{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>The area that is modern-day Ethiopia is rich in cultural and religious diversity with more than 80 ethnic groups. The oldest hominid yet found comes from Ethiopia, and Ethiopia was the second country to officially adopt Christianity in the 4th century A.D. A series of monarchies ruled the area that is now Ethiopia from 980 B.C. to 1855, when the Amhara kingdoms of northern Ethiopia united in an empire under Tewodros II. Many Ethiopians still speak reverently about the Battle of Adwa in 1896, when they defeated Italian forces and won their freedom from colonial rule. <br><br>Emperor Haile SELASSIE became an internationally renowned figure in 1935, when he unsuccessfully appealed to the League of Nations to prevent Italy from occupying Ethiopia from 1936 to 1941. SELASSIE survived an attempted coup in 1960, annexed modern-day Eritrea in 1962, and played a leading role in establishing the Organization of African Unity in 1963. However, in 1974, a military junta called the Derg deposed him and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, drought, and massive displacement, the Derg regime was toppled in 1991 by a coalition of opposing forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). The EPRDF became an ethno-federalist political coalition that ruled Ethiopia from 1991 until its dissolution in 2019. Ethiopia adopted its constitution in 1994 and held its first multiparty elections in 1995. <br><br>A two-and-a-half-year border war with Eritrea in the late 1990s ended with a peace treaty in 2000. Ethiopia subsequently rejected the 2007 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission demarcation. This resulted in more than a decade of a tense “no peace, no war” stalemate between the two countries. In 2012, longtime Prime Minister MELES Zenawi died in office and was replaced by his Deputy Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn, marking the first peaceful transition of power in decades. Following a wave of popular dissent and anti-government protest that began in 2015, HAILEMARIAM resigned in 2018, and ABIY Ahmed Ali took office the same year as Ethiopia's first ethnic Oromo prime minister. In 2018, ABIY promoted a rapprochement between Ethiopia and Eritrea that was marked with a peace agreement and a reopening of their shared border. In 2019, Ethiopia's nearly 30-year ethnic-based ruling coalition, the EPRDF, merged into a single unity party called the Prosperity Party; however, the lead coalition party, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), declined to join. In 2020, a military conflict erupted between forces aligned with the TPLF and the Ethiopian military. The conflict -- which was marked by atrocities committed by all parties -- ended in 2022 with a cessation of hostilities agreement between the TPLF and the Ethiopian Government. However, Ethiopia continues to experience ethnic-based violence as other groups -- including the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) and Amhara militia Fano -- seek concessions from the Ethiopian Government.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Eastern Africa, west of Somalia"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "8 00 N, 38 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "1,104,300 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "1,096,570 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "7,730 sq km"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> area numbers are approximate since a large portion of the Ethiopia-Somalia border is undefined"
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly less than twice the size of Texas"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5,925 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Djibouti 342 km; Eritrea 1,033 km; Kenya 867 km; Somalia 1,640 km; South Sudan 1,299 km; Sudan 744 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Ras Dejen 4,550 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Danakil Depression -125 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "1,330 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "36.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 15.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 20% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "12.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "51.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "1,813 sq km (2020)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Tana - 3,600 sq km; Abaya Hayk - 1,160 sq km; Ch'amo Hayk - 550 sq km"
      },
      "salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Turkana (shared with Kenya) - 6,400 sq km; Abhe Bid Hayk/Abhe Bad (shared with Djibouti) - 780 sq km;&nbsp;"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Blue Nile river source (shared with Sudan [m]) - 1,600 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Mediterranean Sea)</em> Nile (3,254,853 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Ogaden-Juba Basin, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "highest density is found in the highlands of the north and middle areas of the country, particularly around the centrally located capital city of Addis Ababa; the far east and southeast are sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> volcanic activity in the Great Rift Valley; Erta Ale (613 m), which has caused frequent lava flows in recent years, is the country's most active volcano; Dabbahu became active in 2005, forcing evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Alayta, Dalaffilla, Dallol, Dama Ali, Fentale, Kone, Manda Hararo, and Manda-Inakir</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "<strong>note 1:</strong> landlocked -- entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; Ethiopia is, therefore, the most populous landlocked country in the world; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> three major crops may have originated in Ethiopia: coffee (almost certainly), grain sorghum, and castor bean"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "118,550,298"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "59,062,093"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "59,488,205 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Ethiopian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Ethiopian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Oromo 35.8%, Amhara 24.1%, Somali 7.2%, Tigray 5.7%, Sidama 4.1%, Guragie 2.6%, Welaita 2.3%, Afar 2.2%, Silte 1.3%, Kefficho 1.2%, other 13.5% (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Oromo (official regional working language) 33.8%, Amharic (official national language) 29.3%, Somali (official regional working language) 6.2%, Tigrigna (Tigrinya) (official regional working language) 5.9%, Sidamo 4%, Wolaytta 2.2%, Gurage 2%, Afar (official regional working language) 1.7%, Hadiyya 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, Opuuo 1.2%, Kafa 1.1%, other 8.1%, English (2007 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Kitaaba Addunyaa Waan Qabataamaatiif - Kan Madda Odeeffannoo bu’uraawaatiif baay’ee barbaachisaa ta’e. (Oromo)<br><br>የአለም እውነታ መጽሐፍ፣ ለመሠረታዊ መረጃ እጅግ አስፈላጊ የሆነ ምንጭ። (Amharic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Ethiopian Orthodox 43.8%, Muslim 31.3%, Protestant 22.8%, Catholic 0.7%, traditional 0.6%, other 0.8% (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Ethiopia is a predominantly agricultural country – nearly 80% of the population lives in rural areas – that is in the early stages of demographic transition. Infant, child, and maternal mortality have fallen sharply over the past decade, but the total fertility rate has declined more slowly and the population continues to grow. The rising age of marriage and the increasing proportion of women remaining single have contributed to fertility reduction. While the use of modern contraceptive methods among married women has increased significantly from 6 percent in 2000 to 27 percent in 2012, the overall rate is still quite low.