{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy emerged from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and gradually conquered and absorbed surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Devastating defeats and food shortages in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow of the ROMANOV Dynasty in 1917. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). <br><br>The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist control and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal US adversary during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin's rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism. His initiatives inadvertently released political and economic forces that by December 1991 led to the dissolution of the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states. In response to the ensuing turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. <br><br>In 2014, Russia purported to annex Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula and occupied large portions of two eastern Ukrainian oblasts. In sporadic fighting over the next eight years, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian invasion in eastern Ukraine. On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by invading the country on several fronts in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. The invasion received near-universal international condemnation, and many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and supplied humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. In September 2022, Russia unilaterally declared its annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts -- Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia -- even though none were fully under Russian control. The annexations remain unrecognized by the international community. </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Eastern Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "60 00 N, 100 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "17,098,242 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "16,377,742 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "720,500 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "approximately 1.8 times the size of the US"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "22,407 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Azerbaijan 338 km; Belarus 1,312 km; China (southeast) 4,133 km and China (south) 46 km; Estonia 324 km; Finland 1,309 km; Georgia 894 km; Kazakhstan 7,644 km; North Korea 18 km; Latvia 332 km; Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km; Mongolia 3,452 km; Norway 191 km; Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; Ukraine 1,944 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "37,653 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Gora El'brus (highest point in Europe) 5,642 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Caspian Sea -28 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "600 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "wide natural-resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "13.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 5.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "49.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "37.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "43,000 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Baikal - 31,500 sq km; Lake Ladoga - 18,130 sq km; Lake Onega - 9,720 sq km; Lake Khanka (shared with China) - 5,010 sq km; Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km (shared with Estonia); Ozero Vygozero - 1,250 sq km; Ozero Beloye - 1,120 sq km"
      },
      "salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq km<br>note - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km;  Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnepr (Dnieper) river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)<br>Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea) </em>Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)<br>Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)<br>Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: <em>(Caspian Sea basin)</em> Volga (1,410,951 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "<p><strong>note 1:</strong> largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture</p> <p><strong>note 2:</strong> Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire</p> <p><strong>note 3:</strong> Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface water<br><br><strong>note 4:</strong> Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany following World War II (it was formerly part of East Prussia); its capital city of Kaliningrad -- formerly Koenigsberg -- is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice free in the winter</p>"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "140,820,810"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "65,496,805"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "75,324,005 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Russian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Russian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1% (2010 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent native language spoken"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country's traditional religions"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "16.5% (male 11,956,284/female 11,313,829)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "65.7% (male 45,007,073/female 47,518,221)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "17.8% (2024 est.) (male 8,533,448/female 16,491,955)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "50"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "26.6"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "23.4"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "4.3 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "41.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "39.4 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "44.5 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.49% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "14 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "75.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "12.680 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.561 million Saint Petersburg, 1.695 million Novosibirsk, 1.528 million Yekaterinburg, 1.292 million Kazan, 1.251 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.95 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.52 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.87 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "25.2 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "14 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "5.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "72.3 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "67.4 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "77.4 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.52 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.74 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "68% (2011)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 15-44"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 93.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 97.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 6.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 2.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "7.6% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "3.82 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "7.1 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 95.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 72.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 89.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 4.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 27.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 10.6% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "23.1% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "3.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "3.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26.8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "40.8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "12.8% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "53.1% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "0.3%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "6.2% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "3.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "99.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "99.7% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16 years (2019)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "13.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 5.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "49.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "37.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "75.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.29% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.53% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "8.88 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "1,732.03 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "851.52 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "60 million tons (2012 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "2.7 million tons (2012 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "4.5% (2012 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Baikal - 31,500 sq km; Lake Ladoga - 18,130 sq km; Lake Onega - 9,720 sq km; Lake Khanka (shared with China) - 5,010 sq km; Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km (shared with Estonia); Ozero Vygozero - 1,250 sq km; Ozero Beloye - 1,120 sq km"
