{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Bantu-speaking groups mainly from the Luba and Lunda Kingdoms in the Congo River Basin and from the Great Lakes region in East Africa settled in what is now Zambia beginning around A.D. 300, displacing and mixing with previous population groups in the region. The Mutapa Empire developed after the fall of Great Zimbabwe to the south in the 14th century and ruled the region, including large parts of Zambia, from the 14th to 17th century. The empire collapsed as a result of the growing slave trade and Portuguese incursions in the 16th and 17th centuries. The region was further influenced by migrants from the Zulu Kingdom to the south and the Luba and Lunda Kingdoms to the north, after invading colonial and African powers displaced local residents into the area around the Zambezi River, in what is now Zambia. In the 1880s, British companies began securing mineral and other economic concessions from local leaders. The companies eventually claimed control of the region and incorporated it as the protectorate of Northern Rhodesia in 1911. The UK took over administrative control from the British South Africa Company in 1924. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred British economic ventures and colonial settlement. <br><br>Northern Rhodesia’s name was changed to Zambia upon independence from the UK in 1964, under independence leader and first President Kenneth KAUNDA. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices, economic mismanagement, and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule and propelled the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) into power. The subsequent vote in 1996, however, saw increasing harassment of opposition parties and abuse of state media and other resources. Administrative problems marked the election in 2001, with three parties filing a legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA. MWANAWASA was reelected in 2006 in an election that was deemed free and fair. Upon his death in 2008, he was succeeded by his vice president, Rupiah BANDA, who won a special presidential byelection later that year. BANDA and the MMD lost to Michael SATA and the Patriotic Front (PF) in the 2011 general elections. SATA, however, presided over a period of haphazard economic management and attempted to silence opposition to PF policies. SATA died in 2014 and was succeeded by his vice president, Guy SCOTT, who served as interim president until 2015, when Edgar LUNGU won the presidential byelection and completed SATA's term. LUNGU then won a full term in the 2016 presidential elections. Hakainde HICHILEMA was elected president in 2021."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southern Africa, east of Angola, south of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "15 00 S, 30 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "752,618 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "743,398 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "9,220 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "almost five times the size of Georgia; slightly larger than Texas"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6,043.15 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Angola 1,065 km; Botswana 0.15 km; Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,332 km; Malawi 847 km; Mozambique 439 km; Namibia 244 km; Tanzania 353 km; Zimbabwe 763 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Mafinga Central 2,330 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Zambezi river 329 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "1,138 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "31.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 4.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 26.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "66.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "2% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "1,560 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Tanganyika (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, and Burundi) - 32,000 sq km; Lake Mweru (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo) - 4,350 sq km; Lake Bangweulu - 4,000-15,000 sq km seasonal variation"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "<p>Congo river source (shared with Angola, Republic of Congo, and Democratic Republic of Congo [m]) - 4,700 km; Zambezi river source (shared with Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique [m]) - 2,740 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth</p>"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)<br>Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "one of the highest levels of urbanization in Africa; high density in the central area, particularly around the cities of Lusaka, Ndola, Kitwe, and Mufulira as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "periodic drought; tropical storms (November to April)"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with Zimbabwe; Lake Kariba on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border forms the world's largest reservoir by volume (180 cu km; 43 cu mi)"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20,799,116"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "10,407,253"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "10,391,863 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Zambian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Zambian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Bemba 21%, Tonga 13.6%, Chewa 7.4%, Lozi 5.7%, Nsenga 5.3%, Tumbuka 4.4%, Ngoni 4%, Lala 3.1%, Kaonde 2.9%, Namwanga 2.8%, Lunda (north Western) 2.6%, Mambwe 2.5%, Luvale 2.2%, Lamba 2.1%, Ushi 1.9%, Lenje 1.6%, Bisa 1.6%, Mbunda 1.2%, other 13.8%, unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Bemba 33.4%, Nyanja 14.7%, Tonga 11.4%, Lozi 5.5%, Chewa 4.5%, Nsenga 2.9%, Tumbuka 2.5%, Lunda (North Western) 1.9%, Kaonde 1.8%, Lala 1.8%, Lamba 1.8%, English (official) 1.7%, Luvale 1.5%, Mambwe 1.3%, Namwanga 1.2%, Lenje 1.1%, Bisa 1%, other 9.7%, unspecified 0.2% (2010 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Zambia is said to have over 70 languages, although many of these may be considered dialects; all of Zambia's major languages are members of the Bantu family; Chewa and Nyanja are mutually intelligible dialects"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Protestant 75.3%, Roman Catholic 20.2%, other 2.7% (includes Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu, and Baha'i), none 1.8% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Zambia’s poor, youthful population consists primarily of Bantu-speaking people representing nearly 70 different ethnicities. Zambia’s high fertility rate continues to drive rapid population growth, averaging almost 3% annually between 2000 and 2010, and reaching over 3.3% in 2022. The country’s total fertility rate has fallen by less than 1.5 children per woman during the last 30 years and still averages among the world’s highest, almost 6 children per woman, largely because of the country’s lack of access to family planning services, education for girls, and employment for women. Zambia also exhibits wide fertility disparities based on rural or urban location, education, and income. Poor, uneducated women from rural areas are more likely to marry young, to give birth early, and to have more children, viewing children as a sign of prestige and recognizing that not all of their children will live to adulthood. HIV/AIDS is prevalent in Zambia and contributes to its low life expectancy.</p> <p>Zambian emigration is low compared to many other African countries and is comprised predominantly of the well-educated. The small amount of brain drain, however, has a major impact in Zambia because of its limited human capital and lack of educational infrastructure for developing skilled professionals in key fields. For example, Zambia has few schools for training doctors, nurses, and other health care workers. Its spending on education is low compared to other Sub-Saharan countries.