{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>In the 10th century, Muslim merchants established some of The Gambia’s earliest large settlements as trans-Saharan trade hubs. These settlements eventually grew into major export centers sending slaves, gold, and ivory across the Sahara. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, European colonial powers began establishing trade with The Gambia. In 1664, the United Kingdom established a colony in The Gambia focused on exporting enslaved people across the Atlantic. During the roughly 300 years of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the UK and other European powers may have exported as many as 3 million people from The Gambia.</p> <p>The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965. Geographically surrounded by Senegal, it formed the short-lived confederation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1994, Yahya JAMMEH led a military coup overthrowing the president and banning political activity. He subsequently won every presidential election until 2016, when he lost to Adama BARROW, who headed an opposition coalition during free and fair elections. BARROW won reelection in 2021. The Gambia is the only member of the Economic Community of West African States that does not have presidential term limits. Since the 2016 election, The Gambia and the US have enjoyed improved relations. US assistance to the country has supported democracy-strengthening activities, capacity building, economic development, and security sector education and training programs. </p> <br> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and Senegal"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "13 28 N, 16 34 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "11,300 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "10,120 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "1,180 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly less than twice the size of Delaware"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "749 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Senegal 749 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "80 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "18 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "extent not specified"
      },
      "exclusive fishing zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "unnamed elevation 63 m; 3 km southeast of the town of Sabi"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "34 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "fish, clay, silica sand, titanium (rutile and ilmenite), tin, zircon"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "56.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 41% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 14.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "43.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "50 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Gambia river mouth (shared with Senegal and Guinea [s]) - 1,094 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "settlements are found scattered along the Gambia River; the largest communities, including the capital of Banjul, and the country's largest city, Serekunda, are found at the mouth of the Gambia River along the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "droughts"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the African mainland"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,523,327"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "1,250,490"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1,272,837 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Gambian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Gambian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Mandinka/Jahanka 33.3%, Fulani/Tukulur/Lorobo 18.2%, Wolof 12.9%, Jola/Karoninka 11%, Serahuleh 7.2%, Serer 3.5%, other 4%, non-Gambian 9.9% (2019-20 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 96.4%, Christian 3.5%, other or none 0.1% (2019-20 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>The Gambia’s youthful age structure – approximately 55% of the population is under the age of 25 as of 2021 – is likely to persist because the country’s total fertility rate remains strong at nearly 4 children per woman. The overall literacy rate is around 50%, and is significantly lower for women than for men. At least 70% of the populace are farmers who are reliant on rain-fed agriculture and cannot afford improved seeds and fertilizers. Crop failures caused by droughts between 2011 and 2013 increased poverty, food shortages, and malnutrition.</p> <p>The Gambia is a source country for migrants and a transit and destination country for migrants and refugees. Since the 1980s, economic deterioration, drought, and high unemployment, especially among youths, have driven both domestic migration (largely urban) and migration abroad (legal and illegal). Emigrants are largely skilled workers, including doctors and nurses, and provide a significant amount of remittances. The top receiving countries for Gambian emigrants are Spain, the US, Nigeria, Senegal, and the UK. While the Gambia and Spain do not share historic, cultural, or trade ties, rural Gambians have migrated to Spain in large numbers because of its proximity and the availability of jobs in its underground economy (this flow slowed following the onset of Spain’s late 2007 economic crisis).</p> <p>The Gambia’s role as a host country to refugees is a result of wars in several of its neighboring West African countries. Since 2006, refugees from the Casamance conflict in Senegal have replaced their pattern of flight and return with permanent settlement in The Gambia, often moving in with relatives along the Senegal-Gambia border. The strain of providing for about 7,400 Casamance refugees increased poverty among Gambian villagers. The number of refugees decreased to around 3,500 by 2022.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "38.2% (male 486,472/female 477,309)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "58.1% (male 723,360/female 743,127)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "3.7% (2024 est.) (male 40,658/female 52,401)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "85"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "80.5"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "4.5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "22.2 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.2 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "19.8 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "20.6 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.16% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "27.3 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "settlements are found scattered along the Gambia River; the largest communities, including the capital of Banjul, and the country's largest city, Serekunda, are found at the mouth of the Gambia River along the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "64.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "481,000 BANJUL (capital) (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes the local government areas of Banjul and Kanifing"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.78 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "20.7 years (2019/20 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "458 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "35.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "39.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "32.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "68.4 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "66.7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "70.1 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "3.52 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.74 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "18.9% (2019/20)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 91.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 85.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 89.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 8.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 14.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 10.5% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "2.6% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "0.08 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "1.1 beds/1,000 population (2011)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 75.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 33.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 60% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 24.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 66.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 40% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "10.3% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.21 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "2.44 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11.1% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "21.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "0.8% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "11.6% (2019/20)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "60.9% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "5.6%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "23.1%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "0.