{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Indigenous groups inhabited central and southern Chile for several thousand years, living in mixed pastoralist and settled communities. The Inca then ruled the north of the country for nearly a century prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century. In 1541, the Spanish established the Captaincy General of Chile, which lasted until Chile declared its independence in 1810. The subsequent struggle with the Spanish became tied to other South American independence conflicts, with a decisive victory not being achieved until 1818. In the War of the Pacific (1879-83), Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia to win its current northernmost regions. By the 1880s, the Chilean central government cemented its control over the central and southern regions inhabited by Mapuche Indigenous peoples. Between 1891 and 1973, a series of elected governments succeeded each other until the Marxist government of Salvador ALLENDE was overthrown in 1973 in a military coup led by General Augusto PINOCHET, who ruled until a democratically elected president was inaugurated in 1990. Economic reforms that were maintained consistently since the 1980s contributed to steady growth, reduced poverty rates by over half, and helped secure the country's commitment to democratic and representative government. Chile has increasingly assumed regional and international leadership roles befitting its status as a stable, democratic nation."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southern South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Argentina and Peru"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "30 00 S, 71 00 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "South America"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "756,102 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "743,812 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "12,290 sq km"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Isla Sala y Gomez"
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7,801 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Argentina 6,691 km; Bolivia 942 km; Peru 168 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "6,435 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200/350 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "low coastal mountains, fertile central valley, rugged Andes in east"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Nevado Ojos del Salado 6,893 m (highest volcano in the world)"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "1,871 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "21.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 1.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "21.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "57% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "11,100 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lago General Carrera (shared with Argentina) - 2,240 sq km; Lago O'Higgins (shared with Argentina) - 1,010 sq km; Lago Llanquihue - 800 sq km; Lago Fagnano (shared with Argentina) - 590 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "90% of the population is located in the middle third of the country around the capital of Santiago; the far north (anchored by the Atacama Desert) and the extreme south are relatively underpopulated"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> significant volcanic activity due to more than three-dozen active volcanoes along the Andes Mountains; Lascar (5,592 m), which last erupted in 2007, is the most active volcano in the northern Chilean Andes; Llaima (3,125 m) in central Chile, which last erupted in 2009, is another of the country's most active; Chaiten's 2008 eruption forced major evacuations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Cerro Hudson, Calbuco, Copahue, Guallatiri, Llullaillaco, Nevados de Chillan, Puyehue, San Pedro, and Villarrica; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "<p><strong>note 1:</strong> the longest north-south trending country in the world, extending across 39 degrees of latitude; strategic location relative to sea lanes between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)</p> <p><strong>note 2:</strong> Chile is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire</p> <p><strong>note 3:</strong> the Atacama Desert -- the driest desert in the world -- spreads across the northern part of the country; Ojos del Salado (6,893 m) in the Atacama Desert is the highest active volcano in the world, Chile's tallest mountain, and the second highest in the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere -- its small crater lake (at 6,390 m) is the world's highest lake</p>"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18,664,652"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "9,169,736"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "9,494,916 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Chilean(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Chilean"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "White and non-Indigenous 88.9%, Mapuche 9.1%, Aymara 0.7%, other Indigenous groups 1% (includes Rapa Nui, Likan Antai, Quechua, Colla, Diaguita, Kawesqar, Yagan or Yamana), unspecified 0.3% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Spanish 99.5% (official), English 10.2%, Indigenous 1% (includes Mapudungun, Aymara, Quechua, Rapa Nui), other 2.3%, unspecified 0.2%&nbsp; (2012 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 42%, Evangelical 14%, other 6%, none 37% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Chile is in the advanced stages of demographic transition and is becoming an aging society—with fertility below replacement level, low mortality rates, and life expectancy on par with developed countries. The share of older, those 65 and early, people may exceed 65% by 2065. Nevertheless, with its dependency ratio nearing its low point, Chile could benefit from its favorable age structure. It will need to keep its large working-age population productively employed, while preparing to provide for the needs of its growing proportion of elderly people, especially as women—the traditional caregivers—increasingly enter the workforce. Over the last two decades, Chile has made great strides in reducing its poverty rate, but income inequality remains persistent in large part because a lack of a lack of access to quality education.</p> <p>Chile has been both a country of emigration and immigration. After becoming independent in 1810, Chile began seeking out immigrants from Europe to establish factories and to populate the southern part of the country.  Following the two World Wars, fears of an influx of refugees prompted Chile to stop encouraging European immigration. However, Arab immigration increased between 1907 and 1940.  During the Pinochet dictatorship that began in 1973, hundreds of thousands of Chileans emigrated, adding to the thousands who had left in the 1950s.  At the same time, the repressiveness of the Pinochet regime discouraged the arrival of new immigrants.  With the return of democracy and improving economic stability in 1990, some emigrants returned and new immigrants arrived from other South American countries experiencing deteriorating economic and political conditions. Immigration became more diverse starting in the 2010s, with the arrival of Haitians and Colombians of African descent.  However, the largest group of recent immigrants are Venezuelans fleeing their country’s socio-economic and political crisis.  As of 2020, almost one-third of Chile’s immigrant population are Venezuelan, while other top source countries continue to be Peru, Haiti, and Colombia.  