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "42.1% (male 4,418,980/female 4,337,187)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "55.1% (male 5,726,265/female 5,736,732)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "2.8% (2024 est.) (male 262,008/female 317,944)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "81.8"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "78.7"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "3.2"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "31.6 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18.4 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.6 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.83% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "34.1 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "one of the highest levels of urbanization in Africa; high density in the central area, particularly around the cities of Lusaka, Ndola, Kitwe, and Mufulira as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "46.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "3.181 million LUSAKA (capital), 763,000 Kitwe (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.82 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "19.2 years (2018 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "135 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "35.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "38.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "32.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "66.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "65.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "68.7 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "4.42 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "2.18 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "49.6% (2018)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 90.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 56.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 71.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 9.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 43.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 28.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "5.6% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "1.17 physicians/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "2 beds/1,000 population"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 76.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 31.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 51.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 23.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 68.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 48.3% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "8.1% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "1.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.36 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "2.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "25.1% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3.7% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "11.8% (2018/19)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "53.3% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "5.2%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "29%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "2.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "3.7% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write English"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "86.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "90.6%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "83.1% (2018)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral extraction and refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds; loss of biodiversity; poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and large cat populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "31.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 4.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 26.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "66.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "2% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "46.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "severe localized food insecurity": {
        "text": "<em>due to reduced incomes and localized shortfalls in cereal production -</em>an estimated 1.95 million people were projected to face acute food insecurity between October 2022 and March 2023, an increase compared to the 1.6 million people estimated in 2021/22; the high level of acute food insecurity is associated with the effects of a below-average cereal harvest and high food prices that adversely impacted households’ food availability and access (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "4.45% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "16.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "5.14 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "14.1 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "2,608,268 tons (2002 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Tanganyika (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, and Burundi) - 32,000 sq km; Lake Mweru (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo) - 4,350 sq km; Lake Bangweulu - 4,000-15,000 sq km seasonal variation"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "<p>Congo river source (shared with Angola, Republic of Congo, and Democratic Republic of Congo [m]) - 4,700 km; Zambezi river source (shared with Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique [m]) - 2,740 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth</p>"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)<br>Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "290 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "130 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "1.15 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "104.8 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Zambia"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Zambia"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Northern Rhodesia"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derived from the Zambezi River, which flows through the western part of the country and forms its southern border with neighboring Zimbabwe"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Lusaka"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "15 25 S, 28 17 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after a village called Lusaka, located at Manda Hill, near where Zambia's National Assembly building currently stands; the village was named after a headman (chief) LUSAKASA"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "10 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Muchinga, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "24 October 1964 (from the UK)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 24 October (1964)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of English common law and customary law"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted 24 August 1991, promulgated 30 August 1991"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly in two separate readings at least 30 days apart; passage of amendments affecting fundamental rights and freedoms requires approval by at least one half of votes cast in a referendum prior to consideration and voting by the Assembly; amended 1996, 2015, 2016; note - in late 2020, an amendment which would have altered the structure of the constitution was defeated in the National Assembly"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "only if at least one parent is a citizen of Zambia"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "yes, if at least one parent was a citizen of Zambia"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years for those with an ancestor who was a citizen of Zambia, otherwise 10 years residency is required"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Hakainde HICHILEMA (since 24 August 2021)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Hakainde HICHILEMA (since 24 August 2021)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by president from among members of the National Assembly"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); last held on 12 August 2021 (next to be held in 2026)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2021</em>: Hakainde HICHILEMA elected president; percent of the vote - Hakainde