      },
      "salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq km<br>note - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km;  Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnepr (Dnieper) river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)<br>Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea) </em>Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)<br>Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)<br>Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: <em>(Caspian Sea basin)</em> Volga (1,410,951 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "17.15 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "29.03 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "18.64 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "4.53 trillion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Geoparks": {
      "total global geoparks and regional networks": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "global geoparks and regional networks": {
        "text": "Yangan-Tau (2023)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Russian Federation"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Russia"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Rossiyskaya Federatsiya"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Rossiya"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "Russian lands were generally referred to as Muscovy until PETER I officially declared the Russian Empire in 1721; the new name sought to invoke the patrimony of the medieval eastern European Rus state centered on Kyiv in present-day Ukraine; the Rus were a Varangian (eastern Viking) elite that imposed their rule and eventually their name on their Slavic subjects"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "semi-presidential federation"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Moscow"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "55 45 N, 37 36 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "does not observe daylight savings time (DST)"
      },
      "time zone note": {
        "text": "Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is obscure but may derive from the appellation \"Mustajoki\" given to the river by the Finno-Ugric people who originally inhabited the area and whose meaning may have been \"dark\" or \"turbid\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "<p>46 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respubliki, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnyye okrugi, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (kraya, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast')</p> <p><strong>oblasts:</strong> Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (Gatchina), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan, Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl</p> <p><strong>republics:</strong> Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)</p> <p><strong>autonomous okrugs:</strong> Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)</p> <p><strong>krays:</strong> Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol, Zabaykalsk [Transbaikal] (Chita)</p> <p><strong>federal cities:</strong> Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]</p> <strong>autonomous oblast:</strong> Yevreyskaya [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) <br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the \"Republic of Crimea\" and the \"Federal City of Sevastopol\"; it similarly does not recognize the annexation of the Ukrainian oblasts Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Russia Day, 12 June (1990); note - commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet era); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government&rsquo;s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities; amended several times, last in 2020 (major revisions)"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "3-5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Premier Mikhail Vladimirovich MISHUSTIN (since 16 January 2020)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "the government is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (2020 constitutional amendments allow a second consecutive term); election last held on 15 to 17 March 2024 (next to be held 2030)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br><em>2024</em>: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 88.5%, Nikolay KHARITONOV (Communist Party) 4.4%, Vladislav DAVANKOV (New People party) 3.9%, Leonid SLUTSKY (Liberal Democrats) 3.2%<br><br><em>2018: V</em>ladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 4.9%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 0<em><br><br></em>"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> there is also a Presidential Administration that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Federal Assembly (Federalnoye Sobraniye)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "bicameral"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the State Duma now includes 3 representatives from the \"Republic of Crimea,\" while the Federation Council includes 2 each from the \"Republic of Crimea\" and the \"Federal City of Sevastopol,\" both regions that Russia occupied and attempted to annex from Ukraine and that the US does not recognize as part of Russia"
    },
    "Legislative branch - lower chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "State Duma (Gossoudarstvennaya Duma)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "450 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "mixed system"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "9/19/2021"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "United Russia (326); Communist Party (KPRF) (57); A Just Russia (28); Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) (23); Other (16)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "16.4%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "September 2026"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - upper chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Council of the Federation (Soviet Federatsii)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "170 (all appointed)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "18.5%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (consists of 170 members organized into the Judicial Panel for Civil Affairs, the Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs, and the Military Panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 11 members, including the chairperson and deputy); note - in February 2014, Russia&rsquo;s Higher Court of Arbitration was abolished and its former authorities transferred to the Supreme Court, which in addition is the country&rsquo;s highest judicial authority for appeals, civil, criminal, administrative, and military cases, and the disciplinary judicial board, which has jurisdiction over economic disputes"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts; note - the 21 Russian Republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "A Just Russia or SRZP<br>Civic Platform or GP<br>Communist Party of the Russian Federation or KPRF<br>Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR<br>New People NL<br>Party of Growth PR<br>Rodina<br>United Russia ER"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Aleksandr Vyacheslavovich KIM (since 11 October 2024)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 298-5700"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 