</p> <p>Ethiopia’s rapid population growth is putting increasing pressure on land resources, expanding environmental degradation, and raising vulnerability to food shortages. With about 40 percent of the population below the age of 15 and a fertility rate of 4 children per woman (and even higher in rural areas), Ethiopia will have to make further progress in meeting its family planning needs if it is to achieve the age structure necessary for reaping a demographic dividend in the coming decades.</p> <p>Poverty, drought, political repression, and forced government resettlement have driven Ethiopia’s internal and external migration since the 1960s. Before the 1974 revolution, only small numbers of the Ethiopian elite went abroad to study and then returned home, but under the brutal Derg regime thousands fled the country, primarily as refugees. Between 1982 and 1991 there was a new wave of migration to the West for family reunification. Since the defeat of the Derg in 1991, Ethiopians have migrated to escape violence among some of the country’s myriad ethnic groups or to pursue economic opportunities. Internal and international trafficking of women and children for domestic work and prostitution is a growing problem.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "38.7% (male 23,092,496/female 22,765,882)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "58% (male 34,175,328/female 34,536,238)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "3.4% (2024 est.) (male 1,794,269/female 2,186,085)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "75.7"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "70.2"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "5.5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "18.1 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.4 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "20.7 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.37% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "29.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.8 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "highest density is found in the highlands of the north and middle areas of the country, particularly around the centrally located capital city of Addis Ababa; the far east and southeast are sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "23.2% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "5.461 million ADDIS ABABA (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.99 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.82 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "19.3 years (2019 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "267 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "32.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "37.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "27.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "67.7 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "65.4 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "70 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "3.84 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.89 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "37.7% (2020)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 98.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 70.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 76.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 1.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 29.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 23.6% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "3.5% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "0.11 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "0.3 beds/1,000 population (2016)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 52.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 8.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 17.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 47.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 91.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 82.3% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "4.5% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.92 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5.1% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "8.8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1.3% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "21.1% (2019)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "67.5% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "14.1%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "40.3%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "5% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.5% of GDP (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "51.8%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "57.2%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "44.4% (2017)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "8 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "8 years (2012)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; loss of biodiversity; water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor management; industrial pollution and pesticides contribute to air, water, and soil pollution"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "36.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 15.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 20% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "12.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "51.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "23.2% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "widespread lack of access": {
        "text": "<em>due to conflict in Tigray Region, drought conditions in southeastern areas, high food prices - </em>according to the 2023 Humanitarian Response Plan, about 20.1 million people are estimated to be in need of emergency food assistance; the difficult food security situation is mainly the result of the lingering impact of the conflict in northern areas, episodes of intercommunal violence across the country, and the drought in southern areas that are affecting food availability and access; food insecurity is exacerbated by severe macroeconomic challenges including insufficient foreign currency reserves and the continuous depreciation of the national currency, which constrains imports of key commodities including fertilizers, as well as a very high inflation, with the year‑on‑year inflation rate estimated at 30.8 percent in May 2023 (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "5.81% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "21.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "14.87 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "114.21 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "6,532,787 tons (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Tana - 3,600 sq km; Abaya Hayk - 1,160 sq km; Ch'amo Hayk - 550 sq km"
      },
      "salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Turkana (shared with Kenya) - 6,400 sq km; Abhe Bid Hayk/Abhe Bad (shared with Djibouti) - 780 sq km;&nbsp;"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Blue Nile river source (shared with Sudan [m]) - 1,600 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Mediterranean Sea)</em> Nile (3,254,853 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Ogaden-Juba Basin, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "810 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "50 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "9.69 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "122 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Ethiopia"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "YeItyop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Ityop'iya"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Abyssinia, Italian East Africa"
      },
      "abbreviation": {