HICHILEMA (UPND) 57.9%, Edgar LUNGU (PF) 37.3%, other 4.8%<br><br><em>2016</em>: Edgar LUNGU reelected president; percent of vote - Edgar LUNGU (PF) 50.4%, Hakainde HICHILEMA (UPND) 47.6%, other 2%; note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "National Assembly"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "167 (156 directly elected; 8 appointed)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "plurality/majority"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "8/12/2021"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "United Party for National Development (UPND) (82); Patriotic Front (PF) (60); Independents (13); Other (1)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "15%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "August 2026"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, deputy chief justice, and at least 11 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 11 judges); note - the Constitutional Court began operation in June 2016"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the advice of the 9-member Judicial Service Commission, which is headed by the chief justice, and ratified by the National Assembly; judges normally serve until age 65"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Court of Appeal; High Court; Industrial Relations Court; subordinate courts (3 levels, based on upper limit of money involved); Small Claims Court; local courts (2 grades, based on upper limit of money involved)"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Alliance for Democracy and Development or ADD <br>Forum for Democracy and Development or FDD <br>Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD <br>Party of National Unity and Progress or PNUP <br>Patriotic Front or PF <br>United Party for National Development or UPND "
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, COMESA, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Chibamba KANYAMA (since 30 June 2023)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2200 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 234-4009"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 332-0826"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info@zambiaembassy.org<br><br>https://www.zambiaembassy.org/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Michael C. GONZALES (since 16 September 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Eastern end of Kabulonga Road, Ibex Hill, Lusaka"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2310 Lusaka Place, Washington DC 20521-2310"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[260] (0) 211-357-000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[260]&nbsp; (0) 211-357-224"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ACSLusaka@state.gov<br><br>https://zm.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "green field with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag; green stands for the country's natural resources and vegetation, red symbolizes the struggle for freedom, black the people of Zambia, and orange the country's mineral wealth; the eagle represents the people's ability to rise above the nation's problems"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "African fish eagle; national colors: green, red, black, orange"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Lumbanyeni Zambia\" (Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "multiple/Enoch Mankayi SONTONGA"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1964; the melody, from the popular song \"God Bless Africa,\" is the same as that of Tanzania but with different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "1 (natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Mosi-oa-Tunya/Victoria Falls"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>lower-middle-income sub-Saharan economy; regional hydroelectricity producer; trade ties and infrastructure investments from China; IMF assistance to restructure debt burden; one of youngest and fastest-growing labor forces; systemic corruption; extreme rural poverty</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$76.129 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$72.251 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$68.672 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "5.37% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "5.25% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "6.23% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$3,700 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$3,600 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$3,500 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$27.578 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "10.88% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "10.99% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "22.02% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "RD (2020)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Ca (2020)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "SD (2020)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "35.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "56.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "47.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "13.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "26.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "40.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-37.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "sugarcane, cassava, maize, milk, soybeans, vegetables, wheat, groundnuts, beef, sweet potatoes (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "copper mining and processing, emerald mining, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer, horticulture"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "0.87% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "7.165 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "5.91% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "5.99% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.2% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "9.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "9.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "60% (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022": {
        "text": "51.5 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "1.5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "39.1% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "0.89% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "0.83% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "1.08% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$5.388 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$5.554 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2021": {
        "text": "71.41% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "16.78% (of GDP) (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$582.715 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "$1.093 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$2.63 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$11.454 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$12.444 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$11.728 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Switzerland 30%, China 18%, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) 10%, Pitcairn Islands 10%, UAE 7% (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "raw copper, refined copper, gold, precious stones, iron alloys (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$10.854 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$10.022 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$7.691 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "South Africa 26%, Equatorial Guinea 18%, China 14%, UAE 7%, DRC 6% (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "fertilizers, refined petroleum, trucks, copper ore, packaged medicine (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$2.968 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$2.754 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020": {
