{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Uzbekistan is the geographic and population center of Central Asia, with a diverse economy and a relatively young population. Russia conquered and united the disparate territories of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of \"white gold\" (cotton) and grain led to the overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, leaving the land degraded and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half-dry. Independent since the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) dissolved in 1991, the country has diversified agricultural production while developing its mineral and petroleum export capacity and increasing its manufacturing base, although cotton remains a major part of its economy. Uzbekistan’s first president, Islom KARIMOV, led Uzbekistan for 25 years until his death in 2016. His successor, former Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV, has improved relations with Uzbekistan’s neighbors and introduced wide-ranging economic, judicial, and social reforms. MIRZIYOYEV was reelected in 2021 with 80% of the vote and again following a 2023 constitutional referendum with 87% of the vote."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Central Asia, north of Turkmenistan, south of Kazakhstan"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "41 00 N, 64 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "447,400 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "425,400 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "22,000 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "about four times the size of Virginia; slightly larger than California"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6,893 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Afghanistan 144 km; Kazakhstan 2,330 km; Kyrgyzstan 1,314 km; Tajikistan 1,312 km; Turkmenistan 1,793 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (doubly landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "mostly mid-latitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zaravshan; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Xazrat Sulton Tog' 4,643 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Sariqamish Kuli -12 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "62.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 10.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 51.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "7.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "29.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "37,320 sq km (2020)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Aral Sea (shared with Kazakhstan) - largely dried up"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Syr Darya (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan [m]) - 3,078 km; Amu Darya river mouth (shared with Tajikistan [s], Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan) - 2,620 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: <em>(Aral Sea basin)</em> Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the easternmost arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, while the central and western deserts are sparsely populated"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "earthquakes; floods; landslides or mudslides; avalanches; droughts"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "36,520,593"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18,324,813"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18,195,780 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Uzbekistani"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Uzbekistani"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Uzbek 83.8%, Tajik 4.8%, Kazakh 2.5%, Russian 2.3%, Karakalpak 2.2%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.9% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Uzbek (official) 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Jahon faktlari kitobi, asosiy ma'lumotlar uchun zaruriy manba. (Uzbek)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in the semi-autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan, both the Karakalpak language and Uzbek have official status"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 88% (mostly Sunni), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "29.6% (male 5,597,947/female 5,213,403)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "63.7% (male 11,649,017/female 11,617,411)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "6.7% (2024 est.) (male 1,077,849/female 1,364,966)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "54"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "46.3"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "7.2"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "13 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "28.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "28.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "29.8 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "1.43% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "20.5 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.1 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the easternmost arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, while the central and western deserts are sparsely populated"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "50.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "2.603 million TASHKENT (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.08 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.79 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "23.7 years (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "30 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "21.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "76.2 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "73.6 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "79 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.76 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.33 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 96.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 97.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 3.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 2.2% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "6.8% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "2.37 physicians/1,000 population (2014)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "4 beds/1,000 population (2014)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "16.6% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "2.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17.6% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "34% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1.1% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "1.8% (2021)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "68.6% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "0.2%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "3.4% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.9% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "100%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "100%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "100% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "12 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "12 years (2021)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "shrinkage of the Aral Sea has resulted in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to desertification and respiratory health problems; water pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals, including DDT"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "mostly mid-latitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "62.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 10.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 51.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "7.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "29.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "50.