{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Several eastern Baltic tribes merged in medieval times to form the ethnic core of the Latvian people (ca. 8th-12th centuries A.D.). The region subsequently came under the control of Germans, Poles, Swedes, and finally Russians. A Latvian republic emerged following World War I, but the USSR annexed it in 1940 -- an action never recognized by the US and many other countries. Latvia reestablished its independence in 1991 after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Although the last Russian troops left in 1994, the status of the Russian minority (some 25% of the population) remains of concern to Moscow. Latvia joined both NATO and the EU in 2004; it joined the euro zone in 2014 and the OECD in 2016."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Estonia and Lithuania"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "57 00 N, 25 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "64,589 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "62,249 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "2,340 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly larger than West Virginia"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,370 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Belarus 161 km; Estonia 333 km; Lithuania 544 km; Russia 332 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "498 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "limits as agreed to by Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, and Russia"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "maritime; wet, moderate winters"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "low plain"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Gaizina Kalns 312 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Baltic Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "87 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "peat, limestone, dolomite, amber, hydropower, timber, arable land"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "29.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 18.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 10.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "54.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "16.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "6 sq km (2016)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> land in Latvia is often too wet and in need of drainage not irrigation; approximately 16,000 sq km or 85% of agricultural land has been improved by drainage"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "largest concentration of people is found in and around the port and capital city of Riga; small agglomerations are scattered throughout the country"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "large percentage of agricultural fields can become waterlogged and require drainage"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "most of the country is composed of fertile low-lying plains with some hills in the east"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,801,246"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "836,982"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "964,264 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Latvian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Latvian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Latvian 62.7%, Russian 24.5%, Belarusian 3.1%, Ukrainian 2.2%, Polish 2%, Lithuanian 1.1%, other 1.8%, unspecified 2.6% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Latvian (official) 56.3%, Russian 33.8%, other 0.6% (includes Polish, Ukrainian, and Belarusian), unspecified 9.4%&nbsp; (2011 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>World Factbook, neaizstājams avots pamata informāciju. (Latvian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent language usually spoken at home"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Lutheran 36.2%, Roman Catholic 19.5%, Orthodox 19.1%, other Christian 1.6%, other 0.1%, unspecified/none 23.5% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "14.7% (male 136,482/female 128,492)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "63% (male 562,754/female 572,850)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "22.2% (2024 est.) (male 137,746/female 262,922)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "59.3"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "24.9"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "34.4"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "2.9 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "45.5 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "41.6 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "49.2 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-1.14% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.3 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "14.7 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-4.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "largest concentration of people is found in and around the port and capital city of Riga; small agglomerations are scattered throughout the country"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "68.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "621,000 RIGA (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.52 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.87 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "27.3 years (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "18 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "5.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "76.4 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "72 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "81 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.55 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.76 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 98.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 1.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.5% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "7.5% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "3.4 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "5.5 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 98.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 85.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 94.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 1.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 14.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 5.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "23.6% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "12.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "4.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "1.7 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "5.3 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "37% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "50.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "23.7% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "21.1% (2020/21) NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "49.1% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "6% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "99.9%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "99.9% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17 years (2020)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "while land, water, and air pollution are evident, Latvia's environment has benefited from a shift to service industries after the country regained independence; improvements have occurred in drinking water quality, sewage treatment, household and hazardous waste management, as well as reduction of air pollution; concerns include nature protection and the management of water resources and the protection of the Baltic Sea"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "maritime; wet, moderate winters"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "29.