{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>South Sudan, which gained independence from Sudan in 2011, is the world’s newest country. Home to a diverse array of mainly Nilotic ethnolinguistic groups that settled in the territory in the 15th through 19th centuries, South Sudanese society is heavily dependent on seasonal migration and seasonal fluctuations in precipitation. Modern-day South Sudan was conquered first by Egypt and later ruled jointly by Egyptian-British colonial administrators in the late 19th century. Christian missionaries helped spread the English language and Christianity in the area, leading to significant cultural differences with the northern part of Sudan, where Arabic and Islam are dominant. When Sudan gained its independence in 1956, the southern region received assurances that it would participate fully in the political system. However, the Arab government in Khartoum reneged on its promises, prompting two periods of civil war (1955-1972 and 1983-2005) in which as many as 2.5 million people died -- mostly civilians -- due largely to starvation and drought. The second Sudanese civil war was one of the deadliest since WWII and left southern Sudanese society devastated. Peace talks resulted in a US-backed Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, which granted the South six years of autonomy followed by a referendum on final status. The result of this referendum, held in 2011, was a vote of 98% in favor of secession.<br><br>Since independence, South Sudan has struggled to form a viable governing system and has been plagued by widespread corruption, political conflict, and communal violence. In 2013, conflict erupted between forces loyal to President Salva KIIR, a Dinka, and forces loyal to Vice President Riek MACHAR, a Nuer. The conflict quickly spread through the country along ethnic lines, killing tens of thousands and creating a humanitarian crisis with millions of South Sudanese displaced. KIIR and MACHAR signed a peace agreement in 2015 that created a Transitional Government of National Unity the next year. However, renewed fighting broke out in Juba between KIIR and MACHAR’s forces, plunging the country back into conflict and drawing in additional armed opposition groups. A \"revitalized\" peace agreement was signed in 2018, mostly ending the fighting and laying the groundwork for a unified national army, a transitional government, and elections. The transitional government was formed in 2020, when MACHAR returned to Juba as first vice president. Since 2020, implementation of the peace agreement has been stalled amid wrangling over power-sharing, which has contributed to an uptick in communal violence and the country’s worst food crisis since independence, with 7 of 11 million South Sudanese citizens in need of humanitarian assistance. The transitional period was extended an additional two years in 2022, pushing elections to late 2024.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "East-Central Africa; south of Sudan, north of Uganda and Kenya, west of Ethiopia"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "8 00 N, 30 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "644,329 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "more than four times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Texas"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6,018 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Central African Republic 1,055 km; Democratic Republic of the Congo 714 km; Ethiopia 1,299 km; Kenya 317 km; Sudan 2,158 km; Uganda 475 km"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan"
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "hot with seasonal rainfall influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone; rainfall heaviest in upland areas of the south and diminishes to the north"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "plains in the north and center rise to southern highlands along the border with Uganda and Kenya; the White Nile, flowing north out of the uplands of Central Africa, is the major geographic feature of the country; The Sudd (a name derived from floating vegetation that hinders navigation) is a large swampy area of more than 100,000 sq km fed by the waters of the White Nile that dominates the center of the country"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Kinyeti 3,187 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "White Nile 381 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "hydropower, fertile agricultural land, gold, diamonds, petroleum, hardwoods, limestone, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "45% (2018)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 4.4% (2018)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 40.7% (2018)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "11.3% (2018)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "43.5% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "1,000 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea)</em> Nile (3,254,853 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "clusters found in urban areas, particularly in the western interior and around the White Nile as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked; The Sudd is a vast swamp in the north central region of South Sudan, formed by the White Nile; its size is variable but can reach some 15% of the country's total area during the rainy season; it is one of the world's largest wetlands"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "12,703,714"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "6,476,341"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "6,227,373 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "South Sudanese (singular and plural)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "South Sudanese"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Dinka (Jieng) approximately 35-40%, Nuer (Naath) approximately 15%, Shilluk (Chollo), Azande, Bari, Kakwa, Kuku, Murle, Mandari, Didinga, Ndogo, Bviri, Lndi, Anuak, Bongo, Lango, Dungotona, Acholi, Baka, Fertit (2011 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>Figures are estimations due to population changes during South Sudan's civil war and the lack of updated demographic studies"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "English (official), Arabic (includes Juba and Sudanese variants), ethnic languages include Dinka, Nuer, Bari, Zande, Shilluk"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)<br><br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)"
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Christian 60.5%, folk religion 32.9%, Muslim 6.2%, other &lt;1%, unaffiliated &lt;1% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>South Sudan, independent from Sudan since July 2011 after decades of civil war, is one of the world’s poorest countries and ranks among the lowest in many socioeconomic categories. Problems are exacerbated by ongoing tensions with Sudan over oil revenues and land borders, fighting between government forces and rebel groups, and inter-communal violence. Most of the population lives off of farming, while smaller numbers rely on animal husbandry; abput 80% of the populace lives in rural areas. The maternal mortality rate is among the world’s highest for a variety of reasons, including a shortage of health care workers, facilities, and supplies; poor roads and a lack of transport; and cultural beliefs that prevent women from seeking obstetric care. Most women marry and start having children early, giving birth at home with the assistance of traditional birth attendants, who are unable to handle complications.</p> <p>Educational attainment is extremely poor due to the lack of schools, qualified teachers, and materials. Only one-third of the population is literate (the rate is even lower among women), and half live below the poverty line. Teachers and students are also struggling with the switch from Arabic to English as the language of instruction. Many adults missed out on schooling because of warfare and displacement.</p> <p>More than 2 million South Sudanese have sought refuge in neighboring countries since the current conflict began in December 2013. Another 2.2 million South Sudanese are internally displaced as of October 2022. Despite South Sudan’s instability and lack of infrastructure and social services, more than 275,000 people had fled to South Sudan to escape fighting in Sudan as of December 2022.