whom the regime had jailed several years earlier. In 2012, after several weeks of street protests in response to a top judge's arrest, NASHEED resigned the presidency and handed over power to Vice President Mohammed WAHEED Hassan Maniku. A government-appointed Commission of National Inquiry concluded that there was no evidence of a coup, but NASHEED contended that police and military personnel forced him to resign. NASHEED, WAHEED, and Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom ran in the 2013 elections with YAMEEN ultimately winning the presidency after three rounds of voting. In 2018, YAMEEN lost his reelection bid to parliamentarian Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH. YAMEEN was arrested and jailed in 2022 on corruption charges. Maldives' fourth democratic election was held in September 2023. The winner, Male City Mayor Dr. Mohamed MUIZZU, campaigned on a platform of Maldivian sovereignty, vowing to remove Indian military personnel from the country. MUIZZU represents a joint Progressive Pary of Maldives and People's National Congress (PPM/PNC) coalition.  </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southern Asia, group of atolls in the Indian Ocean, south-southwest of India"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "3 15 N, 73 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "298 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "298 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "about 1.7 times the size of Washington, DC"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "644 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "flat coral atolls, with white sandy beaches; sits atop the submarine volcanic Chagos-Laccadive Ridge"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "8th tee, golf course, Villingi Island 5 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "2 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "fish"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "23.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 10% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 10% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 3.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "73.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "0 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "about a third of the population lives in the centrally located capital city of Male and almost a tenth in southern Addu City; the remainder of the populace is spread over the 200 or so populated islands of the archipelago"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "tsunamis; low elevation of islands makes them sensitive to sea level rise"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "smallest Asian country; archipelago of 1,190 coral islands grouped into 26 atolls (200 inhabited islands, plus 80 islands with tourist resorts); strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in Indian Ocean"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "388,858"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "197,739"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "191,119 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Maldivian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Maldivian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "homogeneous mixture of Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, Australasian, and African resulting from historical changes in regional hegemony over marine trade routes"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Dhivehi (official, closely related to Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English (spoken by most government officials)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Sunni Muslim (official)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "22.4% (male 44,321/female 42,626)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "71.5% (male 143,021/female 135,044)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "6.1% (2024 est.) (male 10,397/female 13,449)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "35.6"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "29.5"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "6.2"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "16.2 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "31.3 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "32.4 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.2% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "15.1 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "4.3 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-12.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "about a third of the population lives in the centrally located capital city of Male and almost a tenth in southern Addu City; the remainder of the populace is spread over the 200 or so populated islands of the archipelago"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "42% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "177,000 MALE (capital) (2018)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.77 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "23.2 years (2016/17 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "57 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "24.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "27.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "77.4 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "75.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "79.9 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.7 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.83 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "18.8% (2016/17)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "11.4% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "2.05 physicians/1,000 population (2019)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "4.3 beds/1,000 population"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 99.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.5% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "8.6% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "25.2% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "44.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "6% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "14.8% (2016/17)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "71.9% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "2.2%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "2.2% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.8% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "97.9%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "97.6%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "98.4% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "14 years (2019)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "rising sea levels threaten land; depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies; inadequate sewage treatment; coral reef bleaching"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "23.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 10% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 10% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 3.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "73.