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 18.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 10.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "54.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "16.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "68.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.85% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "12.02 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "7 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "1.85 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "857,000 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "181,941 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "21.2% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "90 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "40 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "34.94 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Latvia"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Latvia"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Latvijas Republika"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Latvija"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (while occupied by the USSR)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name \"Latvia\" originates from the ancient Latgalians, one of four eastern Baltic tribes that formed the ethnic core of the Latvian people (ca. 8th-12th centuries A.D.)"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Riga"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "56 57 N, 24 06 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "of the several theories explaining the name's origin, the one relating to the city's role in Baltic and North Sea commerce is the most probable; the name is likely related to the Latvian word \"rija,\" meaning \"warehouse,\" where the 'j' became a 'g' under the heavy German influence in the city from the late Middle Ages to the early 20th century"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "<p>36 municipalities (novadi, singular - novads) and 7 state cities (valstpilsetu pasvaldibas, singular valstspilsetas pasvaldiba)</p> <p><strong>municipalities:</strong> Adazi, Aizkraukle, Aluksne, Augsdaugava, Balvi, Bauska, Cesis, Dienvidkurzeme, Dobele, Gulbene, Jekabpils, Jelgava, Kekava, Kraslava, Kuldiga, Limbazi, Livani, Ludza, Madona, Marupe, Ogre, Olaine, Preili, Rezekne, Ropazi, Salaspils, Saldus, Saulkrasti, Sigulda, Smiltene, Talsi, Tukums, Valka, Valmiera, Varaklani, Ventspils</p> <p><strong>cities:</strong> Daugavpils, Jelgava, Jurmala, Liepaja, Rezekne, Riga, Ventspils</p>"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "18 November 1918 (from Soviet Russia); 4 May 1990 (declared from the Soviet Union); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day (Republic of Latvia Proclamation Day), 18 November (1918); note - 18 November 1918 was the date Latvia established its statehood and its concomitant independence from Soviet Russia; 4 May 1990 was the date it declared the restoration of Latvian statehood and its concomitant independence from the Soviet Union"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system with traces of socialist legal traditions and practices"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous (pre-1991 independence); note - following the restoration of independence in 1991, parts of the 1922 constitution were reintroduced 4 May 1990 and fully reintroduced 6 July 1993"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by two thirds of Parliament members or by petition of one tenth of qualified voters submitted through the president; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in each of three readings; amendment of constitutional articles, including national sovereignty, language, the parliamentary electoral system, and constitutional amendment procedures, requires passage in a referendum by majority vote of at least one half of the electorate; amended several times, last in 2019"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Latvia"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Edgars RINKEVICS (since 8 July 2023)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Evika SILINA (since 15 September 2023)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by Parliament"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 31 May 2023 (next to be held in 2027); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by Parliament"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2023: </em>Edgars RINKEVICS elected president in the third round; Parliament vote - Edgars RINKEVICS (Unity Party) 52, Uldis Pīlēns (independent) 25; Evika SILINA confirmed as prime minister 53-39<br><em><br>2019:</em> Egils LEVITS elected president; Parliament vote - Egils LEVITS (independent) 61, Didzis SMITS (KPV LV) 24, Juris JANSONS (independent) 8; Krisjanis KARINS confirmed as prime minister 61-39"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 15 September 2023, Parliament voted 53-39 to approve Prime Minister Evika SILINA"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Parliament (Saeima)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "100 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "10/1/2022"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "New Unity (VIENOTIBA) (26); Union of Farmers and Greens (ZZS) (16); United List - Latvian Green Party, Latvian Regional Alliance, Liepāja Party (15); National Alliance of All for Latvia!\" - \"For Fatherland and Freedom / LNNK\" (NA) (13); For Stability! (11); Progressives (10); Latvia First (9)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "31%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "October 2026"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of the Senate with 36 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by chief justice and confirmed by the Saeima; judges serve until age 70, but term can be extended 2 years; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by Saeima members, 2 by Cabinet ministers, and 2 by plenum of Supreme Court; all judges confirmed by Saeima majority vote; Constitutional Court president and vice president serve in their positions for 3 years; all judges serve 10-year terms; mandatory retirement at age 70"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "district (city) and regional courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Development/For! or AP!<br>For Stability or S!<br>For Latvia's Development LA<br>Harmony or S<br>Honor to Serve Riga! or GKR<br>Latvia First LPV<br>Latvian Green Party or LZP<br>National Alliance or NA<br>New Unity or JV<br>People, Land, Statehood TZV<br>Social Democratic Party \"Harmony\" or S<br>The Progressives or PRO<br>Union of Greens and Farmers or ZZS<br>United List or AS<br>We for Talsi and Municipality or MTuN"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Elita KUZMA (since 18 September 2024)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2306 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 328-2840"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 328-2860"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>embassy.usa@mfa.gov.lv<br><br>https://www2.mfa.gov.lv/en/usa"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Christopher ROBINSON (since 21 February 2023)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "1 Samnera Velsa Street (former Remtes), Riga LV-1510"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "4520 Riga Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-4520"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[371] 6710-7000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[371] 6710-7050"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>askconsular-riga@state.gov<br><br>https://lv.