{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "

The Tajik people came under Russian imperial rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. At that time, bands of indigenous guerrillas (known as \"basmachi\") fiercely contested Bolshevik control of the area, which was not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan was first established as an autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924, but in 1929 the Soviet Union made Tajikistan as a separate republic and transferred to it much of present-day Sughd Province. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Tajikistan, and ethnic Tajiks an even larger minority in Uzbekistan. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 after the breakup of the Soviet Union, and the country experienced a civil war among political, regional, and religious factions from 1992 to 1997.

Despite Tajikistan's general elections for both the presidency (once every seven years) and legislature (once every five years), observers note an electoral system rife with irregularities and abuse, and results that are neither free nor fair. President Emomali RAHMON, who came to power in 1992 during the civil war and was first elected president in 1994, used an attack planned by a disaffected deputy defense minister in 2015 to ban the last major opposition party in Tajikistan. RAHMON further strengthened his position by having himself declared \"Founder of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation,\" with limitless terms and lifelong immunity through constitutional amendments ratified in a referendum. The referendum also lowered the minimum age required to run for president from 35 to 30, which made RAHMON's first-born son Rustam EMOMALI, the mayor of the capital city of Dushanbe, eligible to run for president in 2020. RAHMON orchestrated EMOMALI's selection in 2020 as chairman of the Majlisi Milli (the upper chamber of Tajikistan's parliament), positioning EMOMALI as next in line of succession for the presidency. RAHMON opted to run in the presidential election later that year and received 91% of the vote.

The country remains the poorest of the former Soviet republics. Tajikistan became a member of the WTO in 2013, but its economy continues to face major challenges, including dependence on remittances from Tajikistani migrant laborers in Russia and Kazakhstan, pervasive corruption, the opiate trade, and destabilizing violence emanating from neighboring Afghanistan. Tajikistan has endured several domestic security incidents since 2010, including armed conflict between government forces and local strongmen in the Rasht Valley and between government forces and informal leaders in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. Tajikistan suffered its first ISIS-claimed attack in 2018, when assailants attacked a group of Western bicyclists, killing four. Friction between forces on the border between Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic flared up in 2021, culminating in fatal clashes between border forces in 2021 and 2022.

" } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Central Asia, west of China, south of Kyrgyzstan" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "39 00 N, 71 00 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Asia" }, "Area": { "total ": { "text": "144,100 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "141,510 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "2,590 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than Wisconsin" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "4,130 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Afghanistan 1,357 km; China 477 km; Kyrgyzstan 984 km; Uzbekistan 1,312 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "0 km (landlocked)" }, "Maritime claims": { "text": "none (landlocked)" }, "Climate": { "text": "mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains" }, "Terrain": { "text": "mountainous region dominated by the Alay Mountains in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofirnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest" }, "Elevation": { "highest point": { "text": "Qullai Somoniyon 7,495 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m" }, "mean elevation": { "text": "3,186 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "34.7% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 6.1% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 27.7% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "2.9% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "62.4% (2018 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "5,690 sq km (2020)" }, "Major rivers (by length in km)": { "text": "Syr Darya (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan [m]) - 3,078 km; Amu Darya river source (shared with Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan [m]) - 2,620 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth" }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea Basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the country's population is concentrated at lower elevations, with perhaps as much as 90% of the people living in valleys; overall density increases from east to west" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "earthquakes; floods" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "total": { "text": "10,394,063" }, "male": { "text": "5,221,818" }, "female": { "text": "5,172,245 (2024 est.)" } }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Tajikistani(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Tajikistani" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Tajik 84.3% (includes Pamiri and Yagnobi), Uzbek 13.8%, other 2% (includes Kyrgyz, Russian, Turkmen, Tatar, Arab) (2014 est.)" }, "Languages": { "Languages": { "text": "Tajik (official) 84.4%, Uzbek 11.9%, Kyrgyz 0.8%, Russian 0.5%, other 2.4% (2010 est.)" }, "major-language sample(s)": { "text": "
Китоби Фактҳои Ҷаҳонӣ, манбаи бебадали маълумоти асосӣ (Tajik)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information." }, "note": "note: Russian widely used in government and business" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 98% (Sunni 95%, Shia 3%) other 2% (2014 est.)" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