        "text": "FDRE"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the country name derives from the Greek word \"Aethiopia,\" which in classical times referred to lands south of Egypt in the Upper Nile region"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "federal parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Addis Ababa"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "9 02 N, 38 42 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name in Amharic means \"new flower\" and was bestowed on the city in 1889, three years after its founding"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "12 ethnically based regional states (kililoch, singular - kilil) and 2 chartered cities* (astedader akabibiwach, singular - astedader akabibi); Adis Abeba* (Addis Ababa), Afar, Amara (Amhara), Binshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa*, Gambela Hizboch (Gambela), Hareri Hizb (Harari), Oromia, Sidama, Sumale, Tigray, YeDebub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch (Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples), YeDebub M'irab Ityop'iya Hizboch (Southwest Ethiopia Peoples), Southern Ethiopia Peoples"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years (may be traced to the Aksumite Kingdom, which coalesced in the first century B.C.)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Derg Downfall Day (defeat of MENGISTU regime), 28 May (1991)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest drafted June 1994, adopted 8 December 1994, entered into force 21 August 1995"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposals submitted for discussion require two-thirds majority approval in either house of Parliament or majority approval of one-third of the State Councils; passage of amendments other than constitutional articles on fundamental rights and freedoms and the initiation and amendment of the constitution requires two-thirds majority vote in a joint session of Parliament and majority vote by two thirds of the State Councils; passage of amendments affecting rights and freedoms and amendment procedures requires two-thirds majority vote in each house of Parliament and majority vote by all the State Councils"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Ethiopia"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "4 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President TAYE Atske Selassie (since 7 October 2024)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister ABIY Ahmed Ali (since April 2018)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers selected by the prime minister and approved by the House of People's Representatives"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president indirectly elected by both chambers of Parliament for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election held on 21 June 2021 and 30 September 2021 (the scheduled 29 August 2020 election was postponed by Prime Minister ABIY due to the COVID-19 pandemic); prime minister designated by the majority party following legislative elections"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2021:</em> SAHLE-WORK Zewde reelected president during joint session of Parliament, vote - 659 (unanimous); ABIY confirmed Prime Minister by House of Peoples' Representatives (4 October 2021)<br><br><em>2018:</em> SAHLE-WORK Zewde elected president during joint session of Parliament, vote - 659 (unanimous); note - snap election held on 25 October 2018 due to resignation of President MULATA Teshome"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> SAHLE-WORK Zewde is the first female elected head of state in Ethiopia"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "bicameral"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the House of Federation is responsible for interpreting the constitution and federal-regional issues, and the House of People's Representatives is responsible for passing legislation"
    },
    "Legislative branch - lower chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "House of Peoples' Representatives (Yehizb Tewokayoch Mekir Bete)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "547 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "plurality/majority"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "6/21/2021 to 9/30/2021"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Prosperity Party (448); Other (22)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "41.9%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "June 2026"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> only 470 of the 547 seats in the House of People's Representatives were filled during the 2021 elections due to security issues in the Tigray State and other areas"
    },
    "Legislative branch - upper chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "House of the Federation (Yefedereshein Mekir Bete)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "153 (all indirectly elected)"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "10/4/2021"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "29.7%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "October 2026"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Federal Supreme Court (consists of 11 judges); note - the House of Federation has jurisdiction for all constitutional issues"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "president and vice president of Federal Supreme Court recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; other Supreme Court judges nominated by the Federal Judicial Administrative Council (a 10-member body chaired by the president of the Federal Supreme Court) and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; judges serve until retirement at age 60"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "federal high courts and federal courts of first instance; state court systems (mirror structure of federal system); sharia courts and customary and traditional courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice and Democracy or EZEMA   <br>Gedeo People's Democratic Party<br>Independent<br>Kucha People Democratic Party <br>National Movement of Amhara or NAMA<br>Prosperity Party or PP"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, ATMIS, AU, BRICS, COMESA, EITI, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (accession candidate)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Aster Mamo ANA (since 31 July 2024)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "3506 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 364-1200"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 587-0195"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ethiopia@ethiopianembassy.org<br><br>https://ethiopianembassy.org/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Los Angeles, St. Paul (MN)"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Ervin MASSINGA (since 4 October 2023)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Entoto Street, P.O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2030 Addis Ababa Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-2030"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[251] 111-30-60-00"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[251] 111-24-24-01"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>AddisACS@state.gov<br><br>https://et.