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width), and maroon; the flag is one of the older banners in the world; a medieval chronicle mentions a red standard with a white stripe being used by Latvian tribes in about 1280"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "white wagtail (bird); national colors: maroon, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Dievs, sveti Latviju!\" (God Bless Latvia)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Karlis BAUMANIS"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1920, restored 1990; first performed in 1873 while Latvia was a part of Russia; banned during the Soviet occupation from 1940 to 1990"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "3 (all cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Historic Center of Riga; Struve Geodetic Arc; Old town of Kuldīga"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "high-income EU and eurozone member; economic contraction triggered by export decline and energy shocks; recovery driven by easing inflation, wage growth, and investments supported by EU funds; challenges from skilled labor shortages, capital market access, large informal sector, and green and digital transitions&nbsp;"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$69.479 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$68.313 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$67.097 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "1.71% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "1.81% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "6.73% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$37,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$36,300 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$35,600 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$42.248 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "8.94% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "17.31% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "3.28% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "A- (2014)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "A3 (2015)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "A+ (2020)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "22.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "61.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "63.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "20.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "24.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "-0.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "67% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-70.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, milk, rapeseed, barley, oats, potatoes, rye, beans, peas, pork (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "processed foods, processed wood products, textiles, processed metals, pharmaceuticals, railroad cars, synthetic fibers, electronics"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "5.1% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "972,000 (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "6.53% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "6.82% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "7.51% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "12.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "10.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "22.5% (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021": {
        "text": "34.3 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "19.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "7.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.6% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "26.2% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "2.92% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "3.4% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "3.45% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$12.075 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$13.672 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "36.3% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "24.23% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$1.663 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$2.082 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$1.579 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$28.294 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$29.364 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$25.463 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Lithuania 18%, Estonia 10%, Germany 6%, Russia 6%, Sweden 5% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "wood, wheat, natural gas, electricity, broadcasting equipment (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$29.875 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$31.206 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$26.684 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Lithuania 22%, Estonia 10%, Germany 9%, Poland 9%, Russia 6% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "natural gas, refined petroleum, electricity, cars, packaged medicine (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$4.957 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$4.46 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$5.491 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "0.925 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "0.95 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "3.233 million kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "5.982 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "2.997 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "5.307 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "374.152 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "27.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "4.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "67.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "20,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "55,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "146,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "2,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "35,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "828.214 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "801.356 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "6.458 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "42,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "4.809 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "1.606 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "64.272 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "142,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "8 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "2.26 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "117 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "<p>the telecom market continues to benefit from investment and from regulatory measures aimed at developing 5G and fiber-based infrastructure; the mobile market is dominated by three operators and there is effective competition between them, with the smallest among them having almost a quarter of the market by subscribers; these multi-service operators have focused investment on fiber networks and on expanding the reach of 5G; mobile network capacity has been improved since 2022 following the