Tajikistan has a youthful age structure with almost 50% of the population under the age of 25.  As a Soviet republic, Tajikistan had the highest fertility rate in the Soviet Union.  The total fertility rate – the average number of births per woman – was highest in the mid-1970s, when it reached 6.3.  In an effort to expand populations to meet economic goals, the Soviets provided resources that made large families affordable.  The fertility rate decreased to 5 by the time of independence in 1991 and continued to decline thereafter.  In 1996, the Tajik Government discontinued subsidies for large families and having several children became too expensive.  The loss of subsidies, the 5-year civil war that followed independence, and other factors caused fertility to continue to fall steadily, but it remains above replacement level at 2.5.  The availability of healthcare providers and family planning services is limited, contributing to couples having more children than they would like.  As of 2017, 21% of women were using contraceptives.

Tajikistan’s ethnic make-up changed with the Soviet’s introduction of industrialization.  Large numbers of Russian and Ukrainian immigrants arrived in the mid-1920s. Some were forced to immigrate while others came voluntarily to work in the cotton industry and in Tajikistan’s Soviet Government.  The Russian and Ukrainian immigrants formed urban communities, while Tajiks and Uzbeks continued to live predominantly in rural areas.  In addition, thousands of Tatars and Germans were deported to Tajikistan, accused of Nazi complicity during WWII. 

Tajikistan’s ethnic composition was later shaped by the post-independence civil war from 1992-1997 and the economic devastation that followed.  Most non-Tajik ethnic groups, including Uzbeks, Russians, Kyrgyz, and Ukrainians, fled to Russia and other former Soviet republics and many never returned, making the country overwhelming Tajik; approximately 80% of the population was Tajik by 2000. 

Since the mid-1990s, labor has probably been Tajikistan’s main export.  Remittances accounted for 30% of GDP in 2018 and are Tajikistan’s largest source of external income.  Poverty, a lack of jobs, and higher wages abroad push Tajiks to emigrate.  Russia – particularly Moscow – is the main destination, while a smaller number of religious Muslims, usually of Uzbek ancestry, migrate to Uzbekistan.  The vast majority of labor migrants are unskilled or low-skilled young men who work primarily in construction but also agriculture, transportation, and retail.  Many Tajik families are dependent on the money they send home for necessities, such as food and clothing, as well as for education and weddings rather than investment.

" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "36.9% (male 1,953,472/female 1,877,192)" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "59.3% (male 3,086,964/female 3,071,642)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "3.9% (2024 est.) (male 181,382/female 223,411)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "65.9" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "60.4" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "5.5" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "18.1 (2021 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "22.8 years (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "22.3 years" }, "female": { "text": "23.2 years" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "1.92% (2024 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "25.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "4.7 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the country's population is concentrated at lower elevations, with perhaps as much as 90% of the people living in valleys; overall density increases from east to west" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "28.2% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "987,000 DUSHANBE (capital) (2023)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.04 male(s)/female" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "1 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.81 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "23.2 years (2017 est.)" }, "Maternal mortality ratio": { "text": "17 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "21.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "24.3 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "18.9 deaths/1,000 live births" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "71.9 years (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "70.1 years" }, "female": { "text": "73.8 years" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "3.56 children born/woman (2024 est.)" }, "Gross reproduction rate": { "text": "1.73 (2024 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "29.3% (2017)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 96.5% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 79.9% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 84.4% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 3.5% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 20.1% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 15.6% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Current health expenditure": { "text": "8.2% of GDP (2020)" }, "Physician density": { "text": "1.72 physicians/1,000 population (2014)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "4.7 beds/1,000 population (2014)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 98.9% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 99.6% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 99.4% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 1.1% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 0.4% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0.6% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "14.2% (2016)" }, "Alcohol consumption per capita": { "total": { "text": "0.85 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "beer": { "text": "0.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "wine": { "text": "0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "spirits": { "text": "0.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "other alcohols": { "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" } }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "7.6% (2017)" }, "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": { "text": "72% (2023 est.)" }, "Child marriage": { "women married by age 15": { "text": "0.1%" }, "women married by age 18": { "text": "8.7% (2017 est.)" } }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5.9% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write" }, "total population": { "text": "99.8%" }, "male": { "text": "99.8%" }, "female": { "text": "99.7% (2015)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "11 years" }, "male": { "text": "12 years" }, "female": { "text": "11 years (2013)" } } }, "Environment": { "Environment - current issues": { "text": "areas of high air pollution from motor vehicles and industry; water pollution from agricultural runoff and disposal of untreated industrial waste and sewage; poor management of water resources; soil erosion; increasing levels of soil salinity" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "none of the selected agreements" } }, "Climate": { "text": "mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "34.7% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 6.1% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 27.7% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "2.9% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "62.4% (2018 est.)" } }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "28.2% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "text": "1.12% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Revenue from coal": { "text": "0.54% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { "text": "53.65 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "5.31 megatons (2016 est.)" }, "methane emissions": { "text": "4.87 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,787,400 tons (2013 est.)" } }, "Major rivers (by length in km)": { "text": "Syr Darya (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan [m]) - 3,078 km; Amu Darya river source (shared with Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan [m]) - 2,620 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth" }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea Basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)" }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { "text": "910 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { "text": "1.61 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { "text": "7.38 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { "text": "21.91 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Republic of Tajikistan" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Tajikistan" }, "local long form": { "text": "Jumhurii Tojikiston" }, "local short form": { "text": "Tojikiston" }, "former": { "text": "Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic" }, "etymology": { "text": "the Persian suffix \"-stan\" means \"place of\" or \"country,\" so the word Tajikistan literally means \"Land of the Tajik [people]\"" } }, "Government type": { "text": "presidential republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Dushanbe" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "38 33 N, 68 46 E" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "etymology": { "text": "today's city was originally at the crossroads where a large bazaar occurred on Mondays, hence the name Dushanbe, which in Persian means Monday, i.e., the second day (du) after Saturday (shambe)" } }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor), 1 capital region** (viloyati poytakht), and 1 area referred to as Districts Under Republic Administration***; Dushanbe**, Khatlon (Bokhtar), Kuhistoni Badakhshon [Gorno-Badakhshan]* (Khorugh), Nohiyahoi Tobei Jumhuri***, Sughd (Khujand)", "note": "note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses" }, "Independence": { "text": "9 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)" }, "Legal system": { "text": "civil law system" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "several previous; latest adopted 6 November 1994" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by at least one third of the total membership of both houses of the Supreme Assembly; adoption of any amendment requires a referendum, which includes approval of the president or approval by at least two-thirds majority of the Assembly of Representatives; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of votes; constitutional articles, including Tajikistan’s form of government, its territory, and its democratic nature, cannot be amended; amended 1999, 2003, 2016" } }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "no" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Tajikistan" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "no" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "5 years or 3 years of continuous residence prior to application" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President Emomali RAHMON (since 16 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly Chairman since 20 November 1992)" }, "head of government": { "text": "Prime Minister Qohir RASULZODA (since 23 November 2013)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (two-term limit); however, as the \"Leader of the Nation\" President RAHMON has no term limit; election last held on 11 October 2020 (next to be held in 2027); prime minister appointed by the president" }, "election results": { "text": "
2020: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMON (PDPT) 92.1%, Rustam LATIFZODA (APT) 3.1%, other 4.8%