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represents hope and the fertility of the land, yellow symbolizes justice and harmony, while red stands for sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three main colors of her flag (adopted ca. 1895) were so often appropriated by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "Abyssinian lion (traditional), yellow pentagram with five rays of light on a blue field (promoted by current government); national colors: green, yellow, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Whedefit Gesgeshi Woud Enat Ethiopia\" (March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "DEREJE Melaku Mengesha/SOLOMON Lulu"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1992"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "12 (10 cultural, 2 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "<p>Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela (c); Simien National Park (n); Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region (c); Aksum (c); Lower Valley of the Awash (c); Lower Valley of the Omo (c); Tiya (c); Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town (c); Konso Cultural Landscape (c); Gedeo Cultural Landscape (c); Bale Mountains National Park (n); Melka Kunture and Balchit: Archaeological and Palaeontological Sites in the Highland Area of Ethiopia (c)</p>"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "growing Horn of Africa construction- and services-based economy; port access via Djibouti and Eritrea; widespread but declining poverty; COVID-19, locust invasion, and Tigray crisis disruptions; public investment increases; second largest African labor force"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$354.604 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$332.968 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$316.145 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "6.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "5.32% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.64% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$2,800 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$2,700 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$2,600 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$163.698 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "30.22% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "33.89% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "26.84% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "B (2014)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B2 (2020)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B (2014)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "35.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "24.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "37% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "78.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "6.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "22.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "6.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-14% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "maize, wheat, cereals, sorghum, milk, barley, taro, potatoes, millet, beans (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "food processing, beverages, textiles, leather, garments, chemicals, metals processing, cement"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "6.93% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "62.647 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "3.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "3.49% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.94% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "7.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "23.5% (2015 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": {
        "text": "35 (2015 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "37.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "3.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.9% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "28.5% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "0.33% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "0.4% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "0.4% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$7.009 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$8.83 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2019": {
        "text": "31.45% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "3.93% (of GDP) (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$4.788 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$5.16 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$4.507 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$10.865 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$10.971 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$9.496 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "UAE 17%, US 13%, Germany 6%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Somalia 6% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "coffee, gold, garments, cut flowers, vegetables (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$22.951 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$24.187 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$20.859 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 24%, US 9%, India 8%, UAE 6%, UK 4% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "wheat, refined petroleum, fertilizers, vaccines, palm oil (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2020": {
        "text": "$3.046 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019": {
        "text": "$2.993 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018": {
        "text": "$3.987 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$27.166 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "birr (ETB) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "54.601 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "51.756 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "43.734 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "34.927 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "29.07 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "55% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "94%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "43%"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "5.73 million kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "10.596 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "1.665 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "3.154 billion kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "3.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "95.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "8,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "660,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "1,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "666,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "110,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "428,000 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "24.919 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "17.232 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "1.38 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "15.852 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "2.34 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "862,000 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "1 (2022 est.) less than 1"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "71.4 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "56 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Ethio telecom is the major provider, but no longer has a complete monopoly on all telecom services; a consortium led by Kenyan Safaricom launched service in October 2022; the World Bank in early 2021 provided a $200 million loan to help develop the country&rsquo;s digital transformation, while the government has embarked on its 2020-2030 program as well as its Digital Ethiopia 2025 strategy, both aimed at making better use of digital technologies to promote socioeconomic development (2023)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line subscriptions less than 1 per 100 while mobile-cellular stands at a little over 54 per 100 people (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 251; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; 2 domestic satellites provide the national trunk service; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean) (2016)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "10 public/state broadcasters; 9 public/state radio