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "2.8% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "58.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "65.2%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "51.2% (2021)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation due to slash-and-burn agriculture; desertification; water pollution; water-borne diseases"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "56.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 41% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 14.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "43.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "64.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "2.47% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "39.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "0.53 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "1.96 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "193,441 tons (2002 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Gambia river mouth (shared with Senegal and Guinea [s]) - 1,094 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "40 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "20 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "40 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "8 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of The Gambia"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "The Gambia"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named for the Gambia River that flows through the heart of the country"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Banjul"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "13 27 N, 16 34 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "Banjul is located on Saint Mary's Island at the mouth of the Gambia River; the Mandinka used to gather fibrous plants on the island for the manufacture of ropes; \"bang julo\" is Mandinka for \"rope fiber\"; mispronunciation over time caused the term became the word Banjul"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "5 regions, 1 city*, and 1 municipality**; Banjul*, Central River, Kanifing**, Lower River, North Bank, Upper River, West Coast"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "18 February 1965 (from the UK)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 18 February (1965)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law, and customary law"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1965 (Independence Act), 1970; latest adopted 8 April 1996, approved by referendum 8 August 1996, effective 16 January 1997; note - in early 2018, the \"Constitutional Review Commission,\" was established to draft&nbsp; and assist in instituting a new constitution; a second draft completed in March 2020 was rejected by the National Assembly in September; the president announced in January 2022 government plans to draft a new constitution&nbsp;"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly membership in each of several readings and approval by the president of the republic; a referendum is required for amendments affecting national sovereignty, fundamental rights and freedoms, government structures and authorities, taxation, and public funding; passage by referendum requires participation of at least 50% of eligible voters and approval by at least 75% of votes cast; amended 2001, 2004, 2018"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Adama BARROW (since 19 January 2022)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Vice President Mohammed JALLOW (since 23 February 2024)&nbsp;&nbsp;"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 4 December 2021 (next to be held in 2026); vice president appointed by the president"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2021: </em>Adama BARROW reelected president; percent of vote - Adama BARROW (NPP) 53.2%, Ousainou DARBOE (UDP) 27.7%, Mamma KANDEH (GDC) 12.3%, other 6.8%<br><br><em>2016: </em>Adama BARROW elected president; percent of vote - Adama BARROW (Coalition 2016) 43.3%, Yahya JAMMEH (APRC) 39.6%, Mamma KANDEH (GDC) 17.1%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "National Assembly"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "58 (53 directly elected; 5 appointed)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "plurality/majority"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "4/9/2022"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "National People's Party (NPP) (18); United Democratic Party (UDP) (15); National Reconciliation Party (NRP) (4); Independents (12); Other (4)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "8.6%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "April 2027"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of The Gambia (consists of the chief justice and 6 justices; court sessions held with 5 justices)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "justices appointed by the president after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission, a 6-member independent body of high-level judicial officials, a presidential appointee, and a National Assembly appointee; justices appointed for life or until mandatory retirement at age 75"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Court of Appeal; High Court; Special Criminal Court; Khadis or Muslim courts; district tribunals; magistrates courts; cadi courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or APRC <br>Gambia Democratic Congress or GDC <br>Gambia Moral Congress or GMC <br>National People's Party or NPP <br>People's Progressive Party or PPP <br>United Democratic Party or UDP "
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Momodou Lamin BAH (12 December 2022)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "5630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 785-1399"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 785-1430"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info@gambiaembassydc.us<br><br>https://www.gambiaembassydc.us/home"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Sharon L. CROMER (since 18 March 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Kairaba Avenue, Fajara, P.M.B. 19, Banjul"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2070 Banjul Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-2070"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[220] 439-2856"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[220] 439-2475"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ConsularBanjul@state.gov<br><br>https://gm.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green; red stands for the sun and the savannah, blue represents the Gambia River, and green symbolizes forests and agriculture; the white stripes denote unity and peace"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "lion; national colors: red, blue, green, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"For The Gambia, Our Homeland\""
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Virginia Julie HOWE/adapted by Jeremy Frederick HOWE"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1965; the music is an adaptation of the traditional Mandinka song \"Foday Kaba Dumbuya\""
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "2 (both cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites; Stone Circles of Senegambia"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "low-income West African economy; agriculture-dominant; high poverty rate; heightened inflation; dependent on foreign assistance and remittances; structural reforms conditioned by IMF Extended Credit Facility program"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$7.911 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$7.549 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$7.156 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "4.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "5.49% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.26% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$2,900 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$2,900 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$2,800 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$2.396 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "16.97% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "11.51% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "7.37% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "23.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "16.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "53.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "85.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "7.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "27.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "9.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-32.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "groundnuts, milk, rice, millet, oil palm fruit, maize, vegetables, cassava, fruits, sorghum (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "peanuts, fish, hides, tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking, clothing"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "10.15% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "973,000 (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "6.48% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "6.08% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "6.21% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "10.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "10.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "53.4% (2020 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020": {