298-5735"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>rusembusa@mid.ru<br><br>https://washington.mid.ru/en/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Houston, New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Lynne M. TRACY (30 January 2023)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "<small>55,75566° N, 37,58028° E</small>"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5430 Moscow Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-5430"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[7] (495) 728-5000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[7] (495) 728-5090"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>MoscowACS@state.gov<br><br>https://ru.usembassy.gov/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Vladivostok (suspended status), Yekaterinburg (suspended status)"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Russian flag was created when Russia built its first naval vessels, and was used mostly as a naval ensign until the nineteenth century; the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; the flag inspired several other Slavic countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "bear, double-headed eagle; national colors: white, blue, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii\" (National Anthem of the Russian Federation)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 2000, Russia adopted the tune of the anthem of the former Soviet Union (composed in 1939); the lyrics, also adopted in 2000, were written by the same person who authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "32 (21 cultural, 11 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "<p>Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments (c); Kizhi Pogost (c); Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow (c); Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the Solovetsky Islands (c); Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings (c); White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal (c); Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad (c); Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye (c); Virgin Komi Forests (n); Lake Baikal (n); Volcanoes of Kamchatka (n); Golden Mountains of Altai (n); Western Caucasus (n); Curonian Spit (c); Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery (c); Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin (c); Central Sikhote-Alin (n); Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent (c); Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent(c); Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve (n); Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl (c); Struve Geodetic Arc (c); Putorana Plateau (n); Lena Pillars Nature Park (n); Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (c); Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk (c); Landscapes of Dauria (n); Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture (c); Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea (c); Astronomical Observatories of Kazan Federal University (c); Cultural Landscape of Kenozero Lake (c)</p>"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "natural resource-rich Eurasian economy; leading energy exporter to Europe and Asia; decreased oil export reliance; endemic corruption, Ukrainian invasion, and lack of green infrastructure limit investment and have led to sanctions"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$5.816 trillion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$5.614 trillion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$5.732 trillion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "3.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "-2.07% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.61% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$39,800 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$38,300 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$38,900 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$2.021 trillion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "6.69% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "3.38% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "4.47% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "BBB (2019)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Baa3 (2019)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "BBB- (2018)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "30.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "56.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "49.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "18.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "21.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "3.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "23.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-18.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, potatoes, sunflower seeds, maize, soybeans, chicken, pork (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "3.56% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "72.459 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "3.33% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "3.87% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "4.72% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "12.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "13.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "11% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021": {
        "text": "35.1 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "25.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "5.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.7% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "26.6% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "0.13% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "0.14% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "0.52% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$776.897 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$719.521 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2022": {
        "text": "19.51% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "10.97% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "$50.133 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "$237.735 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$124.953 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$465.66 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$640.878 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$549.717 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 21%, India 8%, Germany 6%, Turkey 5%, Italy 5% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, coal, fertilizers (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$379.315 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$347.384 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$376.923 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 39%, Germany 8%, Turkey 5%, Kazakhstan 5%, South Korea 3% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment, cars, garments, plastic products (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$597.217 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$581.71 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$632.242 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2022": {
        "text": "$135.301 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "85.162 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "68.485 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "73.654 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "72.105 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "64.738 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "99.1%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "100%"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "301.123 million kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "1.026 trillion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "18.582 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1.532 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "95.804 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "60.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "19.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "19.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nuclear energy": {
      "Number of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "36 (2023)"
      },
      "Number of nuclear reactors under construction": {
        "text": "4 (2023)"
      },
      "Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "26.8GW (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Percent of total electricity production": {