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "42.1% (male 2,725,520/female 2,619,035)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "55.3% (male 3,568,064/female 3,458,804)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "2.6% (2024 est.) (male 182,757/female 149,534)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "80.8"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "74.7"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "6.1"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "18.4 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18.7 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18.7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.7 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "4.65% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "36.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "8.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "19.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "clusters found in urban areas, particularly in the western interior and around the White Nile as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "21.2% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "459,000 JUBA (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "1.22 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "1,223 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "60.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "65.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "54.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "60.3 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "58.4 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "62.2 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "5.09 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "2.48 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 88.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 75.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 78.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 11.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 24.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 21.6% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "5.3% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 60.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 15.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 24.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 39.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 84.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 75.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "6.6% (2014)"
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "72% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "1.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "34.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "40.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "28.9% (2018)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife conservation and loss of biodiversity; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; periodic drought"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "hot with seasonal rainfall influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone; rainfall heaviest in upland areas of the south and diminishes to the north"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "45% (2018)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 4.4% (2018)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 40.7% (2018)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "11.3% (2018)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "43.5% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "21.2% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "widespread lack of access": {
        "text": "<em>due to economic downturn, the lingering effects of floods, and prolonged internal conflict -</em> despite sustained humanitarian assistance, food insecurity still affects large segments of the population, owing to rampant inflation and insufficient food supplies due to stagnant agricultural production, the effects of consecutive years with widespread floods, and the escalation of organized violence at the sub-national level since 2020; about 7.76 million people, almost two thirds of the total population, are expected to face severe acute food insecurity in the lean season between April and July 2023; the high levels of cereal prices are mainly due to insufficient supplies, low foreign currency reserves, a weak national currency and high fuel prices; further upward pressure was exerted by reduced imports from neighboring Uganda, where exportable surpluses shrunk in 2022 following a reduced cereal production (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "2.65% of GDP (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "20.18 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "1.73 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "7.61 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "2,680,681 tons (2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea)</em> Nile (3,254,853 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "190 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "230 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "240 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "49.5 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of South Sudan"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "South Sudan"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "self-descriptive name from the country's former position within Sudan prior to independence; the name \"Sudan\" derives from the Arabic \"bilad-as-sudan\" meaning \"Land of the Black [peoples]\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Juba"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "04 51 N, 31 37 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+2 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name derives from Djouba, another name for the Bari people of South Sudan"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "10 states; Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Unity, Upper Nile, Warrap, Western Bahr el Ghazal, Western Equatoria; note - in 2015, the creation of 28 new states was announced and in 2017 four additional states; following the February 2020 peace agreement, the country was again reorganized into the 10 original states, plus 2 administrative areas, Pibor and Ruweng, and 1 special administrative status area, Abyei (which is disputed between South Sudan and Sudan); this latest administrative revision has not yet been vetted by the US Board on Geographic Names"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "9 July 2011 (from Sudan)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 9 July (2011)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 2005 (preindependence); latest signed 7 July 2011, effective 9 July 2011 (Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011); note - new constitution pending establishment under the 2018 peace agreement"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the National Legislature or by the president of the republic; passage requires submission of the proposal to the Legislature at least one month prior to consideration, approval by at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of the Legislature, and assent of the president; amended 2013, 2015, 2018"
      }
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of South Sudan"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "10 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Salva KIIR Mayardit (since 9 July 2011)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Salva KIIR Mayardit (since 9 July 2011)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "National Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Transitional National Legislative Assembly"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 11 to 15 April 2010 (next election was scheduled for 2015 but has been postponed multiple times, currently to be held in December 2026)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2010:</em> Salva KIIR Mayardit elected leader of then-Southern Sudan; percent of vote - Salva KIIR Mayardit (SPLM) 93%, Lam AKOL (SPLM-DC) 7%"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the president is both chief of state and head of government"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Législature nationale (National Legislature)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "bicameral"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - lower chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Transitional National Legislative Assembly (Al-Majlis Al-Tachirii)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "550 (all