2013: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMON (PDPT) 84%, Ismoil TALBAKOV CPT) 5%, other 11%" } }, "Legislative branch": { "legislature name": { "text": "Supreme Council (Majlisi Oli)" }, "legislative structure": { "text": "bicameral" } }, "Legislative branch - lower chamber": { "chamber name": { "text": "House of Representatives (Majlisi namoyandogon)" }, "number of seats": { "text": "63 (all directly elected)" }, "electoral system": { "text": "mixed system" }, "scope of elections": { "text": "full renewal" }, "term in office": { "text": "5 years" }, "most recent election date": { "text": "3/1/2020" }, "parties elected and seats per party": { "text": "People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan (PDPT) (47); Agrarian Party of Tajikistan (APT) (7); Party of Economic Reforms of Tajikistan (PERT) (5); Other (4)" }, "percentage of women in chamber": { "text": "27%" }, "expected date of next election": { "text": "March 2025" } }, "Legislative branch - upper chamber": { "chamber name": { "text": "National Assembly (Majlisi milli)" }, "number of seats": { "text": "33 (25 indirectly elected; 8 appointed)" }, "scope of elections": { "text": "full renewal" }, "term in office": { "text": "5 years" }, "most recent election date": { "text": "3/27/2020" }, "percentage of women in chamber": { "text": "25.8%" }, "expected date of next election": { "text": "March 2025" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest court(s)": { "text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairmen, and 34 judges organized into civil, family, criminal, administrative offense, and military chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of the court chairman, deputy chairman, and 5 judges); High Economic Court (consists of 16 judicial positions)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and High Economic Court judges nominated by the president and approved by the National Assembly; judges of all 3 courts appointed for 10-year renewable terms with no term limits, but the last appointment must occur before the age of 65" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "regional and district courts; Dushanbe City Court; viloyat (province level) courts; Court of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region" } }, "Political parties": { "text": "Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT
Communist Party of Tajikistan or CPT
Democratic Party of Tajikistan or DPT
Party of Economic Reform of Tajikistan or PERT
People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT
Social Democratic Party of Tajikistan or SDPT
Socialist Party of Tajikistan or SPT" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Farrukh HAMRALIZODA (since 17 February 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 223-6090" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 223-6091" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
tajemus@mfa.tj

https://mfa.tj/en/washington" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Manuel P. MICALLER Jr. (since 9 March 2023)" }, "embassy": { "text": "109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue (Zarafshon district), Dushanbe 734019" }, "mailing address": { "text": "7090 Dushanbe Place, Washington DC  20521-7090" }, "telephone": { "text": "[992] (37) 229-20-00" }, "FAX": { "text": "[992] (37) 229-20-50" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
DushanbeConsular@state.gov

