{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>The Swiss Confederation was founded in 1291 as a defensive alliance among three cantons. In succeeding years, other localities joined the original three. The Swiss Confederation secured its independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499. A constitution of 1848, which was modified in 1874 to allow voters to introduce referenda on proposed laws, replaced the confederation with a centralized federal government. The major European powers have long honored Switzerland's sovereignty and neutrality, and the country was not involved in either World War. The political and economic integration of Europe over the past half-century, as well as Switzerland's role in many UN and international organizations, has strengthened Switzerland's ties with its neighbors. However, the country did not officially become a UN member until 2002. Switzerland remains active in many UN and international organizations but retains a strong commitment to neutrality.</p> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Central Europe, east of France, north of Italy"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "47 00 N, 8 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "41,277 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "39,997 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "1,280 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,770 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Austria 158 km; France 525 km; Italy 698 km; Liechtenstein 41 km; Germany 348 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Dufourspitze 4,634 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Lake Maggiore 195 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "1,350 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "hydropower potential, timber, salt"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "38.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 10.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 27.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "31.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "29.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "327 sq km (2016)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Constance (shared with Germany and Austria) - 540 sq km; Lake Geneva (shared with France) - 580 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Rhein (Rhine)  river source (shared with Germany, France, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population distribution corresponds to elevation with the northern and western areas far more heavily populated; the higher Alps of the south limit settlement"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "avalanches, landslides; flash floods"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe; along with southeastern France, northern Italy, and southwestern Austria, has the highest elevations in the Alps"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8,860,574"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "4,403,105"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4,457,469 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Swiss (singular and plural)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Swiss"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Swiss 69.2%, German 4.2%, Italian 3.2%, Portuguese 2.5%, French 2.1%, Kosovan 1.1%, Turkish 1%, other 16.7% (2020 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent permanent and non-permanent resident population by country of birth"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "German (or Swiss German) (official) 62.1%, French (official) 22.8%, Italian (official) 8%, English 5.7%, Portuguese 3.5%, Albanian 3.3%, Serbo-Croatian 2.3%, Spanish 2.3%, Romansh (official) 0.5%, other 7.9% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Das World Factbook, die unverzichtbare Quelle für grundlegende Informationen. (German)<br><br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br><br>L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      },
      "note": "<strong>note</strong>: shares sum to more than 100% because respondents could indicate more than one main language"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 34.4%, Protestant 22.5%, other Christian 5.7%, Muslim 5.4%, other 1.5%, none 29.4%, unspecified 1.1% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "15.1% (male 685,221/female 650,802)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "64.6% (male 2,887,767/female 2,834,842)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "20.3% (2024 est.) (male 830,117/female 971,825)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "51.6"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "22.8"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "28.7"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.5 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "44.2 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "43.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "44.9 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.75% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "10.1 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "8.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "5.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population distribution corresponds to elevation with the northern and western areas far more heavily populated; the higher Alps of the south limit settlement"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "74.2% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.432 million Zurich, 441,000 BERN (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.85 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "31.1 years (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "7 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "3.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "2.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "83.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "82 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "85.8 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.59 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.77 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "71.6% (2017)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "11.8% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "4.38 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "4.6 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "19.5% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.41 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "3.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "4.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "1.76 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "25.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "28.1% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "22.9% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "57.5% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "17 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17 years (2020)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from agricultural fertilizers; chemical contaminants and erosion damage the soil and limit productivity; loss of biodiversity"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "38.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 10.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 27.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "31.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "29.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "74.2% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "8.97 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "34.48 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "4.98 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "6.056 million tons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "1.938 million tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "32% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Constance (shared with Germany and Austria) - 540 sq km; Lake Geneva (shared with France) - 580 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Rhein (Rhine)  river source (shared with Germany, France, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "970 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "640 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "160 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "53.5 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Swiss Confederation"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Switzerland"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German)/ Confederation Suisse (French)/ Confederazione Svizzera (Italian)/ Confederaziun Svizra (Romansh)"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Schweiz (German)/ Suisse (French)/ Svizzera (Italian)/ Svizra (Romansh)"