appointed)"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "5/10/2021"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "32.4%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "December 2026"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - upper chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Council of States (Al-Watani)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "100 (all appointed)"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "8/2/2021"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "32.1%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "December 2026"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of South Sudan (consists of a chief justice, deputy chief justice, and 5 additional justices); note - consistent with the 2008 Judiciary Act, the Transitional Constitution of South Sudan calls for 9, rather than 5 additional justices"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "justices appointed by the president (the 2011 Transitional Constitution of South Sudan calls for the establishment of a Judicial Service Council to recommend prospective justices to the president, and for the justices' tenures to be set by the National Legislature; neither of these steps have been effectively implemented as of mid-2023)"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "national level - Courts of Appeal; High Courts; County Courts; state level - High Courts; County Courts; customary courts; other specialized courts and tribunals"
      },
      "note": "Note: in mid-2022, the Government of South Sudan inaugurated an Ad-hoc Judiciary Committee, a 12-member body led by two eminent jurists, which is charged with reviewing relevant laws, advising on judicial reform and restructuring of the judiciary"
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "<p>Democratic Change or DC<br>Democratic Forum or DF<br>Labour Party or LPSS<br>South Sudan Opposition Alliance or SSOA<br>Sudan African National Union or SANU<br>Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM<br>Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-In Opposition or SPLM-IO<br>United Democratic Salvation Front or UDSF    <br>United South Sudan African Party or USSAP<br>United South Sudan Party or USSP</p>"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "AU, EAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Santino Fardol Watod DICKEN (since 18 September 2024)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1015 31st Street NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 600-2238"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 644-9910"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info.ssdembassy@gmail.com<br><br>https://www.ssembassydc.org/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Michael J. ADLER (since 24 August 2022)<br>"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Kololo Road adjacent to the EU's compound, Juba"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "4420 Juba Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-4420"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[211] 912-105-188"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ACSJuba@state.gov<br><br>https://ss.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side contains a gold, five-pointed star; black represents the people of South Sudan, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green the verdant land, and blue the waters of the Nile; the gold star represents the unity of the states making up South Sudan",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> resembles the flag of Kenya; one of only two national flags to display six colors as part of its primary design, the other is South Africa's"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "African fish eagle; national colors: red, green, blue, yellow, black, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"South Sudan Oyee!\" (Hooray!)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "collective of 49 poets/Juba University students and teachers"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2011; anthem selected in a national contest"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "low-income, oil-based Sahelian economy; extreme poverty and food insecurity; COVID-19 and ongoing violence threaten socioeconomic potential; environmentally fragile; ongoing land and property rights issues; natural resource rich but lacks infrastructure"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
        "text": "$20.01 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016": {
        "text": "$21.1 billion (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015": {
        "text": "$24.52 billion (2015 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "-5.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
        "text": "-13.9% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
        "text": "-10.79% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2017": {
        "text": "$1,600 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2016": {
        "text": "$1,700 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2015": {
        "text": "$2,100 (2015 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$11.998 billion (2015 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "2.38% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "-6.69% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "10.52% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "10.4% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "33.1% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "56.6% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "5.8% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "36.7% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-28.9% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "milk, cassava, sorghum, goat milk, vegetables, fruits, maize, groundnuts, sesame seeds, beef (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-36.78% (2015 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "4.883 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "12.27% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "12.4% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "13.87% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "19.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "82.3% (2016 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": {
        "text": "44.1 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "1.8% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "33% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2015": {
        "text": "9.49% of GDP (2015 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2014": {
        "text": "0.01% of GDP (2014 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$1.94 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$1.938 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "62.7% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "8.5% (of GDP) (FY2017/18 est.)"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "$577.9 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$596.748 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$6.55 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$4.499 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$5.811 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$4.652 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 44%, Italy 26%, Singapore 12%, Japan 9%, UAE 8% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, gold, forage crops, barley (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$4.443 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$6.402 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$4.037 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "UAE 39%, Kenya 18%, China 17%, US 4%, India 3% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "garments, cars, trucks, packaged medicine, malt extract (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020": {
        "text": "$183.615 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019": {
        "text": "$378.282 million (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018": {
        "text": "$36.396 million (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "South Sudanese pounds (SSP) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "930.331 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "534.511 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "306.355 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "165.907 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "157.999 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "8.4% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "15%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "1.7%"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "134,000 kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "595.604 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "24.506 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "97.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "2.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "imports": {