https://tj.usembassy.gov/" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe; red represents the sun, victory, and the unity of the nation, white stands for purity, cotton, and mountain snows, while green is the color of Islam and the bounty of nature; the crown symbolizes the Tajik people; the seven stars signify the Tajik magic number \"seven\" - a symbol of perfection and the embodiment of happiness" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "crown surmounted by an arc of seven, five-pointed stars; snow leopard; national colors: red, white, green" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"Surudi milli\" (National Anthem)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Gulnazar KELDI/Sulaimon YUDAKOV" }, "note": "note: adopted 1991; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet republic but adopted new lyrics" }, "National heritage": { "total World Heritage Sites": { "text": "4 (2 cultural, 2 natural)" }, "selected World Heritage Site locales": { "text": "Proto-urban Site of Sarazm (c); Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) (n); Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor (c); Tugay forests of the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve (n)" } } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "lower middle-income Central Asian economy; key gold, cotton, and aluminum exporter; declining poverty; sustained high growth; very limited private sector; substantial illicit drug trade; significant remittances; environmentally fragile" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": { "text": "$46.467 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": { "text": "$42.905 billion (2022 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": { "text": "$39.727 billion (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: data in 2021 dollars" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2023": { "text": "8.3% (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2022": { "text": "8% (2022 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2021": { "text": "9.4% (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2023": { "text": "$4,500 (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2022": { "text": "$4,200 (2022 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2021": { "text": "$4,000 (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: data in 2021 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$12.061 billion (2023 est.)", "note": "note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "7.7% (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": { "text": "3.9% (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "7.3% (2017 est.)" }, "note": "note: annual % change based on consumer prices" }, "Credit ratings": { "Moody's rating": { "text": "B3 (2017)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "B- (2017)" }, "note": "note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained." }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "22.9% (2022 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "34.7% (2022 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "34.1% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data" }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "87.6% (2022 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "10.1% (2022 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "31.7% (2022 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "3.8% (2022 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "16.4% (2022 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-49.1% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection" }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "milk, potatoes, wheat, watermelons, onions, cotton, tomatoes, carrots/turnips, vegetables, beef (2022)", "note": "note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage" }, "Industries": { "text": "aluminum, cement, coal, gold, silver, antimony, textile, vegetable oil" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "9.26% (2022 est.)", "note": "note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency" }, "Labor force": { "text": "2.724 million (2023 est.)", "note": "note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2023": { "text": "6.98% (2023 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2022": { "text": "6.98% (2022 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2021": { "text": "7.25% (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: % of labor force seeking employment" }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { "text": "16.9% (2023 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "19.5% (2023 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "13.2% (2023 est.)" }, "note": "note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "22.5% (2022 est.)", "note": "note: % of population with income below national poverty line" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { "text": "34 (2015 est.)" }, "note": "note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality" }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "3% (2015 est.)" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "26.4% (2015 est.)" }, "note": "note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population" }, "Remittances": { "Remittances 2023": { "text": "38.42% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "Remittances 2022": { "text": "49.9% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Remittances 2021": { "text": "32.69% of GDP (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities" }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "$2.268 billion (2022 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "$1.145 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "50.4% of GDP (2017 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "10.34% (of GDP) (2022 est.)", "note": "note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2023": { "text": "$584.022 million (2023 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2022": { "text": "$1.635 billion (2022 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2021": { "text": "$735.526 million (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars" }, "Exports": { "Exports 2023": { "text": "$2.105 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Exports 2022": { "text": "$1.753 billion (2022 est.)" }, "Exports 2021": { "text": "$2.161 billion (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars" }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "Kazakhstan 20%, Switzerland 19%, China 17%, Turkey 8%, Uzbekistan 8% (2022)", "note": "note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "gold, precious metal ore, cotton, copper ore, aluminum (2022)", "note": "note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2023": { "text": "$5.931 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Imports 2022": { "text": "$5.261 billion (2022 est.)" }, "Imports 2021": { "text": "$4.258 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars" }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "China 33%, Russia 22%, Kazakhstan 13%, Uzbekistan 6%, Turkey 6% (2022)", "note": "note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "refined petroleum, garments, wheat, cars, natural gas (2022)", "note": "note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": { "text": "$3.847 billion (2022 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": { "text": "$2.499 billion (2021 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020": { "text": "$2.238 billion (2020 est.)" }, "note": "note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2023": { "text": "$3.191 billion (2023 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "Currency": { "text": "Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2023": { "text": "10.845 (2023 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2022": { "text": "11.031 (2022 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2021": { "text": "11.309 (2021 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "10.322 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "9.53 (2019 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2022 est.)" }, "electrification - urban areas": { "text": "99%" }, "electrification - rural areas": { "text": "100%" } }, "Electricity": { "installed generating capacity": { "text": "5.993 million kW (2022 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "14.32 billion kWh (2022 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "3.051 billion kWh (2022 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "883 million kWh (2022 est.)" }, "transmission/distribution losses": { "text": "4.399 billion kWh (2022 est.)" } }, "Electricity generation sources": { "fossil fuels": { "text": "10.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)" }, "hydroelectricity": { "text": "89.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)" } }, "Coal": { "production": { "text": "2.175 million metric tons (2022 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "2.245 million metric tons (2022 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "2,000 metric tons (2022 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "105,000 metric tons (2022 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "4.075 billion metric tons (2022 est.)" } }, "Petroleum": { "total petroleum production": { "text": "300 bbl/day (2023 est.)" }, "refined petroleum consumption": { "text": "28,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)" }, "crude oil estimated reserves": { "text": "12 million barrels (2021 est.)" } }, "Natural gas": { "production": { "text": "18.476 million cubic meters (2022 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "85.567 million cubic meters (2022 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "65.997 million cubic meters (2022 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "5.663 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)" } }, "Carbon dioxide emissions": { "total emissions": { "text": "8.324 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)" }, "from coal and metallurgical coke": { "text": "4.982 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)" }, "from petroleum and other liquids": { "text": "3.174 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)" }, "from consumed natural gas": { "text": "168,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)" } }, "Energy consumption per capita": { "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": { "text": "16.255 million Btu/person (2022 est.)" } } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "502,000 (2021 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "5 (2022 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "11.6 million (2021 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "119 (2021 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "the size of Tajikistan’s mobile market dwarfs the fixed line segment, with an estimated penetration rate of nearly 120%; with a number of private sector companies active in the mobile market, there been more commitment to investment in network upgrades and expansion; three MNOs have all launched commercial 5G services, initially in areas of the capital city Dushanbe; the move towards higher speed mobile services should further underpin the growth in the nascent mobile broadband market, which is still estimated to be at a relatively low penetration level of 42% (at least relative to most other Asian nations) but is predicted to be a strong compound annual growth rate of more than 8% for at least the next five years; the ICT ecosystem is a complex mix of foreign operators from the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation, state-owned enterprises, and telecom systems established by donors and non-governmental organizations (2024)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line over 5 per 100 and mobile-cellular over 119 per 100 (2022)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); 3 satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat and 1 Orbita" } }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run TV broadcasters transmit nationally on 9 TV and 10 radio stations, and regionally on 4 stations; 31 independent TV and 20 radio stations broadcast locally and regionally; many households are able to receive Russian and other foreign stations via cable and satellite (2016)" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".tj" }, "Internet users": { "percent of population": { "text": "36% (2022 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "6,000 (2022 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "(2022 est.) less than 1" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "2 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "6" }, "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "492,320 (2018)" }, "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "2.34 million (2018) mt-km" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "EY" }, "Airports": { "text": "19 (2024)" }, "Pipelines": { "text": "549 km gas, 38 km oil (2013)" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "680 km (2014)" }, "broad gauge": { "text": "680 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge" } }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "30,000 km (2018)" } }, "Waterways": { "text": "200 km (2011) (along Vakhsh River)" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan: Land Forces, Mobile Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces; National Guard

Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Troops (reserves for Armed Forces in wartime), police

State Committee on National Security: Border Guard Forces (2023)", "note": "note: the National Guard, formerly the Presidential Guard, is tasked with ensuring public safety and security, similar to the tasks of the Internal Troops; it also takes part in ceremonial duties" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2023": { "text": "1.2% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2022": { "text": "1.1% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2021": { "text": "1.2% of GDP (2021 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2020": { "text": "1% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "2.1% of GDP (2019 est.)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "approximately 10,000 active-duty troops (8,000 Land and Mobile Forces; 2,000 Air and Air Defense Forces) (2023)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the military's inventory is comprised mostly of older Russian and Soviet-era weapons and equipment; it also has smaller amounts of items from suppliers such as China, Turkey, and the US; in 2022, Tajikistan opened a plant to produce an Iranian-designed unmanned aerial vehicle under license (2024)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory (men only) or voluntary (men and women) military service; 24-month conscript service obligation (2023)", "note": "note: in August 2021, the Tajik Government removed an exemption for university graduates but began allowing men to pay a fee in order to avoid conscription, although there is a cap on the number of individuals who can take advantage of this exemption" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the military's primary concerns are terrorism, border security, territorial defense, and instability in neighboring countries; Russia is Tajikistan’s primary security partner and thousands of Russian troops are stationed in the country, primarily at the 201st military base, which is leased until at least 2042; Russia and Tajikistan have a joint air defense system and they conduct periodic joint exercises; Tajikistan has been a member of the Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and contributes troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force

Tajikistan is the only former Soviet republic that did not form its armed forces from old Soviet Army units following the collapse of the USSR in 1991; rather, Russia retained command of the Soviet units there while the Tajik government raised a military from scratch; the first ground forces were officially created in 1993 from groups that fought for the government during the Tajik Civil War (2023)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)", "note": "note 1: US-designated foreign terrorist groups such as the Islamic Jihad Union, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, and the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham-Khorasan Province have operated in the area where the Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Tajik borders converge and ill-defined and porous borders allow for the relatively free movement of people and illicit goods 

note 2: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "6,775 (Afghanistan) (mid-year 2021)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "4,898 (2022)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { "tier rating": { "text": "Tier 2 Watch List — the government did not demonstrate overall increasing efforts to eliminate trafficking compared with the previous reporting period, therefore Tajikistan was downgraded to Tier 2 Watch List; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/tajikistan/" } }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "

Tajikistan is a primary transit country along the “Northern Route” for Afghanistan-sourced opiates and cannabis for the Russian and Eastern European markets and beyond; minimal domestic recreational drug use though it is increasing

" } } }