      },
      "abbreviation": {
        "text": "CH"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derives from the canton of Schwyz, one of the founding cantons of the Swiss Confederacy that formed in the late 13th century"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "federal republic (formally a confederation)"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Bern"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "46 55 N, 7 28 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "origin of the name is uncertain but may derive from a 2nd century B.C. Celtic place name, possibly \"berna\" meaning \"cleft,\" that was subsequently adopted by a Roman settlement"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular - cantone in Italian; Kantone, singular - Kanton in German); Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Berne/Bern, Fribourg/Freiburg, Geneve (Geneva), Glarus, Graubuenden/Grigioni/Grischun, Jura, Luzern (Lucerne), Neuchatel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Valais/Wallis, Vaud, Zug, Zuerich",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the canton names are in the official language(s) of the canton with the exception of Geneve and Luzern, where the conventional names (Geneva and Lucerne) have been added in parentheses; 6 of the cantons - Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Nidwalden, Obwalden - are referred to as half cantons because they elect only one member (instead of two) to the Council of States and, in popular referendums where a majority of popular votes and a majority of cantonal votes are required, these 6 cantons only have a half vote"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1 August 1291 (founding of the Swiss Confederation)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Founding of the Swiss Confederation in 1291; note - since 1 August 1891 celebrated as Swiss National Day"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts, except for federal decrees of a general obligatory character"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1848, 1874; latest adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, effective 1 January 2000"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the two houses of the Federal Assembly or by petition of at least one&nbsp;hundred thousand&nbsp;voters (called the \"federal popular initiative\"); passage of proposals requires majority vote in a referendum; following drafting of an amendment by the Assembly, its passage requires approval by majority vote in a referendum and approval by the majority of cantons; amended many times, last in 2018"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Switzerland"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "12 years including at least 3 of the last 5 years prior to application"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President of the Swiss Confederation Karin KELLER-SUTTER (since 1 January 2025)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President of the Swiss Confederation Karin KELLER-SUTTER (since 1 January 2025)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal (in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) indirectly elected by the Federal Assembly for a 4-year term"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president and vice president elected by the Federal Assembly from among members of the Federal Council for a 1-year, non-consecutive term; election last held on 13 December 2023 (next to be held in December 2024)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2023:  </em>Viola AMHERD elected president for 2024; Federal Assembly vote - Viola AMHERD (The Center) 158 of 204; Karin Keller-Sutter (FDP.The Liberals) elected vice president for 2024; Federal Assembly vote - 138 of 196<br><br><em>2022:  </em>Alain BERSET elected president for 2023; Federal Assembly vote - Alain BERSET (SP) 140 OF 181; Viola AMHERD elected vice president; Federal assembly vote - 207 of 223"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Federal Council, comprised of 7 federal councillors, constitutes the federal government of Switzerland; council members rotate the 1-year term of federal president"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung - Assemblée fédérale - Assemblea federale)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "bicameral"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - lower chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "National Council (Nationalrat - Conseil national - Consiglio nazionale)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "200 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "10/22/2023"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC) (62); Socialist Party (SP/PS) (41); Centre Party (29); FDP/The Liberals (FDP/PLR) (28); Green Party (GPS/PES) (23); Liberal Green Party (GLP/PVL) (10); Other (7)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "38.5%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "October 2027"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - upper chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Council of States (Ständerat - Conseil des Etats - Consiglio degli Stati)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "46 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "other systems"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "10/22/2023"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Centre Party (15); FDP/The Liberals (FDP/PLR) (11); Socialist Party (SP/PS) (9); Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC) (6); Green Party (GPS/PES) (3); Other (2)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "34.8%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "October 2027"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Federal Supreme Court (consists of 38 justices and 19 deputy justices organized into 7 divisions)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "judges elected by the Federal Assembly for 6-year terms; note - judges are affiliated with political parties and are elected according to linguistic and regional criteria in approximate proportion to the level of party representation in the Federal Assembly"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Federal Criminal Court (established in 2004); Federal Administrative Court (established in 2007); note - each of Switzerland's 26 cantons has its own courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "The Center (Die Mitte, Alleanza del Centro, Le Centre, Allianza dal Center) (merger of the Christian Democratic People's Party and the Conservative Democratic Party)<br>Evangelical Peoples' Party or EVP/PEV <br>Federal Democrats or EDU <br>Geneva Citizens Movement or MCR/MCG <br>Green Liberal Party (Gruenliberale Partei or GLP, Parti vert liberale or PVL, Partito Verde-Liberale or PVL, Partida Verde Liberale or PVL) <br>Green Party (Gruene Partei der Schweiz or Gruene, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda)<br>The Liberals or FDP.The Liberals (FDP.Die Liberalen, PLR.Les Liberaux-Radicaux, PLR.I Liberali, Ils Liberals)<br>Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SP, Parti Socialiste Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) <br>Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica di Centro or UDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) "
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, EITI (implementing country), ESA, FAO, FATF, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Ralph HECKNER (since 18 September 2024)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2900 Cathedral Ave NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 745-7900"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 387-2564"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>washington@eda.admin.ch<br><br>https://www.eda.admin.ch/washington"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Atlanta, Chicago, New York, San Francisco"