Nearly 1.5 million immigrants account for almost 9% of Chile’s total population, as of 2020.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "19.2% (male 1,822,908/female 1,751,528)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "67.3% (male 6,274,620/female 6,278,467)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "13.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,072,208/female 1,464,921)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "45.2"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "26.8"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "18.4"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "5.4 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "36.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "35.8 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "38.2 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.61% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "12.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "6.6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "90% of the population is located in the middle third of the country around the capital of Santiago; the far north (anchored by the Atacama Desert) and the extreme south are relatively underpopulated"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "88% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.78% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "6.903 million SANTIAGO (capital), 1.009 million Valparaiso, 912,000 Concepcion (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.73 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "15 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "6.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "5.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "80.3 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "77.3 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "83.3 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.75 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.85 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "76.3% (2015/16)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "9.8% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "2.84 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "2.1 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "28% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.8 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "2.76 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "2.61 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "2.43 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29.2% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "31.6% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "26.8% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "0.5% (2014)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "46.3% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.6% of GDP (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "97%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "97.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "97% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17 years (2020)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; noise pollution; improper garbage disposal; soil degradation; widespread deforestation and mining threaten the environment; wildlife conservation"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "21.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 1.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "21.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "57% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "88% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.78% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.49% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "20.49 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "85.82 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "15.97 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "6.517 million tons (2009 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "24,113 tons (2009 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "0.4% (2009 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lago General Carrera (shared with Argentina) - 2,240 sq km; Lago O'Higgins (shared with Argentina) - 1,010 sq km; Lago Llanquihue - 800 sq km; Lago Fagnano (shared with Argentina) - 590 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "1.29 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "1.66 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "29.42 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "923.1 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Geoparks": {
      "total global geoparks and regional networks": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "global geoparks and regional networks": {
        "text": "Kutralkura (2023)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Chile"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Chile"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Rep&uacute;blica de Chile"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Chile"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "derivation of the name is unclear, but it may come from the Mapuche word \"chilli\" meaning \"limit of the earth\" or from the Quechua \"chiri\" meaning \"cold\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Santiago; note - Valparaiso is the seat of the national legislature"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "33 27 S, 70 40 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in August; ends second Sunday in May; note - Punta Arenas observes DST throughout the year"
      },
      "time zone note": {
        "text": "Chile has three time zones: the continental portion at UTC-3; the southern Magallanes region, which does not use daylight savings time and remains at UTC-3 for the summer months; and Easter Island at UTC-5<strong><br></strong>"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "Santiago is named after the biblical figure Saint James (ca. A.D. 3-44), patron saint of Spain, but especially revered in Galicia; \"Santiago\" derives from the local Galician evolution of the Vulgar Latin \"Sanctu Iacobu\"; Valparaiso derives from the Spanish \"Valle Paraiso\" meaning \"Paradise Valley\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "16 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aysen, Antofagasta, Araucania, Arica y Parinacota, Atacama, Biobio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Los Rios, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena (Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica), Maule, Nuble, Region Metropolitana (Santiago), Tarapaca, Valparaiso",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "18 September 1810 (from Spain)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 18 September (1810)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system influenced by several West European civil legal systems; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Tribunal"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "many previous; latest adopted 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; in September 2022 and again in December 2023, referendums presented for a new constitution were both defeated, and the September 1980 constitution remains in force"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by members of either house of the National Congress or by the president of the republic; passage requires at least four-sevenths majority vote of the membership in both houses and approval by the president; passage of amendments to