{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>For much of its history, Guinea-Bissau was under the control of the Mali Empire and the Kaabu Kingdom. In the 16th century, Portugal began establishing trading posts along Guinea-Bissau’s shoreline. Initially, the Portuguese were restricted to the coastline and islands. However, the slave and gold trades were lucrative to local African leaders, and the Portuguese were slowly able to expand their power and influence inland. Starting in the 18th century, the Mali Empire and Kingdom of Kaabu slowly disintegrated into smaller local entities. By the 19th century, Portugal had fully incorporated Guinea-Bissau into its empire.<br><br>Since gaining independence in 1974, Guinea-Bissau has experienced considerable political and military upheaval. In 1980, a military coup established General Joao Bernardo 'Nino' VIEIRA as president. VIEIRA's regime suppressed political opposition and purged political rivals. Several coup attempts through the 1980s and early 1990s failed to unseat him, but a military mutiny and civil war in 1999 led to VIEIRA's ouster. In 2000, a transitional government turned over power to opposition leader Kumba YALA. In 2003, a bloodless military coup overthrew YALA and installed businessman Henrique ROSA as interim president. In 2005, VIEIRA was reelected, pledging to pursue economic development and national reconciliation; he was assassinated in 2009. Malam Bacai SANHA was then elected president, but he passed away in 2012 from a long-term illness. A military coup blocked the second round of the election to replace him, but after mediation from the Economic Community of Western African States, a civilian transitional government assumed power. In 2014, Jose Mario VAZ was elected president in a free and fair election, and in 2019, he became the first president in Guinea-Bissau’s history to complete a full term. Umaro Sissoco EMBALO was elected president in 2019, but he did not take office until 2020 because of a prolonged challenge to the election results.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Senegal"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "12 00 N, 15 00 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "36,125 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "28,120 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "8,005 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "762 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Guinea 421 km; Senegal 341 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "350 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly low-lying coastal plain with a deeply indented estuarine coastline rising to savanna in east; numerous off-shore islands including the Arquipelago Dos Bijagos consisting of 18 main islands and many small islets"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Dongol Ronde 277 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "70 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, clay, granite, limestone, unexploited deposits of petroleum"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "44.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 8.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 6.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 29.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "55.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "250 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "approximately one-fifth of the population lives in the capital city of Bissau along the Atlantic coast; the remainder is distributed among the eight other, mainly rural, regions as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "this small country is swampy along its western coast and low-lying inland"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,132,325"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "1,042,910"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1,089,415 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Bissau-Guinean(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Bissau-Guinean"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Balanta 30%, Fulani 30%, Manjaco 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%, unspecified smaller ethnic groups 6% (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Portuguese-based Creole, Portuguese (official; largely used as a second or third language), Pular (a Fula language), Mandingo"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 46.1%, folk religions 30.6%, Christian 18.9%, other or unaffiliated 4.4% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Guinea-Bissau’s young and growing population is sustained by high fertility; approximately 60% of the population is under the age of 25 as of 2020. Its large reproductive-age population and total fertility rate of more than 4 children per woman offsets the country’s high infant and maternal mortality rates. The latter is among the world’s highest because of the prevalence of early childbearing, a lack of birth spacing, the high percentage of births outside of health care facilities, and a shortage of medicines and supplies.</p> <p>Guinea-Bissau’s history of political instability, a civil war, and several coups (the latest in 2012) have resulted in a fragile state with a weak economy, high unemployment, rampant corruption, widespread poverty, and thriving drug and child trafficking. With the country lacking educational infrastructure, school funding and materials, and qualified teachers, and with the cultural emphasis placed on religious education, parents frequently send boys to study in residential Koranic schools (daaras) in Senegal and The Gambia. They often are extremely deprived and are forced into street begging or agricultural work by marabouts (Muslim religious teachers), who enrich themselves at the expense of the children. Boys who leave their marabouts often end up on the streets of Dakar or other large Senegalese towns and are vulnerable to even worse abuse.</p> <p>Some young men lacking in education and job prospects become involved in the flourishing international drug trade. Local drug use and associated violent crime are growing.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "42.3% (male 453,513/female 448,514)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "54.6% (male 561,868/female 602,280)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "3.1% (2024 est.) (male 27,529/female 38,621)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "76.6"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "71.6"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "20.1 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18.4 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "17.8 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.9 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.54% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "36 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "7.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-3.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "approximately one-fifth of the population lives in the capital city of Bissau along the Atlantic coast; the remainder is distributed among the eight other, mainly rural, regions as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "45.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "664,000 BISSAU (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.93 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.71 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "725 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "46.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "52 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "40.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "64.5 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "62.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "66.8 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "4.62 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "2.28 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "20.6% (2018/19)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 90.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 59.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 73.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 9.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 40.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 26.9% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "8.4% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "0.2 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 62.4% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 7.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 31.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 37.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 92.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 68.2% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "9.5% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.21 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.41 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.98 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.54 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "1.28 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "17% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "0.9% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "18.8% (2019)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "56.7% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "8.1%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "25.7%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "2.2% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "2.