        "text": "18.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down": {
        "text": "11 (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "508.19 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "310.958 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "220.306 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "23.074 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "162.166 billion metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "10.727 million bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "3.684 million bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "80 billion barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "617.83 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "472.239 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "176.056 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "8.129 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "47.805 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "1.84 billion metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "517.718 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "414.253 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "907.83 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "225.235 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "21.988 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "15 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "245 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "169 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "<p>the telecom market is the largest in Europe, supported by a population of about 143 million; the overall market is dominated by the western regions, particularly Moscow and St Petersburg which are the main cities and economic centers; many other regions in the east and north of the country were settled during the Soviet period; the telecommunication companies continue to deploy and modernize fixed-line network infrastructure to offer improved broadband services as well as a range of IP-delivered content; the number of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections continues to decrease as subscribers are migrated to fiber; the development of 5G services has been hindered by the lack of frequencies; the 3.4GHz range commonly used for 5G in Europe has been restricted for use in Russia by the military and intelligence agencies; the Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) have an equal share in a joint venture, New Digital Solutions, aimed at developing a strategy to deploy 5G using a shared network</p> (2024)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "16 per 100 for fixed-line and mobile-cellular is 169 per 100 persons (2022)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 7; landing points for the Far East Submarine Cable System, HSCS, Sakhalin-Kuril Island Cable, RSCN, BCS North-Phase 2, Kerch Strait Cable and the Georgia-Russian submarine cable system connecting Russia, Japan, Finland, Georgia and Ukraine; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain \".su\" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "92% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "35.9 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "25 (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "32 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "958"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "99,327,311 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "6,810,610,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "RA"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "904 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "383 (2024)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "177,700 km gas, 54,800 km oil, 19,300 km refined products (2017)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "85,494 km (2019)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "957 km"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,283,387 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "927,721 km (includes 39,143 km of expressways)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "355,666 km (2012)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "102,000 km (2009) (including 48,000 km with guaranteed depth; the 72,000-km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,910 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 15, container ship 20, general cargo 976, oil tanker 387, other 1,512"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "67 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "19"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "38"
      },
      "size unknown": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "32"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Arkhangels'k, De Kastri, Dudinka, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Novorossiysk, Sankt-Peterburg, Vladivostok, Vyborg"
      }
    },
    "Transportation - note": {
      "text": "Russia operates the largest polar-class icebreaker fleet in the world with 52 vessels, seven of which are the world's only nuclear-powered heavy icebreakers; the primary mission includes keeping open ports, terminals, and shipping lanes along the Northern Sea Route (see Arctic Ocean map), in the Baltic Sea, and in the Russian Far East, including the Sea of Okhotsk"
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Troops (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Aerospace Forces (Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily, VKS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV), and Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) referred to commonly as Strategic Rocket Forces, are independent \"combat arms,\" not subordinate to any of the three branches<br><br>Federal National Guard Troops Service of the Russian Federation (FSVNG, National Guard, Russian Guard, or Rosgvardiya)<br><br>Federal Security Services (FSB): Federal Border Guard Service (includes land and maritime forces) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>the Air Force and Aerospace Defense Forces were merged into the VKS in 2015; VKS responsibilities also include launching military and dual‐use satellites, maintaining military satellites, and monitoring and defending against space threats; in 2024, the Russian Government announced plans to create an Unmanned Systems Force branch in 2025<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Federal Security Service, Investigative Committee, Office of the Prosecutor General, and National Guard are responsible for law enforcement; the Federal Security Service is responsible for state security, counterintelligence, and counterterrorism, as well as for fighting organized crime and corruption; the national police force, under the Ministry of Internal Affairs, is responsible for combating all crime<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> the National Guard was created in 2016 as an independent agency for internal/regime security, combating terrorism and narcotics trafficking, protecting important state facilities and government personnel, and supporting border security; it also participates in armed defense of the country’s territory in coordination with the Armed Forces; forces under the National Guard include the Special Purpose Mobile Units (OMON), Special Rapid Response Detachment (SOBR), and Interior Troops (VV); these troops were originally under the command of the Interior Ministry (MVD)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "5% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "4% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "4% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "3.8% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 1.3 million Armed Forces personnel; estimated 350,000-plus Federal National Guard Troops (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in September 2024, President PUTIN ordered the Russian military to increase in size to 1.5 million personnel"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Russian Federation's military and paramilitary services are equipped with domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Russia has imported considerable amounts of military hardware from external suppliers such as Iran and North Korea; the Russian defense industry is capable of designing, developing, and producing a full range of advanced air, land, missile, and naval systems; Russia is the world's second largest exporter of military hardware (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory service for men; 18-40 for voluntary/contractual service; women and non-Russian