constitutional articles, such as the republican form of government, basic rights and freedoms, the Constitutional Tribunal, electoral justice, the Council of National Security, or the constitutional amendment process, requires at least four-sevenths majority vote by both houses of Congress and approval by the president; the president can opt to hold a referendum when Congress and the president disagree on an amendment; amended many times, last in 2022"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Gabriel BORIC (since 11 March 2022)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Gabriel BORIC (since 11 March 2022)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 21 November 2021 with a runoff held on 19 December 2021 (next to be held on 23 November 2025 with runoff if needed on 20 December)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br><em>2021: </em>Gabriel BORIC elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Antonio KAST (FSC) 27.9%; Gabriel BORIC (AD) 25.8%; Franco PARISI (PDG) 12.8%; Sebastian SICHEL (ChP+) 12.8%; Yasna PROVOSTE (New Social Pact) 11.6%; other 9.1%; percent of vote in second round - Gabriel BORIC 55.9%; Jose Antonio KAST 44.1%<br><em><br>2017:</em> Sebastian PINERA Echenique elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Sebastian PINERA Echenique (independent) 36.6%; Alejandro GUILLIER (independent) 22.7%; Beatriz SANCHEZ (independent) 20.3%; Jose Antonio KAST (independent) 7.9%; Carolina GOIC (PDC) 5.9%; Marco ENRIQUEZ-OMINAMI (PRO) 5.7%; other 0.9%; percent of vote in second round - Sebastian PINERA Echenique 54.6%, Alejandro GUILLIER 45.4%"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the president is both chief of state and head of government"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "National Congress (Congreso Nacional)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "bicameral"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - lower chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "155 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "11/21/2021"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Chile Podemos (Empowering Chile\", CP +) (53); New Social Pact (NPS) (37); Approving Dignity (AD) (37); Christian Social Front (FSC) (15); Other (13)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "35.1%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "November 2025"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - upper chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Senate (Senado)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "50 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "partial renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "8 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "11/21/2021"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Chile Podemos (Empowering Chile\", CP +) (12); New Social Pact (NPS) (8); Approving Dignity (AD) (4); Independents (2); Other (1)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "26%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "November 2025"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (consists of a court president and 20 members or ministros); Constitutional Court (consists of 10 members and is independent of the rest of the judiciary); Elections Qualifying Court (consists of 5 members)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court president and judges (ministers) appointed by the president of the republic and ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates provided by the court itself; judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 70; Constitutional Court members appointed - 3 by the Supreme Court, 3 by the president of the republic, 2 by the Chamber of Deputies, and 2 by the Senate; members serve 9-year terms with partial membership replacement every 3 years (the court reviews constitutionality of legislation); Elections Qualifying Court members appointed by lottery - 1 by the former president or vice president of the Senate and 1 by the former president or vice president of the Chamber of Deputies, 2 by the Supreme Court, and 1 by the Appellate Court of Valparaiso; members appointed for 4-year terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Courts of Appeal; oral criminal tribunals; military tribunals; local police courts; specialized tribunals and courts in matters such as family, labor, customs, taxes, and electoral affairs"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Approve Dignity (Apruebo Dignidad) coalition or AD (included PC, FA, and FREVS); note - dissolved 2023<br>Broad Front Coalition (Frente Amplio) or FA (includes RD, CS, and Comunes)<br>Chile We Can Do More (Chile Podemos  Más) or ChP+ (coalition includes EVOPOLI, PRI, RN, UDI)<br>Christian Democratic Party or PDC<br>Common Sense Party or SC<br>Commons (Comunes)<br>Communist Party of Chile or PCCh<br>Democratic Revolution or RD<br>Democrats or PD<br>Equality Party or PI<br>Green Ecological Party or PEV (dissolved 7 February 2022)<br>Green Popular Alliance or AVP<br>Humanist Action Party or PAH<br>Humanist Party or PH<br>Independent Democratic Union or UDI<br>Liberal Party (Partido Liberal de Chile) or PL<br>National Renewal or RN<br>New Social Pact or NPS (includes PDC, PL, PPD, PRSD, PS)<br>Party for Democracy or PPD<br>Party of the People or PDG<br>Political Evolution or EVOPOLI<br>Popular Party or PP<br>Progressive Homeland Party or PRO<br>Radical Party or PR<br>Republican Party or PLR<br>Social Christian Party or PSC<br>Social Convergence or CS<br>Social Green Regionalist Federation or FREVS<br>Socialist Party or PS<br>Yellow Movement for Chile or AMAR"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "APEC, BIS, CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OECD (enhanced engagement), OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Juan Gabriel VALDES Soublette (since 7 June 2022)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 785-1746"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 887-5579"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>echile.eeuu@minrel.gob.cl<br><br>https://chile.gob.cl/estados-unidos/en/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Richard T. (Rick) YONEOKA (since January 2025)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Avenida Andres Bello 2800, Las Condes, Santiago"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "3460 Santiago Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-3460"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[56] (2) 2330-3000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[56] (2) 2330-3710"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>SantiagoUSA@state.gov<br><br>https://cl.