        "text": "$1.203 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$17.613 billion (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Zambian kwacha (ZMK) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "20.212 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "16.938 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "20.018 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "18.344 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "12.89 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "47.8% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "87%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "14.5%"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "3.863 million kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "14.966 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "2.152 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "36.599 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "2.392 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "11.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "87.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "831,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "823,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "200 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "300 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "944.999 million metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "34,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "6.924 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "1.857 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "5.068 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "7.088 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "81,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2023 est.) less than 1"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "21.2 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "99 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "following elections held in August 2021, the new government immediately established a Ministry of Technology and Science to promote the use of ICT in developing economic growth and social inclusion; this focus on ICT, and on telecoms in particular, has been central to government strategies for some years; as part of the Smart Zambia initiative, investment has been made in data centers, a computer assembly plant, ICT training centers, and a Smart Education program; these efforts have been combined with the extension of broadband access and improved connectivity to international submarine cables; in turn, this has resulted in a considerable reduction in fixed-line and mobile access pricing for end-users; mobile network operators continue to invest in 3G and LTE-based services, the government contracted to upgrade the state-owned mobile infrastructure for 5G services; delays in holding spectrum have stymied the development of 5G thus far; in mid-2021 the regulator completed a consultation of auctioning low, medium, and high band spectrum for 5G, aiming to provide sufficient spectrum to meet the anticipated increase in data traffic in coming years; fixed-line broadband services remain underdeveloped (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line teledensity less than 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 100 per 100 (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 260; multiple providers operate overland fiber optic routes via Zimbabwe/South Africa, Botswana/Namibia and Tanzania provide access to the major undersea cables"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "<p>according to the Independent Broadcast Authority, there are 137 radio stations and 47 television stations in Zambia; out of the 137 radio stations, 133 are private (categorized as either commercial or community radio stations), while 4 are public-owned; state-owned Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) operates 2 television channels and 3 radio stations; ZNBC owns 75% shares in GoTV, 40% in MultiChoice, and 40% in TopStar Communications Company, all of which operate in-country</p> (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".zm"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "31% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "99,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2023 est.) less than 1"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "3 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "6"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "8,904 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "75.08 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "9J"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "119 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "4 (2024)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "771 km oil (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,126 km (2014)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "3,126 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes 1,860 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "67,671 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "10,150 km"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "57,520 km (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "2,250 km (2010) (includes Lake Tanganyika and the Zambezi and Luapula Rivers)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 1"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Zambia Defense Force (ZDF): Zambia Army, Zambia Air Force, Zambia National Service; Defense Force Medical Service<br><br>Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security: Zambia Police (includes a paramilitary battalion) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the Zambia National Service is a support organization that also does public work projects; its main objectives revolve around land development, agriculture, industries, youth skills training as well as arts, sports and culture  <br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Zambia Army comprises the Regular Force, the Home Guard, and the Territorial reserve"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 17,000 active troops (15,000 Army; 2,000 Air) (2024)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the ZDF's inventory is largely comprised of Chinese, Russian, and Soviet-era weapons and equipment along with smaller quantities of items--particularly aircraft--from such suppliers as Israel and the US (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-25 years of age (17 with parental consent) for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription; 12-year enlistment period (7 years active, 5 in the Reserves) (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Zambia had military conscription from 1975-1980"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "930 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (2024)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Zambia Defense Forces (ZDF) are responsible for preserving the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity; it also has some domestic security responsibilities in cases of national emergency; border security and support to African and UN peacekeeping operations are priorities; the ZDF is part of the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) Standby Force and participates in multinational training exercises; it has received training assistance from China and the US<br><br>the ZDF traces its roots to the Northern Rhodesia Regiment, which was raised by the British colonial government to fight in World War II; the ZDF was established in 1964 from units of the dissolved Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland armed forces; it participated in a number of regional conflicts during the 1970s and 1980s; Zambia actively supported independence movements such as the Union for the Total Liberation of Angola (UNITA), the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC), and the South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "8,436 (Burundi) (2023); 62,660 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2024)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "transshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone, small amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for southern Africa and possibly Europe; a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupled with a government commitment to combating money laundering make it an unattractive venue for money launderers; major consumer of cannabis"
    }
  }
}