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "42% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "13 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "1.44 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "0.14 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "211,506 tons (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Maldives"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Maldives"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Dhivehi Raajje"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "archipelago apparently named after the main island (and capital) of Male; the word \"Maldives\" means \"the islands (dives) of Male\"; alternatively, the name may derive from the Sanskrit word \"maladvipa\" meaning \"garland of islands\"; Dhivehi Raajje in Dhivehi means \"Kingdom of the Dhivehi people\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Male"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "4 10 N, 73 30 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "derived from the Sanskrit word \"mahaalay\" meaning \"big house\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "21 administrative atolls (atholhuthah, singular - atholhu); Addu (Addu City), Ariatholhu Dhekunuburi (South Ari Atoll), Ariatholhu Uthuruburi (North Ari Atoll), Faadhippolhu, Felidhuatholhu (Felidhu Atoll), Fuvammulah, Hahdhunmathi, Huvadhuatholhu Dhekunuburi (South Huvadhu Atoll), Huvadhuatholhu Uthuruburi (North Huvadhu Atoll), Kolhumadulu, Maale (Male), Maaleatholhu (Male Atoll), Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi (South Maalhosmadulu), Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi (North Maalhosmadulu), Miladhunmadulu Dhekunuburi (South Miladhunmadulu), Miladhunmadulu Uthuruburi (North Miladhunmadulu), Mulakatholhu (Mulaku Atoll), Nilandheatholhu Dhekunuburi (South Nilandhe Atoll), Nilandheatholhu Uthuruburi (North Nilandhe Atoll), Thiladhunmathee Dhekunuburi (South Thiladhunmathi), Thiladhunmathee Uthuruburi (North Thiladhunmathi)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "26 July 1965 (from the UK)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 26 July (1965)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "Islamic (sharia) legal system with English common law influences, primarily in commercial matters"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "many previous; latest ratified 7 August 2008"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote by its membership and the signature of the president of the republic; passage of amendments to constitutional articles on rights and freedoms and the terms of office of Parliament and of the president also requires a majority vote in a referendum; amended 2015"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Maldives"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "unknown"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Mohamed MUIZZU (since 17 November 2023)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Mohamed MUIZZU (since 17 November 2023)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by People's Majlis"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); first round held on 9 September 2023 and runoff held on 30 September 2023 (next to be held in 2028)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2023:</em> Mohamed MUIZZU elected president in the second round; percent of vote in first round - Mohamed MUIZZU (PNC) 46.1%, Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH (MDP) 39.1%, Ilyas LABEEB (DEMS) 7.1%, other 7.7%; percent of vote in the second round - Mohamed MUIZZU 54%, Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH 46%<br><br><em>2018</em>: Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH elected president in first round; Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH (MDP) 58.3%, Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom (PPM) 41.7%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "People's Majlis (Majlis)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "93 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "plurality/majority"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "4/21/2024"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "People's National Congress (PNC) (66); Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP) (12); Independents (11); Other (4)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "3.2%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "April 2029"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 6 justices"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission - a 10-member body of selected high government officials and the public - and upon confirmation by voting members of the People's Majlis; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "High Court; Criminal, Civil, Family, Juvenile, and Drug Courts; Magistrate Courts (on each of the inhabited islands)"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "<p>Adhaalath (Justice) Party or AP<br>Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party or DRP<br>Maldives Development Alliance or MDA<br>Maldivian Democratic Party or MDP<br>Maldives Third Way Democrats or MTD<br>People's National Congress or PNC<br>People's National Front<br>Republican (Jumhooree) Party or JP</p>"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB, AOSIS, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Abdul GHAFOOR Mohamed (since 15 June 2023)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1100 H Street NW, Suite 250, Washington, D.C. 20005"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 516-5458"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>WashingtonInfo@foreign.gov.mv<br><br>The Embassy (mdvmission.gov.mv)"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Hugo Yue-Ho YON (since 6 September 2023); note - Ambassador YON is the first resident US ambassador to the Republic of Maldives"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "210 Galle Road, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka; note - as of early November 2023, the US has no consular or diplomatic offices in Maldives; the US Mission to Maldives operates from US Embassy Colombo, Sri Lanka"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[94] (11) 249-8500"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[94] (11) 243-7345"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>Homepage - U.S. Embassy in Maldives"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent moon; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag; red recalls those who have sacrificed their lives in defense of their country, the green rectangle represents peace and prosperity, and the white crescent signifies Islam"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "coconut palm, yellowfin tuna; national colors: red, green, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Gaumee Salaam\" (National Salute)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Mohamed Jameel DIDI/Wannakuwattawaduge DON AMARADEVA"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> lyrics adopted 1948, music adopted 1972; between 1948 and 1972, the lyrics were sung to the tune of \"Auld Lang Syne\""
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "upper middle-income Indian Ocean island economy; major tourism, fishing, and shipping industries; high public debt; systemic corruption; crippled by COVID-19; ongoing deflation; poverty has tripled since pandemic began"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$11.723 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$11.194 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$9.834 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "4.73% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "13.83% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "37.69% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$22,300 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$21,400 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$19,100 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$6.591 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "2.93% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "2.33% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "0.54% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "CCC (2020)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B3 (2020)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "5.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "9.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "70.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "51.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "17.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "35% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "-2.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "74.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-75.7% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "fruits, vegetables, nuts, other meats, tomatoes, bananas, maize, pulses, coconuts, papayas (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "tourism, fish processing, shipping, boat building, coconut processing, woven mats, rope, handicrafts, coral and sand mining"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "3.25% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "268,000 (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "4.13% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "4.42% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.02% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "9.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "5.4% (2019 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