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "52.9%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "67%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "39.9% (2021)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation (rampant felling of trees for timber and agricultural purposes); soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "44.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 8.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 6.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 29.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "55.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "45.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "9.24% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "34.85 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "0.29 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "1.46 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "289,514 tons (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "140 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "31.4 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Guinea-Bissau"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Guinea-Bissau"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republica da Guine-Bissau"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Guine-Bissau"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Portuguese Guinea"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the country is named after the Guinea region of West Africa that lies along the Gulf of Guinea and stretches north to the Sahel; \"Bissau,\" the name of the capital city, distinguishes the country from neighboring Guinea"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "semi-presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Bissau"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "11 51 N, 15 35 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the meaning of Bissau is uncertain, it might be an alternative name for the Papel people who live in the area of the city of Bissau"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama/Bijagos, Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "24 September 1973 (declared); 10 September 1974 (from Portugal)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 24 September (1973)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of civil law, which incorporated Portuguese law at independence and influenced by Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), African Francophone Public Law, and customary law"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "promulgated 16 May 1984; note - constitution suspended following military coup April 2012, restored 2014; note - in May 2020, President EMBALO established a commission to draft a revised constitution"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the National People&rsquo;s Assembly if supported by at least one third of its members, by the Council of State (a presidential consultant body), or by the government; passage requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; constitutional articles on the republican and secular form of government and national sovereignty cannot be amended; amended 1991, 1993, 1996"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Umaro Sissoco EMBALO (since 27 February 2020)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Rui Duarte DE BARROS (since 20 December 2023)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for up to 2 consecutive 5-year terms; election last held on 24 November 2019 with a runoff on 29 December 2019 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister appointed by the president after consultation with party leaders in the National People's Assembly; note - the president cannot apply for a third consecutive term; note - President EMBALO was declared winner of the 29 December 2019 runoff presidential election by the electoral commission; in late February 2020, EMBALO inaugurated himself with only military leadership present, even though the Supreme Court of Justice had yet to rule on an electoral litigation appeal lodged by his political rival Domingos Simoes PEREIRA"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2019:</em> Umaro Sissoco EMBALO elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Domingos Simoes PEREIRA (PAIGC) 40.1%, Umaro Sissoco EMBALO (Madem G15) 27.7%, Nuno Gomez NABIAM (APU-PDGB) 13.2%, Jose Mario VAZ (independent) 12.4%, other 6.6%; percent of vote in second round - Umaro Sissoco EMBALO 53.6%, Domingos Simoes PEREIRA 46.5%<br><br><em>2014:</em> Jose Mario VAZ elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Mario VAZ (PAIGC) 41%, Nuno Gomez NABIAM (independent) 25.1%, other 33.9%; percent of vote in second round - Jose Mario VAZ 61.9%, Nuno Gomez NABIAM 38.1%  (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "People's National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "102 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "6/4/2023"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Inclusive Alliance Platform/Terra Coalition (54); Movement for Democratic Alternation (MADEM G.15) (29); Party for Social Renewal (PRS) (12); Bissau-Guinean Workers’ Party (6); Other (1)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "9.8%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "December 2025"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (consists of 9 judges and organized into Civil, Criminal, and Social and Administrative Disputes Chambers); note - the Supreme Court has both appellate and constitutional jurisdiction"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "judges nominated by the Higher Council of the Magistrate, a major government organ responsible for judge appointments, dismissals, and judiciary discipline; judges appointed by the president for life"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Appeals Court; regional (first instance) courts; military court"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cabo Verde or PAIGC <br>Democratic Convergence Party or PCD <br>Movement for Democratic Alternation Group of 15 or MADEM-G15 <br>National People’s Assembly – Democratic Party of Guinea Bissau or APU-PDGB <br>New Democracy Party or PND <br>Party for Social Renewal or PRS <br>Republican Party for Independence and Development or PRID <br>Union for Change or UM "
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, CPLP, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Maria Da Concei&ccedil;&atilde;o NOBRE CABRAL (since 18 September 2024)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "918 16th Street, NW (Mezzanine Suite)<br>Washington DC 20006"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 872-4222"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 872-4226"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Michael RAYNOR (since 20 April 2022)"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2080 Bissau Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-2080"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>dakarACS@state.gov<br><br>https://gw.usmission.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; yellow symbolizes the sun; green denotes hope; red represents blood shed during the struggle for independence; the black star stands for African unity",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the flag design was heavily influenced by the Ghanaian flag"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "black star; national colors: red, yellow, green, black"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Esta e a Nossa Patria Bem Amada\" (This Is Our Beloved Country)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Amilcar Lopes CABRAL/XIAO He"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1974; a delegation from then Portuguese Guinea visited China in 1963 and heard music by XIAO He; Amilcar Lopes CABRAL, the leader of Guinea-Bissau's independence movement, asked the composer to create a piece that would inspire his people to struggle for independence"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "extremely poor West African economy; ethnically diverse labor force; increasing government expenditures; slight inflation due to food supply disruptions; major cashew exporter; systemic banking instabilities and corruption; vulnerable to oil price shocks"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$5.553 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$5.279 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$5.046 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "5.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "4.61% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "6.4% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$2,600 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$2,500 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$2,500 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$2.048 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "9.39% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "2.24% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "1.14% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "30.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "18.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "46.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "73.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "16.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "19.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "4.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "13.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-28.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "rice, groundnuts, cashews, root vegetables, oil palm fruit, plantains, cassava, vegetables, sweet potatoes, coconuts (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "agricultural products processing, beer, soft drinks"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "11.58% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "732,000 (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "3.18% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "3.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.63% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "3.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "50.5% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021": {