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> design influenced by the US flag"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "huemul (mountain deer), Andean condor; national colors: red, white, blue"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Himno Nacional de Chile\" (National Anthem of Chile)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Eusebio LILLO Robles and Bernardo DE VERA y Pintado/Ramon CARNICER y Battle"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> music adopted 1828, original lyrics adopted 1818, adapted lyrics adopted 1847; under Augusto PINOCHET's military rule, a verse glorifying the army was added; however, as a protest, some citizens refused to sing this verse; it was removed when democracy was restored in 1990"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "7 (all cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Rapa Nui National Park; Churches of Chiloe; Historic Valparaiso; Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works; Sewell Mining Town; Qhapaq &Ntilde;an/Andean Road System; Chinchorro archeological sites"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "export-driven economy; leading copper producer; though hit by COVID-19, fairly quick rebound from increased liquidity and rapid vaccine rollouts; decreasing poverty but still lingering inequality; public debt rising but still manageable; recent political violence has had negative economic consequences"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$579.201 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$577.937 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$566.279 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "0.22% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "2.06% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "11.33% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$29,500 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$29,600 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$29,100 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$335.533 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "7.58% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "11.64% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "4.52% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "A- (2020)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "A1 (2018)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "A+ (2017)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "29.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "56.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "60.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "15.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "23.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "-0.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "31.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-29.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "grapes, milk, apples, wheat, potatoes, chicken, tomatoes, sugar beets, maize, oats (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "copper, lithium, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "1.56% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "9.958 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "9.04% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "8.3% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "9.33% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "22% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "24.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "6.5% (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022": {
        "text": "43 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "19.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "3.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.3% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "34.5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "0.02% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "0.02% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "0.02% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$78.577 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$72.673 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "23.6% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "21.27% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$11.899 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$26.162 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$22.962 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$104.349 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$107.071 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$100.448 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 39%, US 14%, Japan 8%, South Korea 6%, Brazil 5% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "copper ore, refined copper, carbonates, fish, raw copper (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$99.808 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$118.941 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$102.637 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 26%, US 22%, Brazil 10%, Argentina 5%, Germany 3% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, cars, crude petroleum, garments, trucks (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$46.377 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$39.102 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$51.252 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Chilean pesos (CLP) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "840.067 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "873.314 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "758.955 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "792.727 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "702.897 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "35.598 million kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "86.628 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "4.313 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "43.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "15.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "10.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "25.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "5.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "499,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "8.637 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "23,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "8.09 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1.181 billion metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "11,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "405,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "150 million barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "1.2 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "6.916 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "159.558 million cubic meters (2018 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "5.137 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "97.976 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "79.689 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "15.94 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "50.15 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "13.599 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "69.194 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "1.978 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "10 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "26.7 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "135 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "the market for fixed and mobile telephony is highly competitive and rapidly evolving; the mobile rate is among the highest in South America; LTE infrastructure is extensive and 5G spectrum auctions which took place in February 2021 prompted deployment of 5G networks, following extensive trials held by the MNOs; fixed broadband is relatively high for the region, with services among the fastest and least expensive in Latin America; government initiatives such as the National Fiber Optic project and Fibra &Oacute;ptica Austral are providing high-capacity connectivity across the country and will further increase fixed-line broadband; there is a strong focus on fiber broadband, with the number of fiber subscribers having increased 61.7% in 2020, year-on-year; technological improvements have allowed operators to provide a variety of services via their networks, giving rise to a number of bundled packages at competitive prices, including access to video on demand services which