auction of spectrum in the 700MHz and 1.5GHz bands; operators have entered into agreements with neighboring Estonia and Lithuania to coordinate the use of spectrum for 5G in border areas, improving coverage to end-users without interference; in the fixed-line broadband sector, the country is ranked among the highest in Europe for fiber coverage; it has the second highest rural FttP coverage after Denmark; with this infrastructure in place, the country has also developed a sophisticated digital economy, with e-commerce and e-government services widely available</p> (2024)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line 9 per 100 and mobile-cellular nearly 117 per 100 subscriptions (2022)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 371; the Latvian network is now connected via fiber-optic cable to Estonia, Finland, and Sweden"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "several national and regional commercial TV stations are foreign-owned, 2 national TV stations are publicly owned; system supplemented by privately owned regional and local TV stations; cable and satellite multi-channel TV services with domestic and foreign broadcasts available; publicly owned broadcaster operates 4 radio networks with dozens of stations throughout the country; dozens of private broadcasters also operate radio stations"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".lv"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "92% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "489,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "26 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "3 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "53"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "4,058,762 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "4.01 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "YL"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "56 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "5 (2024)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "1,213 km gas, 417 km refined products (2018)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,216 km (2020) 257 km electrified"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "57,972 km (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "300 km (2010) (navigable year-round)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "83 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "container ship 2, general cargo 30, oil tanker 10, other 41"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "5 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Lielupe, Liepaja, Riga, Salacgriva, Ventspils"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "National Armed Forces (Nacionalie Brunotie Speki or NBS): Land Forces (Latvijas Sauszemes Speki), Naval Force (Latvijas Juras Speki, includes Coast Guard (Latvijas Kara Flote)), Air Force (Latvijas Gaisa Speki), National Guard (aka Land Guard or Zemessardze) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the National Armed Forces (including the National Guard), the Defense Intelligence and Security Service, and the Constitution Protection Bureau are subordinate to the Ministry of Defense; the State Police, State Border Guards, and State Security Service are under the Ministry of Interior; the State Border Guard may become part of the armed forces during an emergency"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2024": {
        "text": "3.2% of GDP (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "2.4% of GDP (2023)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "2.1% of GDP (2022)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "2.1% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2.2% of GDP (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 8,000 active military forces; approximately 10,000 National Guard (2024)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Latvian military's inventory consists of a mix of European and US weapons and equipment (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 12 months mandatory military service for men 18-27 years of age (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> conscription was reintroduced in 2024<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> as of 2024, women comprised about 16.5% of the military's full-time personnel"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "135 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO) (2024)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the National Armed Forces are responsible for the defense of the country’s sovereignty and territory; they also have some domestic security responsibilities, including coast guard functions, search and rescue, humanitarian assistance, and providing support to other internal security services, including the State Border Service, the State Police, and the State Security Service; the Military Police provides protection to the president and other government officials, foreign dignitaries, and key facilities; for external defense, Latvia’s primary security focus is Russia<br><br>in 2004, Latvia joined NATO and the EU, which it depends on to play a decisive role in Latvia’s security policy; the Latvian military has participated in NATO and EU missions abroad and regularly conducts training and exercises with NATO and EU partner forces<br><br>Latvia also hosts NATO partner forces; since 2017, it has hosted a Canadian-led multinational NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the Alliance’s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative; in addition, Latvia hosts a NATO-led divisional headquarters (Multinational Division North; activated 2020), which coordinates training and preparation activities of its respective subordinate NATO battlegroups in Estonia and Latvia<br><br>the Air Force has no combat aircraft; NATO has provided air protection for Latvia since 2004 through its Baltics Air Policing mission; NATO member countries that possess air combat capabilities voluntarily contribute to the mission on four-month rotations<br><br>Latvia is a member of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "47,615 (Ukraine) (as of 6 March 2024)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "195,354 (2022); note - individuals who were Latvian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants were recognized as Latvian citizens when the country's independence was restored in 1991; citizens of the former Soviet Union residing in Latvia who have neither Latvian nor other citizenship are considered non-citizens (officially there is no statelessness in Latvia) and are entitled to non-citizen passports; children born after Latvian independence to stateless parents are entitled to Latvian citizenship upon their parents' request; non-citizens cannot vote or hold certain government jobs and are exempt from military service but can travel visa-free in the EU under the Schengen accord like Latvian citizens; non-citizens can obtain naturalization if they have been permanent residents of Latvia for at least five years, pass tests in Latvian language and history, and know the words of the Latvian national anthem"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "transshipment and destination point for cocaine, synthetic drugs, opiates, and cannabis from Southwest Asia, Western Europe, Latin America, and neighboring Baltic countries; despite improved legislation, vulnerable to money laundering due to nascent enforcement capabilities and comparatively weak regulation of offshore companies and the gaming industry; CIS organized crime (including counterfeiting, corruption, extortion, stolen cars, and prostitution) accounts for most laundered proceeds"
    }
  }
}