        "text": "33.4 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.4% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "26.1% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "10.06% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "10.59% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "11.12% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$220.219 million (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$210.858 million (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "53.9% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "8.57% (of GDP) (2019 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$146.64 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$14.128 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$38.683 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$280.065 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$334.904 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$232.536 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "India 92%, Cote d'Ivoire 2%, Togo 2%, Netherlands 1%, South Korea 1% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "coconuts/Brazil nuts/cashews, fish, fish oil, palm oil, dried fruits (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$577.899 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$518.162 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$439.386 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Portugal 34%, Senegal 22%, China 14%, Netherlands 6%, Spain 3% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, steel, rice, flavored water, beer (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$356.4 million (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$349.4 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$962.442 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "606.57 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "623.76 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "554.531 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "575.586 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "585.911 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "37.4% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "61%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "15.8%"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "28,000 kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "78.87 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "6 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "97.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "2.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "2,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "362,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "362,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "2.372 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "0 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2022 est.) less than 1"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "2.76 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "126 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "small system including a combination of microwave radio relay, open-wire lines, radiotelephone, and mobile cellular communications; 2 mobile network operators; one of the poorest countries in the world and this is reflected in the country's telecommunications development; radio is the most important source of information for the public (2020)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line teledensity less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile cellular teledensity is just over 109 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 245; ACE submarine cable connecting Guinea-Bissau with 20 landing points in Western and South Africa and Europe (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "1 state-owned TV station, Televisao da Guine-Bissau (TGB) and a second station, Radio e Televisao de Portugal (RTP) Africa, is operated by Portuguese public broadcaster (RTP); 1 state-owned radio station, several private radio stations, and some community radio stations; multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".gw"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "32% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2023 est.) less than 1"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "J5"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "7 (2024)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,400 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "453 km"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "3,947 km (2016)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,367 km (2022) major rivers Geba- 550km, Corubal 560 km, Cacheu 257 km (rivers are partially navigable; many inlets and creeks provide shallow-water access to much of interior)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 3, general cargo 12, other 5"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "2 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Bissau, Rio Cacheu"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "People's Revolutionary Armed Force (Forcas Armadas Revolucionarias do Povo or FARP): Army, Navy, Air Force<br><br>Ministry of Internal Administration: National Guard (a gendarmerie force), Public Order Police, Border Police, Rapid Intervention Police, Maritime Police (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the Public Order Police is responsible for maintaining law and order, while the Judicial Police, under the Ministry of Justice, has primary responsibility for investigating drug trafficking, terrorism, and other transnational crimes"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.8% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 4,000 active troops, including a few hundred air and naval personnel (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the FARP is outfitted mostly with Soviet-era weapons and equipment, along with a handful of secondhand items from France and Spain (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-25 years of age for selective compulsory military service for men and women (Air Force service is voluntary); 16 years of age or younger, with parental consent, for voluntary service (2023)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the FARP is focused on external security, but also has some internal security duties, and it has been influential in the country’s politics since independence was gained in 1974, having staged at least nine coup attempts as well as several mutinies; FARP members were suspected of coup plotting as recently as 2021, and it put down an attempted coup in 2022, while the National Guard attempted a coup in December 2023; since the 2000s, the FARP has undergone various attempts at defense and security sector reforms under the auspices of the African Union, the EU, the Economic Community of West Africa (ECOWAS), and the UN <br><br>from 2012-2020, ECOWAS deployed a security force to Guinea-Bissau to manage the post-coup transition, including protecting key political figures and public buildings, restoring civil institutions, and re-establishing the rule of law; at the height of the deployment, the force, known as the ECOWAS Mission in Guinea-Bissau (ECOMIB), deployed nearly 700 military and police personnel from Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Senegal; as of 2024, ECOMIB remained in Guinea-Bissau (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "7,757 (Senegal) (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 2 Watch List — The Government of Guinea-Bissau does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so, therefore Guinea-Bissau was upgraded to Tier 2 Watch List; for more details, go to:  https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/guinea-bissau/"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "important transit country for South American cocaine en route to Europe; enabling environment for trafficker operations due to pervasive corruption; archipelago-like geography near the capital facilitates drug smuggling"
    }
  }
}