stations; 13 commercial FM radio stations; 18 commercial TV stations; 45 community radio stations; 5 community TV stations (2023)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".et"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "19% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "566,000 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2022 est.) less than 1"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "75"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "11,501,244 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2,089,280,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "ET"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "57 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2024)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "659 km (2017) (Ethiopian segment of the 756 km Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "659 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> electric railway with redundant power supplies; under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia and managed by a Chinese contractor"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "180,000 km (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "12 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 10, oil tanker 2"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF): Ground Forces (Army), Ethiopian Air Force (Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl, ETAF) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>national and regional police forces are responsible for law enforcement and maintenance of order, with the ENDF sometimes providing internal security support; the Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP) report to the Prime Minister’s Office<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the regional governments control regional security forces, including \"special\" paramilitary forces, which generally operate independently from the federal government and in some cases operate as regional defense forces maintaining national borders;  in April 2023, the federal government ordered the integration of these regional special forces into the EFP or ENDF; in some cases, the regional governments have maintained former members of the special forces for “crowd control/Adma Bitena” as a separate unit within their security structures; local militias also operate across the country in loose and varying coordination with regional security and police forces, the ENDF, and the EFP<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> in 2020 the Ethiopian Government announced it had re-established a navy, which had been disbanded in 1996; in March 2019, Ethiopia signed a defense cooperation agreement with France which stipulated that France would support the establishment of an Ethiopian navy<br><br><strong>note 4:</strong> in 2018, Ethiopia established a Republican Guard military unit as a separate command operationally under the Office of the Prime Minister and administratively accountable to the Ministry of Defense; it is responsible for protecting senior officials and government institutions and conducting some military operations <br><br><br>"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "1% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "0.5% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "0.6% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "available information varies widely; estimated 150-300,000 active-duty troops (2024)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the ENDF's major weapons and equipment inventory has traditionally been comprised of Russian, Soviet, and Eastern bloc material; it suffered considerable equipment losses during the 2020-2022 Tigray conflict; in more recent years, Ethiopia has diversified its arms sources to include weapons from China, Israel, Turkey, Ukraine, and the UAE; Ethiopia has a modest industrial defense base centered on small arms and production of armored vehicles under license (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-22 years of age for voluntary military service (although the military may, when necessary, recruit a person more than 22 years old); no compulsory military service, but the military can conduct callups when necessary and compliance is compulsory (2023)"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "as many as 10,000 troops in Somalia (approximately 3,000 for ATMIS; the remainder under a bilateral agreement with the Somali Government; note - foreign troop contingents in Somalia under ATMIS are drawing down towards a final departure in December 2024); 1,500 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2024)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the ENDF has been one of sub-Saharan Africa’s largest, most experienced, and best equipped militaries, but it suffered heavy casualties and equipment losses during the 2020-2022 Tigray conflict; the ENDF is focused on both external threats emanating from its neighbors and internal threats from multiple internal armed groups; since 1998, the ENDF has engaged in several conventional and counterinsurgency operations, including border wars with Eritrea (1998-2000) and Somalia (2006-2008) and internal conflicts with the Tigray regional state (2020-2022), several insurgent groups and ethnic militias (including the ethno-nationalist Amhara Fano), and the al-Shabaab terrorist group<br><br>as of 2024, the ENDF was conducting counterinsurgency operations against anti-government militants in several states, including in Oromya (Oromia) against the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA), an insurgent group that claims to be fighting for greater autonomy for the Oromo, Ethiopia's largest ethnic group; in 2022, militants from the Somalia-based al-Shabaab terrorist group launched an incursion into Ethiopia's Somali (Sumale) regional state, attacking villages and security forces; the Ethiopian Government claimed that regional security forces killed hundreds of al-Shabaab fighters and subsequently deployed additional ENDF troops into Somalia’s Gedo region to prevent further incursions (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Space": {
    "Space agency/agencies": {
      "text": "Ethiopian Space Science and Geospatial Institute (ESSGI; formed in 2022 from the joining of the Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute or ESSTI and the Ethiopian Geospatial Information Institute or EGII) (2024)"
    },
    "Space program overview": {
      "text": "has a small space program with a focus on acquiring and operating satellites, as well as research and astronomy; jointly builds satellites with foreign partners and operates and exploits remote sensing (RS) satellites; developing the ability to manufacture satellites and their associated payloads; involved in astronomy and in the construction of space observatories; cooperates on space-related issues with a variety of countries, including China, France, India, Russia, and multiple African countries, particularly Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda; shares RS data with neighboring countries (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "167,391 (Eritrea) (2023); 420,502 (South Sudan), 314,976 (Somalia), 111,778 (Sudan) (refugees since 15 April 2023) (2024)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "4.385 million (includes conflict- and climate-induced IDPs, excluding unverified estimates from the Amhara region; border war with Eritrea from 1998-2000; ethnic clashes; and ongoing fighting between the Ethiopian military and separatist rebel groups in the Somali and Oromia regions; natural disasters; intercommunal violence; most IDPs live in Sumale state) (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and destined for Europe, as well as cocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat (khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djibouti and Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money laundering center"
    }
  }
}