{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>A large portion of present-day Moldovan territory became a province of the Russian Empire in 1812 and then unified with Romania in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. This territory was then incorporated into the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although Moldova has been independent from the Soviet Union since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River in the breakaway region of Transnistria.</p> <p>Years of Communist Party rule in Moldova from 2001 to 2009 ultimately ended with election-related violent protests and a rerun of parliamentary elections in 2009. A series of pro-Europe ruling coalitions governed Moldova from 2010 to 2019, but pro-Russia candidate Igor DODON won the presidency in 2016, and his Socialist Party of the Republic of Moldova won a plurality in the legislative election in 2019. Pro-EU reformist candidate Maia SANDU defeated DODON in his reelection bid in 2020, and SANDU's Party of Action and Solidarity won a parliamentary majority in an early legislative election in 2021. Prime Minister Natalia GAVRILITA and her cabinet took office in 2021. In early 2023, Moldova's parliament confirmed a new cabinet led by Prime Minister Dorin RECEAN, which retained the majority of the former ministers.</p> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "47 00 N, 29 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "33,851 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "32,891 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "960 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly larger than Maryland"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,885 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Romania 683 km; Ukraine 1202 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "moderate winters, warm summers"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Dealul Balanesti 430 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Dniester (Nistru) 2 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "139 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, limestone, arable land"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "74.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 55.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 9.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "11.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "13.2% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "2,155 sq km (2020)"
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "<p>Dunărea (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Nistru (Dniester) (shared with Ukraine [s/m]) - 1,411 km <br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth</p>"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "landslides"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked; well-endowed with various sedimentary rocks and minerals including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,599,528"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "1,698,249"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1,901,279 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Moldovan(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Moldovan"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Moldovan 75.1%, Romanian 7%, Ukrainian 6.6%, Gagauz 4.6%, Russian 4.1%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 0.8% (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Moldovan/Romanian 80.2% (official) (56.7% Moldovan; 23.5% Romanian), Russian 9.7%, Gagauz 4.2% (a Turkish language), Ukrainian 3.9%, Bulgarian 1.5%, Romani 0.3%, other 0.2% (2014)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Moldovan/Romanian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent mother tongue; as of March 2023, \"Romanian\" replaced \"Moldovan\" as the name of Moldova's official language"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Orthodox 90.1%, other Christian 2.6%, other 0.1%, agnostic &lt;0.1%, atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.9% (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "14.8% (male 266,493/female 266,166)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "70.2% (male 1,225,535/female 1,300,640)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "15% (2024 est.) (male 206,221/female 334,473)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "39.6"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "29.7"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "20.4"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "4.9 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "39.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "38.6 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "41.3 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.58% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "14.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "43.4% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "488,000 CHISINAU (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.62 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.89 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "25.2 years (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "12 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "11.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "70.1 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "66.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "74.4 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.26 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.61 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "56% (2020)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 98.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 87% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 92.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 1.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 13% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 7.9% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "6.8% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "3.1 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "5.7 beds/1,000 population (2014)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 83.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 89.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 16.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 10.1% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "18.9% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "1.53 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "3.57 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "51.7% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "6.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "67% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "6.4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "99.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "99.5% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15 years (2021)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "heavy use of agricultural chemicals has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion and declining soil fertility from poor farming methods"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "moderate winters, warm summers"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "74.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 55.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 9.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "11.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "13.2% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "43.4% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.26% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "12.37 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "5.12 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "3.29 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "3,981,200 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "609,920 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "15.3% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "<p>Dunărea (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Nistru (Dniester) (shared with Ukraine [s/m]) - 1,411 km <br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth</p>"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "160 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "580 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "12.27 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Moldova"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Moldova"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republica Moldova"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Moldova"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named for the Moldova River in neighboring eastern Romania"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Chisinau in Romanian (Kishinev in Russian)"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "47 00 N, 28 51 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "origin unclear but may derive from the archaic Romanian word <em>chisla</em> (\"spring\" or \"water source\") and <em>noua</em> (\"new\") because the original settlement was built at the site of a small spring"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> pronounced KEE-shee-now (KIH-shi-nyov)"