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "40.98 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "91.81 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "96.16 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "4 million tons (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Aral Sea (shared with Kazakhstan) - largely dried up"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Syr Darya (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan [m]) - 3,078 km; Amu Darya river mouth (shared with Tajikistan [s], Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan) - 2,620 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: <em>(Aral Sea basin)</em> Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "2.41 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "2.13 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "54.36 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "48.87 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Uzbekistan"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Uzbekistan"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "O'zbekiston Respublikasi"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "O'zbekiston"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "a combination of the Turkic words \"uz\" (self) and \"bek\" (master) with the Persian suffix \"-stan\" (country) to give the meaning \"Land of the Free\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic; highly authoritarian"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Tashkent (Toshkent)"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "41 19 N, 69 15 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "<em>tash</em> means \"stone\" and <em>kent</em> means \"city\" in Turkic languages, so the name simply denotes \"stone city\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "<p>12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonom respublikasi), and 3 cities** (shahar); Andijon Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati [Bukhara Province], Farg'ona Viloyati [Fergana Province], Jizzax Viloyati, Namangan Shahri, Namangan Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati, Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi), Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi [Karakalpakstan Republic]* (Nukus), Samarqand Shahri [Samarkand City], Samarqand Viloyati [Samarkand Province], Sirdaryo Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz), Toshkent Shahri [Tashkent City]**, Toshkent Viloyati [Nurafshon], Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch)  </p>",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) "
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 1 September (1991)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system;<strong> note:</strong> in early 2020, the president signed an amendment to the criminal code, criminal procedure code, and code of administrative responsibility; a constitutional referendum passed in April 2023 included criminal code reforms  "
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted 8 December 1992"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the Supreme Assembly or by referendum; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of both houses of the Assembly or passage in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2023"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in a public referendum passed in April 2023, among the changes were the extension of the presidential term to 7 years from 5 years, and modifications to the structure and powers of the Supreme Assembly and to the criminal code "
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Uzbekistan"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (since 14 December 2016)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Abdulla ARIPOV (since 14 December 2016)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with most requiring approval of the Senate chamber of the Supreme Assembly (Oliy Majlis)"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term; previously a 5-year term, extended to 7 years by a 2023 constitutional amendment); election last held on 9 July 2023&nbsp; (next to be held in 2030); prime minister nominated by majority party in the Supreme Assembly since 2011 but appointed along with the ministers and deputy ministers by the president"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "2023: Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV reelected president in snap election; percent of vote - Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (LDPU) 87.7%, Robaxon Maxmudova (Adolat) 4.5%, Ulugbek Inoyatov (PDP) 4%, Abdushukur Xamzayev (Ecological Party) 3.8%<br><br>2021: Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (LDPU) 80.3%, Maqsuda VORISOVA (PDP) 6.7%, Alisher QODIROV (National Revival Democratic Party) 5.5%, Narzullo OBLOMURODOV (Ecological Party) 4.1%, Bahrom ABDUHALIMOV (Adolat) 3.4%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Supreme Assembly (Oliy Majlis)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "bicameral"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - lower chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Legislative Chamber (Qonunchilik palatasi)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "150 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "mixed system"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "10/27/2024"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Movement of Entrepreneurs and Businesspeople - Liberal Democratic Party (UzLiDeP) (64); Milliy Tiklanish Democratic Party (O'zMTDP) (29); Social Democratic Party (\"Adolat\" SDP) (21); People's Democratic Party (XDP) (20); Ecological Party (O'EP) (16)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "38%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "October 2029"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - upper chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Senate (Senat)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "65 (56 indirectly elected; 9 appointed)"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "11/7/2024 to 11/12/2024"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "24.6%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "November 2029"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of 67 judges organized into administrative, civil, criminal, and economic sections); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "judges of the highest courts nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate of the Oliy Majlis; judges appointed for a single 10-year term; the court chairman and deputies appointed for 10-year terms without the right to reelection. (Article 132 of the constitution)"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "regional, district, city, and town courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Ecological Party of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Ekologik Partivasi)<br>Justice (Adolat) Social Democratic Party of Uzbekistan<br>Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Liberal-Demokratik Partiyasi) or LDPU<br>National Revival Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Milliy Tiklanish Demokratik Partiyasi)<br>People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (Xalq Demokratik Partiyas) or PDP (formerly Communist Party)"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, EAEU (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EEU (observer), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Furqat SIDIKOV (since 19 April 2023)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 887-5300"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 293-6804"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info.washington@mfa.uz<br><br>https://www.uzbekistan.org/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Jonathan HENICK (since 14 October 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "3 Moyqorghon, 5th Block, Yunusobod District, 100093 Tashkent"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "7110 Tashkent Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-7110"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[998] 78-120-5450"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[998] 78-120-6335"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ACSTashkent@state.gov<br><br>https://uz.