        "text": "38.8 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.6% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "30.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "21.9% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "22.76% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "27.16% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$308.887 million (2018 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$221.137 million (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "88% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "20.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$204.132 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$90.251 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$86.877 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$643.689 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$267.377 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$142.652 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "India 31%, China 23%, Italy 7%, Chile 7%, Portugal 5% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "coconuts/Brazil nuts/cashews, wood, shellfish, scrap iron, fish oil (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$1.38 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$829.516 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$726.23 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 31%, Senegal 12%, India 8%, Brazil 8%, US 5% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "cotton fabric, rice, raw sugar, poultry, palm oil (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$577.028 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$568.244 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$652.671 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$971.426 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "dalasis (GMD) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "61.096 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "54.923 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "51.484 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "51.502 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "50.062 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "65.4% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "82.8%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "31.2%"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "140,000 kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "405.405 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "104.176 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "99.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "3,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "524,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "524,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "2.651 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "60,000 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "2.68 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "101 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Gambia&rsquo;s telecom market has five mobile networks providing effective competition; mobile subscriptions are well above the African average, itself a testament to the poor condition of the fixed-line infrastructure and the lack of availability of fixed services in many rural areas of the country; there are only four licensed ISPs, which are small networks serving local areas, and so competition is minimal; their limited services are complemented by the fixed-wireless offerings of three of the MNOs; the government has embarked on a National Broadband Network program aimed at closing the digital divide affecting many parts of the country; despite efforts to improve internet connectivity, the country ranks among the lowest globally in terms of digital readiness. (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line subscriptions are 2 per 100 and&nbsp; mobile-cellular teledensity nearly 110 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 220; landing point for the ACE submarine cable to West Africa and Europe; microwave radio relay links to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau;&nbsp;satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "<p>1 state-run TV-channel; one privately-owned TV-station; 1 Online TV-station; three state-owned radio station and 31 privately owned radio stations; eight community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available, some via shortwave radio; cable and satellite TV subscription services are obtainable in some parts of the country </p> (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".gm"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "54% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6,000 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2022 est.) less than 1"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "6"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "53,735 (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "C5"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "1 (2024)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,977 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "518 km"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "2,459 km (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "390 km (2010) (on River Gambia; small oceangoing vessels can reach 190 km)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 5, other 10"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "1 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Banjul"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Gambian Armed Forces (GAF; aka Armed Forces of the Gambia): the Gambian National Army (GNA), Gambia Navy, Gambia Air Force, Republican National Guard (RNG)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Gambia Police Force (GPF) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the RNG is responsible for VIP protection, riot control, and presidential security, while the GPF maintains internal security"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "estimated 3,000 military personnel (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military of Gambia has a limited inventory of mostly older, obsolescent, or donated equipment originating from several suppliers, including Taiwan, Turkey, the UK, and the US (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary service for men and women (18-22 for officers); no conscription; service obligation six months&nbsp; (2024)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Gambian security forces have a history of involvement in domestic politics, including multiple coups attempts and mutinies, with the latest being an attempted coup in 2022; since 2017, Gambia’s security sector has been undergoing reforms as part of a national reconstruction effort to recover from the 22 years of Yahya JAMMEH’s autocratic rule under which the security forces were under-resourced in terms of finances and equipment and were largely directed towards regime protection and suppressing dissent; international partners, including member states of the EU, particularly France and Germany, as well as Turkey and the US have provided assistance for military and police reforms; several members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) have also provided security forces for stability, plus assistance and training through the ECOWAS Mission in the Gambia (ECOMIG); as of 2024, Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal were providing military and gendarmerie personnel for ECOMIG<br><br>the GAF is a small and lightly armed force responsible for external defense, including maritime security, and aiding civil authorities in emergencies and natural disaster relief; it also engages in domestic support activities such as engineering, education, health, and agriculture development; the GAF participates in peacekeeping missions, and since its first deployments in the 1990s, has been involved in more than 10 UN peacekeeping missions <br><br>the GAF traces its origins to the Gambia Regiment of the British Army; established in 1901, the Gambia Regiment was part of the West African Frontier Force (WAFF, later Royal West African Frontier Force or RWAFF) and served in both World Wars, including the British 1944-45 military campaign in Burma; the Gambia Regiment was disbanded in 1958 and replaced by the Field Force, a police paramilitary unit; the Field Force was responsible for The Gambia’s security until the establishment of the GAF in 1985; in addition, a defense agreement signed in 1965 between The Gambia and Senegal provided mutual assistance in the face of an external threat; from 1981-1989, The Gambia and Senegal formed a Confederal Army that was made up of troops from both countries (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "5,600 (2022)"
      }
    }
  }
}