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "<p>32 raions (raioane, singular - raion), 3 municipalities (municipii, singular - municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala autonoma), and 1 territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala)</p> <p><strong>raions:</strong> Anenii Noi, Basarabeasca, Briceni, Cahul, Cantemir, Calarasi, Causeni, Cimislia, Criuleni, Donduseni, Drochia, Dubasari, Edinet, Falesti, Floresti, Glodeni, Hincesti, Ialoveni, Leova, Nisporeni, Ocnita, Orhei, Rezina, Riscani, Singerei, Soldanesti, Soroca, Stefan Voda, Straseni, Taraclia, Telenesti, Ungheni</p> <p><strong>municipalities:</strong> Balti, Bender, Chisinau</p> <p><strong>autonomous territorial unit:</strong> Gagauzia</p> <p><strong>territorial unit:</strong> Stinga Nistrului (Transnistria)</p>"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "27 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 27 August (1991)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system with Germanic law influences; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by voter petition (at least 200,000 eligible voters), by at least one third of Parliament members, or by the government; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament within one year of initial proposal; revisions to constitutional articles on sovereignty, independence, and neutrality require majority vote by referendum; articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2018"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Moldova"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "10 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Maia SANDU (since 24 December 2020)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Dorin RECEAN (since 16 February 2023)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet proposed by the prime minister-designate, nominated by the president, approved through a vote of confidence in Parliament"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 November 2024 (next to be held in 2028); prime minister designated by the president upon consultation with Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence for his/her proposed work program from the Parliament"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2024: </em>In the second round of presidential elections, incumbent Maia SANDU (PAS) wins 55.4% of the vote, Alexandr STOIANOGLO (PSRM) 44.6; turnout is 54.3%<em><br><br>2020:</em> Maia SANDU elected president in second round; percent of vote in second round - Maia SANDU (PAS) 57.7%, Igor DODON (PSRM) 42.3%<br><br><em>2016</em>: Igor DODON elected president in second round; percent of vote - Igor DODON (PSRM) 52.1%, Maia SANDU (PAS) 47.9%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Parliament (Parlament)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "101 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "7/11/2021"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Action and Solidarity Party (PAS) (63); Electoral Bloc of Communists and Socialists (BECS) (32); Șor Party (PPȘ) (6)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "40%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "July 2025"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief judge, 3 deputy-chief judges, 45 judges, and 7 assistant judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 6 judges); note - the Constitutional Court is autonomous to the other branches of government; the Court interprets the Constitution and reviews the constitutionality of parliamentary laws and decisions, decrees of the president, and acts of the government"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Justice judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body of judicial officials; all judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed 2 each by Parliament, the president, and the Higher Council of Magistracy for 6-year terms; court president elected by other court judges for a 3-year term"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Courts of Appeal; Court of Business Audit; municipal courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "<p>Bloc of Communists and Socialists or BCS<br>Party of Action and Solidarity or PAS</p>"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, CIS, EAEU (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO",
      "note": "<strong>note</strong>: Moldova is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Viorel URSU (since 12 December 2022)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 667-1130"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 667-2624"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>washington@mfa.gov.md<br><br>https://sua.mfa.gov.md/en"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Daniela DIPIERRO (since June 2024)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "7080 Chisinau Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-7080"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[373] (22) 408-300"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[373] (22) 233-044"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ChisinauACS@state.gov<br><br>https://md.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal vertical bands of Prussian blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of dark gold (brown) outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized aurochs head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow; based on the color scheme of the flag of Romania - with which Moldova shares a history and culture - but Moldova's blue band is lighter; the reverse of the flag displays a mirrored image of the coat of arms",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "aurochs (a type of wild cattle); national colors: blue, yellow, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Limba noastra\" (Our Language)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Alexei MATEEVICI/Alexandru CRISTEA"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1994"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "1 (cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Struve Geodetic Arc"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "upper middle-income Eastern European economy; sustained growth reversed by COVID-19; significant remittances; Russian energy and regional dependence; agricultural exporter; declining workforce due to emigration and low fertility"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$38.969 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$38.666 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$40.708 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "0.78% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "-5.02% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "13.93% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$15,900 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$15,300 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$15,700 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$16.539 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "13.42% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "28.74% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "5.11% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B3 (2010)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "7.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "17.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "61.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "85.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "18.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "19.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "1.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "35.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-59.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, maize, sunflower seeds, grapes, sugar beets, apples, milk, potatoes, barley, plums (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "sugar processing, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-11.74% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "1.43 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "1.62% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "0.91% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "0.79% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "31.1% (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021": {
        "text": "25.7 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "4.3% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "22.1% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "12.17% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "14.04% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "15.48% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$4.487 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$4.684 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2022": {