      },
      "consulate(s)": {
        "text": "Boston"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Bradford BELL (since January 2025) note - also accredited to Liechtenstein"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Sulgeneckstrasse 19, CH-3007 Bern"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5110 Bern Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-5110"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[41] (031) 357-70-11"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[41] (031) 357-73-20"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>https://ch.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag; various medieval legends purport to describe the origin of the flag; a white cross used as identification for troops of the Swiss Confederation is first attested at the Battle of Laupen (1339)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 1863, a newly formed international relief organization convening in Geneva, Switzerland sought to come up with an identifying flag or logo; they chose the inverse of the Swiss flag - a red cross on a white field - as their symbol; today that organization is known throughout the world as the International Red Cross"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "Swiss cross (white cross on red field, arms equal length); national colors: red, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "the Swiss anthem has four names: \"Schweizerpsalm\" [German] \"Cantique Suisse\" [French] \"Salmo svizzero,\" [Italian] \"Psalm svizzer\" [Romansch] (Swiss Psalm)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Leonhard WIDMER [German], Charles CHATELANAT [French], Camillo VALSANGIACOMO [Italian], and Flurin CAMATHIAS [Romansch]/Alberik ZWYSSIG"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unofficially adopted 1961, officially 1981; the anthem has been popular in a number of Swiss cantons since its composition (in German) in 1841; translated into the other three official languages of the country (French, Italian, and Romansch), it is official in each of those languages"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "13 (9 cultural, 4 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Old City of Berne (c); Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch (n); Monte San Giorgio (n); Abbey of St Gall (c); Three Castles, Defensive Wall, and Ramparts of the Market-Town of Bellinzona (c); Rhaetian Railway in the Albula/Bernina Landscapes (c); La Chaux-de-Fonds/Le Locle, Watchmaking Town Planning (c); Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps (c); Benedictine Convent of St John at M&uuml;stair (c); Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "high-income, non-EU European economy; top ten in GDP per capita; renowned banking and financial hub; low unemployment and inflation; slowed GDP growth post-pandemic; highly skilled but aging workforce; key pharmaceutical and precision manufacturing exporter; leader in innovation and competitiveness indices"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$733.779 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$728.562 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$710.319 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "0.72% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "2.57% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.39% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$82,600 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$83,000 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$81,600 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$884.94 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "2.14% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "2.84% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "0.58% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "AAA (2000)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Aaa (1982)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "AAA (1988)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "0.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "24.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "71.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "51.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "11.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "25.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "-1.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "75.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-62.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "milk, sugar beets, wheat, potatoes, pork, apples, barley, beef, grapes, maize (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments, tourism, banking, insurance, pharmaceuticals"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-1.66% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "5.012 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "4.05% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "4.3% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.1% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "8.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "7.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "15.8% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020": {
        "text": "33.7 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "3.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "26.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "0.39% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "0.4% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "0.39% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$143.411 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$136.348 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2022": {
        "text": "17.8% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "9.1% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "$58.395 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "$77.801 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$55.137 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$654.175 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$628.737 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$578.938 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "US 15%, Germany 13%, China 11%, Italy 6%, France 5% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, vaccines, packaged medicine, nitrogen compounds, base metal watches (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$556.351 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$518.002 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$481.607 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 21%, US 10%, Italy 8%, France 6%, China 5% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, packaged medicine, vaccines, cars, garments (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$863.892 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$923.628 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$1.11 trillion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "0.898 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "0.955 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "0.914 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "0.939 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "0.994 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "24.014 million kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "57.187 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "29.881 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "33.02 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "4.678 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "0.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "39.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "6.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "48% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nuclear energy": {
      "Number of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "4 (2023)"
      },