citizens (18-30) may volunteer; men are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; 12-month service obligation (Russia offers the option of serving on a 24-month contract instead of completing a 12-month conscription period); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50 (Russian men who have completed their compulsory service to re-enter the army up to the age of 55); enrollment in military schools from the age of 16 (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> in May 2022, Russia's parliament approved a law removing the upper age limit for contractual service in the military; in November 2022, President Vladimir PUTIN signed a decree allowing dual-national Russians and those with permanent residency status in foreign countries to be drafted into the army for military service<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>historically, the Russian military has taken in about 260,000 conscripts each year in two semi-annual drafts (Spring and Fall)<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> prior to the invasion of Ukraine in 2022, approximately 40-45,000 women served in the Russian Armed Forces<br><br><strong>note 4:</strong> since 2015, foreigners 18-30 with a good command of Russian have been allowed to join the military on five-year contracts and become eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years; in October 2022, the Interior Ministry opened up recruitment centers for foreigners to sign a one-year service contract with the armed forces, other troops, or military formations participating in the invasion of Ukraine with the promise of simplifying the process of obtaining Russian citizenship"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "information varies and may not reflect troops transferred to support Russian military operations in Ukraine; approximately 3,000 Armenia; up to 5,000 Belarus; up to 10,000 Georgia; approximately 500 Kyrgyzstan; approximately 1,500 Moldova (Transnistria); estimated 2,000-5,000 Syria; approximately 3-5,000 Tajikistan (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> in February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine with an estimated 150,000 troops, some of which were staged out of Belarus; prior to the invasion, it maintained an estimated 30,000 troops in areas of Ukraine occupied since 2014; in 2024, the Russian Government claimed to have more than 600,000 troops in the occupied portions of Ukraine<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>as of 2024, Russia was assessed to have thousands private military contractors and other security personnel conducting operations in Africa and the Middle East, including in Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Libya, Mali, Niger, Sudan, and Syria"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Russian military is a mixed force of conscripts and professionals (contract servicemen) that is capable of conducting the full range of air, land, maritime, and strategic missile operations; it is also active in the areas of cyber warfare, electronic warfare, and space; in addition to protecting Russia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, the military supports Moscow’s national security objectives, which include maintaining and projecting influence and power outside Russia, particularly in the former Soviet republics, and deterring perceived external threats from the US and NATO<br><br>in recent years, the Russian military has conducted combat operations in both Ukraine and Syria; in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, and the military continues to be heavily engaged there in what is the largest war in Europe since World War II ended in 1945; Russia has occupied Ukraine’s province of Crimea and backed separatist forces in the Donbas region of Ukraine since 2014 with arms, equipment, and training, as well as Russian military troops, although Moscow denied their presence prior to 2022; Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war at the request of the ASAD government in September 2015 in what was Moscow’s first overseas expeditionary operation since the Soviet era; Russian assistance has included air support, arms and equipment, intelligence, military advisors, private military contractors, special operations forces, and training<br><br>prior to its military operations in Syria and Ukraine, Russia seized the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by force in 2008 (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Space": {
    "Space agency/agencies": {
      "text": "State Space Corporation of the Russian Federation (Roscosmos); Roscosmos was established in 2015 from a merger of the Federal Space Agency and the state-owned United Rocket and Space Corporation; began as the Russian Space Agency (RSA or RKA) in 1992 and restructured in 1999 and 2004 as the Russian Aviation and Space Agency and then the Federal Space Agency); the Russian Space Forces (Kosmicheskie voyska Rossii, KV) are part of the Russian Aerospace Forces (Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily, VKS) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Russia’s space strategy is defined jointly by Roscosmos and the Ministry of Defense; prior to the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the USSR’s space program was dispersed amongst several civil and military organizations"
    },
    "Space launch site(s)": {
      "text": "Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakhstan); Vostochny Cosmodrome (Amur Oblast); Plesetsk Cosmodrome (Arkhangel'sk Oblast); Kapustin Yar (Astrakhan Oblast); Yasny Launch Base (Orenburg Oblast) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the Baikonur cosmodrome and the surrounding area are leased and administered by Russia until 2050 for approximately $115 million/year; the cosmodrome was originally built by the Soviet Union in the mid-1950s and is the site of the World's first successful satellite launch (Sputnik) in 1957; it is also the largest space launch facility in the World, comprising 15 launch pads for space launch vehicles, four launch pads for testing intercontinental ballistic missiles, more than 10 assembly and test facilities, and other infrastructure <br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> in 2018, Kazakhstan and Russia agreed that Kazakhstan would build, maintain, and operate a new space launch facility (Baiterek) at the Baikonur space center (estimated to be ready for operations in 2025)"
    },
    "Space program overview": {
      "text": "has one of the world’s largest space programs and is active across all areas of the space sector; builds, launches, and operates rockets/space launch vehicles (SLVs), satellites, space stations, interplanetary probes, and manned, robotic, and re-usable spacecraft; has astronaut (cosmonaut) training program and conducts human space flight; researching and developing a broad range of other space-related technologies; participates in international space programs such as the International Space Station (ISS); prior to Russia’s 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Russia had relations with dozens of foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of China, the European Space Agency (ESA), India, Japan, and the US; Roscosmos and its public subsidiaries comprise the majority of the Russian space industry; Roscosmos has eight operating areas, including manned space flights, launch systems, unmanned spacecraft, rocket propulsion, military missiles, space avionics, special military space systems, and flight control systems; private companies are also involved in a range of space systems, including satellites, telecommunications, remote-sensing, and geo-spatial services (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "1,212,585 (Ukraine) (as of 30 June 2023)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "7,500 (2022)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "56,960 (mid-year 2021); note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 3 — Russia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Russia remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to:  https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/russia/"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>a destination country for heroin and other Afghan opiates; a transit country for cocaine from South America, especially Ecuador to Europe, Belgium and Netherlands; synthetic drugs are produced in clandestine drug laboratories throughout the country; marijuana cultivated in Russian Far East and the North Caucasus; the majority of hashish is smuggled in from Northern Africa</p> <p> </p>"
    }
  }
}