        "text": "34.52% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "18.94% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$1.893 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$2.482 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$1.699 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$5.866 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$5.981 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$4.197 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Romania 27%, Ukraine 15%, Italy 7%, Turkey 6%, Germany 5% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, insulated wire, garments, seed oils, corn (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$9.84 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$10.265 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$7.915 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Romania 23%, Russia 11%, Ukraine 10%, China 8%, Turkey 7% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, natural gas, cars, plastic products, insulated wire (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$5.453 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$4.474 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$3.902 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$2.852 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "18.164 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "18.897 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "17.68 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "17.322 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "17.573 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "625,000 kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "5.579 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "94 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "936 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "576.529 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "90.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "1.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "5.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "120,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "121,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "22,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "10,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "2.344 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "2.344 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "7.319 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "293,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "3.035 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "3.991 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "34.021 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "847,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "28 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "4.01 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "127 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "<p>the telecom market has been affected by a combination of high unemployment and economic difficulties which have led to constraints on consumer spending; Moldova’s aspirations to join the EU have encouraged the government and regulator to adopt a range of measures to bring the country’s telecoms sector into line with EU principles and standards; in July 2017 the Electronic Communications Act was amended to accommodate the 2009 European regulatory framework, while further amendments were adopted in December 2017 and additional changes were proposed in 2019; Moldova is also part of the Eastern Partnership group of countries, and as such has set in train a glidepath to reducing roaming charges, effective between 2022 and 2026; the country’s broadband strategy through to 2025 has been supported by the ITU and industry counterparts from Korea; the internet market is developing rapidly, and though the penetration rate is well below the average for most European countries there are many opportunities for further development; the number of cable broadband subscribers is increasing steadily, though fiber is now by far the strongest sector; by the end of 2020 fiber accounted for about 72.3% of all fixed broadband connections; the mobile market has also grown rapidly, and the sector accounts for the majority of total telecoms revenue; the launch of LTE services has opened up a new revenue growth opportunity centered on mobile broadband; the near comprehensive geographical reach of their mobile networks, market brand recognition and existing customer relationships will make for steady subscriber growth in coming years</p> (2024)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line service is 29 per 100; mobile cellular tele density is 127 per 100 persons (2022)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 373; service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - at least 3 - Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 1 TV and 1 radio station; a total of nearly 70 terrestrial TV channels and some 50 radio stations are in operation; Russian and Romanian channels also are available (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".md"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "64% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "841,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "27 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "6 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "21"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,135,999 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "640,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "ER"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "11 (2024)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "2,026 km gas (2021) (2021)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,171 km (2014)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "14 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge"
      },
      "broad gauge": {
        "text": "1,157 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9,488 km (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "558 km (2011) (in public use on Danube, Dniester and Prut Rivers)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "75 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 44, oil tanker 7, other 22"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Moldova (Forțele Armate ale Republicii Moldova): National Army (comprised of a General Staff, a Land Forces Command, and an Air Force Command)<br><br>Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Carabinieri Inspectorate (aka Carabinieri Troops or Trupele de Carabinieri), General Police Inspectorate (GPI), General Inspectorate of the Border Police (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Carabinieri is a quasi-militarized gendarmerie responsible for protecting public buildings, maintaining public order, and other national security functions; the GPI is the primary law enforcement body, responsible for internal security, public order, traffic, and criminal investigations; prior to 2012, the Border Police were under the armed forces and known as the Border Troops"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "0.5% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "0.4% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "0.4% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "0.4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "0.4% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 6,500 active-duty troops; approximately 2,000 Carabinieri (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory is limited and almost entirely comprised of Soviet-era equipment; in recent years, it has received donated equipment from Western European nations and the US (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 12-month service obligation (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2024, women made up about 23% of the military's full-time personnel"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the National Army is responsible for defense against external aggression, suppressing illegal military violence along the state border or inside the country, and supporting other internal security forces in maintaining public order if necessary; its primary focuses are Transnistrian separatist forces and their Russian backers; the 1992 war between Moldovan forces and the Transnistrian separatists backed by Russian troops ended with a cease-fire; the separatists maintain several armed paramilitary combat units, plus other security forces and reserves; Russia maintains approximately 1,500 troops in the breakaway region, including some Transnistrian locals who serve as Russian troops; some of those troops are under the authority of a peacekeeping force known as a Joint Control Commission that also includes Moldovan and separatist personnel, while the remainder of the Russian contingent guard a depot of Soviet-era ammunition and train Transnistrian separatist forces<br><br>Moldova is constitutionally neutral but has maintained a relationship with NATO since 1992; bilateral cooperation started when Moldova joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1994; Moldova has contributed small numbers of troops to NATO’s Kosovo Force (KFOR) since 2014, and a civilian NATO liaison office was established in Moldova in 2017 at the request of the Moldovan Government to promote practical cooperation and facilitate support (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "116,855 (Ukraine) (as of 7 April 2024)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "1,701 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity"
    }
  }
}