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a vertical, white crescent moon (closed side to the hoist) and 12 white, five-pointed stars shifted to the hoist on the top band; blue is the color of the Turkic peoples and of the sky, white signifies peace and the striving for purity in thoughts and deeds, while green represents nature and is the color of Islam; the red stripes are the vital force of all living organisms that links good and pure ideas with the eternal sky and with deeds on earth; the crescent represents Islam and the 12 stars the months and constellations of the Uzbek calendar"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "khumo (mythical bird); national colors: blue, white, red, green"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"O'zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi\" (National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Abdulla ARIPOV/Mutal BURHANOV"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1992; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet Republic but adopted new lyrics"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "7 (5 cultural, 2 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Itchan Kala (c); Historic Bukhara (c); Historic Shakhrisyabz (c); Samarkand - Crossroad of Cultures (c); Western Tien Shan (n); Cold Winter Deserts of Turan (n); Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "lower middle-income Central Asian economy; CIS Free Trade Area member but no intention of EAEU membership; key natural gas, cotton, and gold exporter; landlocked and environmentally fragile; positive growth through COVID-19, but poverty increasing"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$356.797 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$335.678 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$316.674 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "6.29% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "6% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "7.4% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$10,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$9,600 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$9,200 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$101.592 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "11.45% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "10.85% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "12.87% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "BB- (2018)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B1 (2019)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "BB- (2018)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "20.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "30.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "43.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "68.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "14.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "32.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "2.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "23.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-40.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "milk, wheat, carrots/turnips, cotton, potatoes, tomatoes, grapes, vegetables, watermelons, apples (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, mining, hydrocarbon extraction, chemicals"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "6.18% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "13.837 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "4.53% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "4.54% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.35% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "11% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022": {
        "text": "31.2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "46.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "3.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "23.2% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "13.95% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "17.22% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "11.99% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$20.578 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$20.79 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "24.3% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "11.99% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$7.8 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$2.846 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$4.898 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$25.05 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$20.966 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$16.442 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Switzerland 25%, Russia 15%, China 12%, Turkey 9%, Kazakhstan 7% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, cotton yarn, garments, natural gas, refined copper (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$42.646 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$35.643 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$27.936 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 24%, Russia 19%, Kazakhstan 12%, South Korea 8%, Turkey 6% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, cars, wheat, refined petroleum (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$34.558 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$35.774 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$35.375 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$27.185 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "11,734.833 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "11,050.145 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "10,609.464 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "10,054.261 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "8,836.788 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "16.926 million kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "67.642 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "2.644 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "6.232 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "10.704 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "93.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "6.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "5.356 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "7.396 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "9,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "2.194 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1.375 billion metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "64,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "91,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "594 million barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "47.