in turn is increasing fixed-line broadband; traditional fixed-line teledensity continues to fall as consumers switch to mobile networks and to fixed broadband for voice and data connectivity; more than 8,300 schools receive free broadband as part of the &lsquo;Connectivity for Education 2030&rsquo; project (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "number of fixed-line connections 13 per 100, mobile-cellular usage continues to increase, reaching 136 telephones per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 56; landing points for the Pan-Am, Prat, SAm-1, American Movil-Telxius West Coast Cable, FOS Quellon-Chacabuco, Fibra Optical Austral, SAC&nbsp;and&nbsp;Curie submarine cables providing links to the US, Caribbean&nbsp;and to Central and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "national and local terrestrial TV channels, coupled with extensive cable TV networks; the state-owned Television Nacional de Chile (TVN) network is self-financed through commercial advertising revenues and is not under direct government control; large number of privately owned TV stations; about 250 radio stations"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".cl"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "94% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.52 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "23 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "9 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "173"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "19,517,185 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,226,440,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "CC"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "374 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "114 (2024)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "3,160 km gas, 781 km liquid petroleum gas, 985 km oil, 722 km refined products (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7,281.5 km (2014)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "3,853.5 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge"
      },
      "broad gauge": {
        "text": "3,428 km (2014) 1.676-m gauge (1,691 km electrified)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "77,801 km (2016)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "249 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 3, container ship 5, general cargo 66, oil tanker 14, other 161"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "39 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "10"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "27"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "25"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Antofagasta, Bahia de Valdivia, Bahia de Valparaiso, Coronel, Iquique, Mejillones, Puerto Montt, Puerto San Antonio, Rada de Arica, Rada Punta Arenas, Talcahuano, Tocopilla"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces of Chile (Fuerzas Armadas de Chile): Chilean Army (Ejército de Chile), Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile, includes Marine Corps and Maritime Territory and Merchant Marine Directorate or Directemar), Chilean Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Chile, FACh) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>the Directemar is the country's coast guard<br> <br><strong>note 2:</strong> the National Police Force (Carabineros de Chile) are responsible to both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of the Interior and Public Security"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 75,000 active armed forces personnel (40,000 Army; 25,000 Navy; 10,000 Air Force); approximately 50,000 Carabineros (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Chilean military inventory is comprised of a broad mix of older foreign supplied weapons and equipment and some domestically produced systems; significant foreign suppliers have included Australia, Brazil, France, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, and the US; Chile's defense industry is active in the production of military aircraft, ships, and vehicles (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "17 or 18 for voluntary military service for men and women; selective compulsory service (there are usually enough volunteers to make compulsory service unnecessary); service obligation is a minimum of 12 months for Army and 22 months for Navy and Air Force (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2021, women comprised approximately 18% of the armed forces"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Chilean military's primary responsibility is territorial defense and ensuring the country’s sovereignty; it also assists with disaster and humanitarian relief and some internal security duties such as border security or maintaining public order if required; a key focus in recent years has been assisting with securing the border area with Bolivia and Peru; it trains regularly and participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises, as well as international peacekeeping operations <br><br>Chile and Argentina have a joint peacekeeping force known as the Combined Southern Cross Peacekeeping Force (FPC), designed to be made available to the UN; the FPC is made up of air, ground, and naval components, as well as a combined logistics support unit<br><br>the Chilean Army was founded in 1810, but traces its origins back to the Army of the Kingdom of Chile, which was established by the Spanish Crown in the early 1600s; Chile's military aviation was inaugurated in 1913 with the creation of a military aviation school; the Navy traces its origins to 1817; it was first led by a British officer and the first ships were largely crewed by American, British, and Irish sailors; by the 1880s, the Chilean Navy was one of the most powerful in the Americas, and included the world’s first protected cruiser (a ship with an armored deck to protect vital machine spaces) (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Space": {
    "Space agency/agencies": {
      "text": "the Chilean Space Agency was established in 2001 and dissolved in 2014, at which time the space program became part of the Ministry of Defense; the Ministry of Science also participates in Chile&rsquo;s space program (2024)"
    },
    "Space program overview": {
      "text": "has a space program with a considerable history and largely focused on the acquisition and operation of satellites; operates foreign-built satellites and satellite ground stations; building small remote sensing (RS) satellites; researching and developing additional capabilities and technologies associated with the production of satellites and satellite sub-systems; is a world leader in astronomy and astrophysics (Chile’s Atacama Desert, where the skies are exceptionally clear and dry for more than 300 days a year, is home to more than a dozen astronomical observatories including the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, the Las Campanas Observatory, and the European Southern Observatory); Chile is also home to several astronomy institutes; has established relations with space agencies and industries of Canada, China, France, India, Israel, Mexico, Russia, the UK, and the US (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "444,423 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "transshipment country for cocaine destined for Europe and the region; some money laundering activity, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone; imported precursors passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising, making Chile a significant consumer of cocaine"
    }
  }
}