        "text": "100 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "146,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "14,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "3.75 billion barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "1.97 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "1.97 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "2.627 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "0 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2023 est.) less than 1"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "6.17 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "30 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "following a referendum, oil-rich South Sudan seceded from Sudan in 2011 and became an independent nation; having been deprived of investment for decades, it inherited one of the least developed telecom markets in the world; there was once investment activity among mobile network operators who sought to expand their networks in some areas of the country; operators in the telecom sector placed themselves in survival mode and are hoping for a political settlement and a return to some degree of social stability; South Sudan has one of the lowest mobile penetration rates in Africa; growth in the sector in coming years is premised on a resolution to the political crisis and a recovery of the country&rsquo;s economy; the virtually untapped internet and broadband market also depends to a large extent on the country gaining access to international fiber cables and on a national backbone network being in place; sophisticated infrastructure solutions are needed to reach the 80% of the population that live outside of the main urban centers; some improvement has followed from the cable link in February 2020 which connects Juba directly to the company&rsquo;s submarine landing station at Mombasa; the cable was South Sudan&rsquo;s first direct international fiber link, and has helped drive down the price of retail internet services for residential and business customers; a second cable linking to the border with Kenya was completed in December 2021 (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line less than 1 per 100 subscriptions, mobile-cellular is 30 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 211 (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "<p>a single TV channel and a radio station are controlled by the government; several community and commercial FM stations are operational, mostly sponsored by outside aid donors; some foreign radio broadcasts are available</p> (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ss"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "12% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2023 est.) less than 1"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "0 mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "Z8"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "82 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2024)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "248 km (2018)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> a narrow gauge, single-track railroad between Babonosa (Sudan) and Wau, the only existing rail system, was repaired in 2010 with $250 million in UN funds, but is not currently operational"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "90,200 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "300 km"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "89,900 km (2015)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> most of the road network is unpaved and much of it is in disrepair; the Juba-Nimule highway connecting Juba to the border with Uganda is the main paved road in South Sudan "
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "see entry for Sudan"
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "South Sudan People’s Defense Force (SSPDF): Land Forces (includes Presidential Guard), Air Forces, Marines (Riverine Forces), Reserve Forces; National (or Necessary) Unified Forces (NUF)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: South Sudan National Police Service (SSNPS) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>the NUF are being formed by retraining rebel and pro-government militia fighters into military, police, and other government security forces; the first operational NUF deployed in November 2023<strong><br><br>note 2:</strong> numerous irregular forces operate in the country with official knowledge, including militias operated by the National Security Service (an internal security force under the Ministry of National Security) and proxy forces"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "2.5% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "3.1% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "3.2% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "estimated 150-200,000 active personnel, mostly ground forces with small contingents of air and riverine forces (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>some active SSPDF personnel may be militia; the National/Necessary Unified Forces (NUF) are expected to have up to 80,000 personnel when training and integration is completed; the first batch of approximately 20,000 NUF personnel completed training in late 2022"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the SSPDF inventory is comprised primarily of Soviet-era equipment; South Sudan has been under a UN arms embargo since 2018 (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory (men) and voluntary (men and women) military service; 12-24 months service (2023)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the South Sudan People's Defense Forces (SSPDF) are largely focused on border and internal security; for example, as of 2024 it was engaged in counterinsurgency operations against the National Salvation Front (NAS), a militant group which has continued fighting the South Sudanese Government since a peace deal led to a cease-fire and the formation of a unity government in 2018; the NAS is mostly active in the greater Equatoria region <br><br>the SSPDF, formerly the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), was founded as a guerrilla movement against the Sudanese Government in 1983 and participated in the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005); the Juba Declaration that followed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 unified the SPLA and the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF), the second-largest rebel militia remaining from the civil war, under the SPLA name; in 2017, the SPLA was renamed the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF) and in September 2018 was renamed again as the SSPDF<br><br>the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has operated in the country since 2011 with the objectives of consolidating peace and security and helping establish conditions for the successful economic and political development of South Sudan; UNMISS had about 15,000 personnel deployed in the country as of 2024<br><br>the UN Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; as of 2024, UNISFA had approximately 3,200 personnel assigned (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "564,738 (Sudan) (refugees since 15 April 2023), 13,833 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2024)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "2.258 million (alleged coup attempt and ethnic conflict beginning in December 2013; information is lacking on those displaced in earlier years by: fighting in Abyei between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in May 2011; clashes between the SPLA and dissident militia groups in South Sudan; inter-ethnic conflicts over resources and cattle; attacks from the Lord's Resistance Army; floods and drought) (2023)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "10,000 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 3 — South Sudan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, South Sudan remains on Tier 3; for more details, go to:  https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/south-sudan/"
      }
    }
  }
}