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "43.227 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "5.595 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "12,000 cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1.841 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "103.219 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "9.807 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "11.041 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "82.37 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "53.528 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "6.147 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "17 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "37.5 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "103 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Uzbekistan&rsquo;s telecom markets both wireline and wireless have been playing \"catch up\" in terms of their development following the country's independence from the former Soviet Union; the government has formally adopted the principles of operating as a market economy, many elements of the old centrally planned economic model remain; this has had the effect of reducing the level of interest from foreign companies and investors in building out the necessary underlying infrastructure, which in turn has constrained the rate of growth in the country&rsquo;s telecoms sector; the last five years has seen an upswing in prospects for the sector as fiber network roll outs continue beyond the main urban centers, while the mobile market experiences some consolidation for stronger, more efficient competitors; growth is present in the fixed broadband segment with penetration projected to reach 24% by 2027 (a 5-year CAGR of 6.2%); despite the promising signs in the fixed markets, it is the mobile segment that continues to dominate Uzbekistan&rsquo;s telecoms sector in terms of penetration, revenue, and growth;&nbsp; there are four major operators providing a modicum of competition; three of the four are government owned entities (2024)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line nearly 16 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular teledensity of 103 per 100 persons (2022)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 998; linked by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; the country also has a link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; Uzbekistan has supported the national fiber-optic backbone project of Afghanistan since 2008"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "the government controls media; 17 state-owned broadcasters - 13 TV and 4 radio - provide service to virtually the entire country; about 20 privately owned TV stations, overseen by local officials, broadcast to local markets; privately owned TV stations are required to lease transmitters from the government-owned Republic TV and Radio Industry Corporation; in 2019, the Uzbek Agency for Press and Information was reorganized into the Agency of Information and Mass Communications and became part of the Uzbek Presidential Administration (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".uz"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "89% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10.8 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "30 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "34"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "3,056,558 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "89.43 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "UK"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "74 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "3 (2024)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "13,700 km gas, 944 km oil (2016)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,642 km (2018)"
      },
      "broad gauge": {
        "text": "4,642 km (2018) 1.520-m gauge (1,684 km electrified)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "225,500 km (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,100 km (2012)"
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces of Uzbekistan: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces; National Guard <br><br>Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Security Troops, Border Guards, police (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the National Guard is under the Defense Ministry, but is independent of the other military services; it is responsible for ensuring public order and the security of diplomatic missions, radio and television broadcasting, and other state entities"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "2.8% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "2.9% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "2.7% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2016": {
        "text": "2.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2015": {
        "text": "2.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "information varies; approximately 50-60,000 active-duty troops, including 10-15,000 Air Force (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Uzbek Armed Forces use mainly Russian or Soviet-era weapons and equipment with smaller quantities of items from suppliers such as China, Turkey, and the US; Uzbekistan has a small defense industry, which is involved in repairing and maintaining aircraft and armored vehicles, as well as producing light armored vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles/drones, and other military items (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; 12-month conscript service obligation for men (those conscripted have the option of paying for a shorter service of 1 month while remaining in the reserves until the age of 27) (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Uzbek citizens who have completed their service terms in the armed forces have privileges in employment and admission to higher educational institutions"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the military’s primary concerns and responsibilities are border security, ensuring the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, instability in neighboring countries, and terrorism; the military is equipped largely with Soviet-era arms and its units are based on Soviet Army formations that were in the territory of Uzbekistan when the USSR collapsed in 1991; the armed forces were established in January 1992 when Uzbekistan assumed jurisdiction over all former Soviet ground, air, and air defense units, formations, and installations then deployed on its soil; the building hosting the headquarters for the ex-Soviet Turkestan Military District became the headquarters for the Uzbek armed forces; all former Soviet troops departed Uzbekistan by 1995<br><br>Uzbekistan joined the Russian-sponsored Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in the 1990s but withdrew in 1999; it returned in 2006 but left again in 2012; although it is not part of CSTO, Uzbekistan continues to maintain defense ties with Russia, including joint military exercises and defense industrial cooperation; it also has defense ties with other regional countries, including India, Pakistan, and Turkey; it is part of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and participates in SCO training exercises (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Space": {
    "Space agency/agencies": {
      "text": "Agency for Space Research and Technology (Uzbekcosmos; established 2019) (2024)"
    },
    "Space program overview": {
      "text": "has a small space program focused on acquiring satellites and developing the country’s space industry; Uzbekcosmos largely sets state policy and shapes the strategic direction, development, and use of the country’s space-related industries and technologies in key sectors, including cartography, environmental and disaster monitoring, land use, resource management, and telecommunications; also has an astronomy program; cooperates with foreign space agencies or commercial companies from a variety of countries, including those of Canada, China, France, India, Israel, Kazakhstan, Russia, South Korea, and Spain (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic Jihad Union; Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Khorasan (ISIS-K)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> these groups have typically been active in the area where the Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Tajik borders converge and ill-defined and porous borders allow for the relatively free movement of people and illicit goods <strong><br><br>note 2:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "13,031 (Afghanistan) (mid-year 2022)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "31,829 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>a transit country for Afghan heroin, opium, and hashish destined to Kazakhstan, Russia, and Europe;  cannabis and opium poppy are grown domestically for personal use and sale</p>"
    }
  }
}