      "Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "2.97GW (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Percent of total electricity production": {
        "text": "32.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down": {
        "text": "2 (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "161,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "3.3 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "184,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "300 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "193,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "3.138 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "3.099 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "33.609 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "268,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "27.331 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "6.009 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "101.938 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "3.003 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "34 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "10.9 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "120 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Switzerland has one of the highest broadband penetration rates within Europe, with a focus on services of at least 1Gb/s; this has been supported by sympathetic regulatory measures as well as by cooperative agreements between the main telcos, and with local utilities; fast fiber is complemented by 5G services reaching about 97% of the population by early 2021; together, these networks will soon enable the telcos to provide ultra-fast broadband services nationally, ahead of most other countries in the region; the competitive mobile market is served by three network operators and a small number of MVNOs; 5G services offered by the MNOs offer data rates of up to 2Gb/s, and although various cantons have called a halt to extensions of 5G, citing health concerns, the regulator and environment ministry have put in place measures aimed at ensuring that network roll outs can continue without disruption; with the migration of subscribers to LTE and 5G networks, the MNOs have been able to begin closing down their GSM networks and repurpose physical assets and spectrum; although not a member of the EU, the country&rsquo;s economic integration has meant that its telecom market deregulation has followed the EU&rsquo;s liberalization framework, including the recent regulations on international voice roaming; this report presents an analysis of Switzerland&rsquo;s fixed-line telecom market, including an assessment of network infrastructure (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line is 33 per 100 and mobile-cellular subscribership is 120 per 100 persons (2022)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 41; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "<p>the publicly owned radio and TV broadcaster, Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG/SSR), operates 8 national TV networks, 3 broadcasting in German, 3 in French, and 2 in Italian; private commercial TV stations broadcast regionally and locally; TV broadcasts from stations in Germany, Italy, and France are widely available via multi-channel cable and satellite TV services; SRG/SSR operates 17 radio stations that, along with private broadcasters, provide national to local coverage )</p> (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ch"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "97% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.33 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "49 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "6 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "179"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "28,857,994 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,841,310,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "HB"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "62 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "51 (2024)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "1,800 km gas, 94 km oil (of which 60 are inactive), 17 km refined products (2017)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5,296 km (2020) 5,296 km electrified; Switzerland remains the only country with a fully electrified network"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "83,131 km (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,292 km (2010) (there are 1,227 km of waterways on lakes and rivers for public transport and 65 km on the Rhine River between Basel-Rheinfelden and Schaffhausen-Bodensee for commercial goods transport)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 14, general cargo 1, other 2 (includes Liechtenstein)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Swiss Armed Forces (aka Swiss Army or Schweizer Armee); Army (Heer; aka Land Forces), Swiss Air Force (Schweizer Luftwaffe) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the federal police maintain internal security and report to the Federal Department of Justice and Police, while the Armed Forces report to the Federal Department of Defense, Civil Protection, and Sport"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2023)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2022)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 100,000, including cadre/professionals, conscripts, and militia; the Swiss Armed Forces consist of a small core of cadre/professional personnel along with a mix of militia and up to 20,000 conscripts brought in each year for training (2024)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and imported European and US weapons systems; the Swiss defense industry produces a range of military land vehicles (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-30 years of age for compulsory military service for men; 18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; every Swiss male has to serve at least 245 days in the armed forces; conscripts receive 18 weeks of mandatory training, followed by six 19-day intermittent recalls for training during the next 10 years (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>conscientious objectors can choose 390 days of community service instead of military service; as of 2023, women comprised about 1% of the active Swiss military"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "175 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2024)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Swiss military is responsible for territorial defense, limited support to international disaster response and peacekeeping, and providing support to civil authorities when their resources are not sufficient to ward off threats to internal security or provide sufficient relief during disasters; Switzerland has long maintained a policy of military neutrality but does periodically participate in EU, NATO, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and UN military and peacekeeping operations; however, Swiss units will only participate in operations under the mandate of the UN or OSCE; Switzerland joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1996; it has contributed to the NATO-led force in Kosovo (KFOR) since 1999<br><br>the military is comprised of conscripts, militia, and a small professional component; it is led by the Chief of the Armed Forces with an Armed Forces Staff and consists of a Joint Operations Command (JOC), an Armed Forces Logistics Organization, an Armed Forces Command Support Organization, and a Training and Education Command; the JOC controls, among other subordinate commands, the Air Force, the Land Forces, four territorial divisions, the Military Police Command, and the Special Forces Command (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "14,726 (Eritrea), 11,441 (Afghanistan), 8,039 (Syria), (mid-year 2022); 65,615 (Ukraine) (as of 5 March 2024)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "891 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>major source of precursor chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics; a significant importer and exporter of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine;</p>"
    }
  }
}