        "text": "29.3 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.8% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "23.3% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "0.08% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "0.08% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "0.09% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$1.407 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$1.548 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "63.9% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "19.45% (of GDP) (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$1.401 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$1.004 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$453.449 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$4.892 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$5.096 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$3.985 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "India 71%, Thailand 12%, Germany 3%, Oman 2%, UK 2% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "aircraft, fish, natural gas, scrap iron, refined petroleum (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$4.975 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$4.899 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$3.482 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "India 16%, China 16%, UAE 10%, Oman 9%, Malaysia 6% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, ships, aircraft, plastic products, broadcasting equipment (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$590.523 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$832.094 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$805.808 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$3.233 billion (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "rufiyaa (MVR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "15.387 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "15.387 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "15.373 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "15.381 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "15.382 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "566,000 kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "821.397 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "25.867 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "93.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "6.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "imports": {
        "text": "1 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "14,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "2.247 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "2.247 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "56.264 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "13,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "2 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "745,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "137 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "with its economy so heavily dependent on tourism, the Maldives has suffered heavy economic as well as health casualties during the pandemic; the country had a relatively short period of lock down and was willing to welcome visitors back as early as July 2020; but the effective shutdown of international air travel for most of the year resulted in the bottom falling out of the Maldives&rsquo; tourism industry, taking GDP down 32% in the process; the economy fared better in 2021, with a return to growth, yet it may still be a few years before the country&rsquo;s key industries can return to the same level of prosperity that they previously enjoyed; the country&rsquo;s high number of tourists and expatriate workers has inflated the penetration rate for mobile services, making it one of the highest in the world; that rate crashed in 2020 as demand for SIM cards (primarily prepaid) dried up; however, the number of contract subscribers increased as locals took advantage of competitive pricing offers from operators; with commercial 5G services already launched and fiber networks rapidly expanding around the country, the Maldives is primed to deliver world-class telecommunications services to its domestic and international customers (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line is at nearly 3 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular subscriptions stands at nearly 135 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 960; landing points for Dhiraagu Cable Network, NaSCOM, Dhiraagu-SLT Submarine Cable Networks and WARF submarine cables providing connections to 8 points in Maldives, India, and Sri Lanka;&nbsp;satellite earth station - 3 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-owned radio and TV monopoly until recently;&nbsp;4 state-operated and 7 privately owned TV stations and 4 state-operated and 7 privately owned radio stations (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".mv"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "84% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "98,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "19 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "3 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "36"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,147,247 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "7.75 million (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "8Q"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "19 (2024)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "93 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "93 km (2018) - 60 km in Malée; 16 km on Addu Atolis; 17 km on Laamu"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> island roads are mainly compacted coral"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "82 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 30, oil tanker 20, other 32"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "1 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Male"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF): the MNDF has combined force structure with seven services divided into Combat and Maneuver Forces (Coast Guard, Marine Corps, and Fire and Rescue Service) and Support Services (Service Corps, Defense Intelligence Service, Medical Corps, Adjutant General's Corps); there is also a separate Special Forces command and a Special Protection Service (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Maldives Police Service is responsible for internal security and reports to the Ministry of Homeland Security and Technology "
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "text": "not available"
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 3-4,000&nbsp;personnel (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Defense Force has a limited inventory consisting of a mix of mostly secondhand or donated equipment from suppliers such as Germany, India, Japan, and the UK; in 2024, the Maldives received surveillance drones from Turkey (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-28 years of age for voluntary service; no conscription; 10th grade or equivalent education required; must not be a member of a political party (2023)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF) is responsible for defending and safeguarding the Maldives' territorial integrity, economic exclusion zone, and people; it is also responsible for disaster relief, and if requested, assisting the Maldives Police Service in maintaining internal security and law and order; the MNDF is organized into four area commands and a functional Special Forces command; the head of the MNDF reports to the Minister of Defense (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 2 Watch List — the Maldives did not demonstrate overall increasing efforts to eliminate trafficking compared with the previous reporting period and was downgraded to Tier 2 Watch List; for more details, go to:  https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/maldives/"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "NA"
    }
  }
}