{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Present-day Djibouti was the site of the medieval Ifat and Adal Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the Afar sultans signed treaties with the French that allowed the latter to establish the colony of French Somaliland in 1862. The French signed additional treaties with the ethnic Somali in 1885.</p> Tension between the ethnic Afar and Somali populations increased over time, as the ethnic Somalis perceived that the French unfairly favored the Afar and gave them disproportionate influence in local governance. In 1958, the French held a referendum that provided residents of French Somaliland the option to either continue their association with France or to join neighboring Somalia as it established its independence. Ethnic Somali protested the vote, because French colonial leaders did not recognize many Somali as residents, which gave the Afar outsized influence in the decision to uphold ties with France. After a second referendum in 1967, the French changed the territory’s name to the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas, in part to underscore their relationship with the ethnic Afar and downplay the significance of the ethnic Somalis. A final referendum in 1977 established Djibouti as an independent nation and granted ethnic Somalis Djiboutian nationality, formally resetting the balance of power between the majority ethnic Somalis and minority ethnic Afar residents. Upon independence, the country was named after its capital city of Djibouti. Hassan Gouled APTIDON, an ethnic Somali leader, installed an authoritarian one-party state and served as president until 1999. Unrest between the Afar minority and Somali majority culminated in a civil war during the 1990s that ended in 2001 with a peace accord between Afar rebels and the Somali Issa-dominated government. In 1999, Djibouti's first multiparty presidential election resulted in the election of Ismail Omar GUELLEH as president; he was reelected to a second term in 2005 and extended his tenure in office via a constitutional amendment, which allowed him to serve his third and fourth terms, and to begin a fifth term in 2021. <br><br>Djibouti occupies a strategic geographic location at the intersection of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Its ports handle 95% of Ethiopia’s trade. Djibouti’s ports also service transshipments between Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. The government has longstanding ties to France, which maintains a military presence in the country, as do the US, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, and China."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, between Eritrea and Somalia"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "11 30 N, 43 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "23,200 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "23,180 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "20 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than New Jersey"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "528 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Eritrea 125 km; Ethiopia 342 km; Somalia 61 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "314 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "desert; torrid, dry"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Moussa Ali 2,021 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Lac Assal -155 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "430 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "potential geothermal power, gold, clay, granite, limestone, marble, salt, diatomite, gypsum, pumice, petroleum"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "73.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 73.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "0.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "26.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "10 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Abhe Bad/Abhe Bid Hayk (shared with Ethiopia) - 780 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most densely populated areas are in the east; the largest city is Djibouti, with a population over 600,000; no other city in the country has a total population over 50,000 as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> experiences limited volcanic activity; Ardoukoba (298 m) last erupted in 1978; Manda-Inakir, located along the Ethiopian border, is also historically active</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia; mostly wasteland; Lac Assal (Lake Assal) is the lowest point in Africa and the saltiest lake in the world"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "994,974"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "450,796"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "544,178 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Djiboutian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Djiboutian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Somali 60%, Afar 35%, other 5% (mostly Yemeni Arab, also French, Ethiopian, and Italian)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Sunni Muslim 94% (nearly all Djiboutians), other 6% (mainly foreign-born residents - Shia Muslim, Christian, Hindu, Jewish, Baha'i, and atheist)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Djibouti is a poor, predominantly urban country, characterized by high rates of illiteracy, unemployment, and childhood malnutrition. Approximately 70% of the population lives in cities and towns (predominantly in the capital, Djibouti). The rural population subsists primarily on nomadic herding. Prone to droughts and floods, the country has few natural resources and must import more than 80% of its food from neighboring countries or Europe. Health care, particularly outside the capital, is limited by poor infrastructure, shortages of equipment and supplies, and a lack of qualified personnel. More than a third of health care recipients are migrants because the services are still better than those available in their neighboring home countries. The nearly universal practice of female genital cutting reflects Djibouti’s lack of gender equality and is a major contributor to obstetrical complications and its high rates of maternal and infant mortality. A 1995 law prohibiting the practice has never been enforced.</p> <p>Because of its political stability and its strategic location at the confluence of East Africa and the Gulf States along the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, Djibouti is a key transit point for migrants and asylum seekers heading for the Gulf States and beyond. Each year some 100,000 people, mainly Ethiopians and some Somalis, journey through Djibouti, usually to the port of Obock, to attempt a dangerous sea crossing to Yemen. However, with the escalation of the ongoing Yemen conflict, Yemenis began fleeing to Djibouti in March 2015, with almost 20,000 arriving by August 2017. Most Yemenis remain unregistered and head for Djibouti City rather than seeking asylum at one of Djibouti’s three spartan refugee camps. Djibouti has been hosting refugees and asylum seekers, predominantly Somalis and lesser numbers of Ethiopians and Eritreans, at camps for 20 years, despite lacking potable water, food shortages, and unemployment.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "28.4% (male 141,829/female 140,696)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "67.4% (male 290,654/female 379,778)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "4.2% (2024 est.) (male 18,313/female 23,704)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "50.6"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "47.5"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "6.9"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "14.4 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26.3 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "24.4 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "27.9 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "1.89% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "21.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "7 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "4.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most densely populated areas are in the east; the largest city is Djibouti, with a population over 600,000; no other city in the country has a total population over 50,000 as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "78.6% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.56% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "600,000 DJIBOUTI (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.77 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.77 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.83 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "234 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "45.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "52.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "38 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "65.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "63.4 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "68.5 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.11 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.04 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "19% (2012)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 59.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 90.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 40.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 9.2% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "2% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "0.22 physicians/1,000 population (2014)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "1.4 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 87.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 24.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 73.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 12.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 75.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 26.2% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "13.5% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0.21 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "16.2% (2019)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "50.6% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "1.4%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "6.5% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "3.6% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "7 years (2011)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution; limited arable land; deforestation (forests threatened by agriculture and the use of wood for fuel); desertification; endangered species"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "desert; torrid, dry"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "73.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 73.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "0.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "26.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "78.6% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.56% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "widespread lack of access": {
        "text": "<em>due to unfavorable weather and high food prices - </em>about 250,000 people were estimated to have faced acute food insecurity between March and June 2023, mainly due to the lingering impact of a prolonged and severe drought between late 2020 and early 2023, and high food prices (2023)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.26% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "19.98 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "0.62 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "0.52 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "114,997 tons (2002 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Abhe Bad/Abhe Bid Hayk (shared with Ethiopia) - 780 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "20 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "300 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Djibouti"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Djibouti"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "R&eacute;publique de Djibouti (French)/ Jumhuriyat Jibuti (Arabic)"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Djibouti (French)/ Jibuti (Arabic)"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "French Somaliland, French Territory of the Afars and Issas"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the country name derives from the capital city of Djibouti"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Djibouti"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "11 35 N, 43 09 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the origin of the name is disputed; multiple descriptions, possibilities, and theories have been proposed"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "6 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); Ali Sabieh, Arta, Dikhil, Djibouti, Obock, Tadjourah"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "27 June 1977 (from France)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 27 June (1977)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system based primarily on the French civil code (as it existed in 1997), Islamic religious law (in matters of family law and successions), and customary law"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "approved by referendum 4 September 1992"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; Assembly consideration of proposals requires assent of at least one third of the membership; passage requires a simple majority vote by the Assembly and approval by simple majority vote in a referendum; the president can opt to bypass a referendum if adopted by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; constitutional articles on the sovereignty of Djibouti, its republican form of government, and its pluralist form of democracy cannot be amended; amended 2006, 2008, 2010"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "the mother must be a citizen of Djibouti"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "10 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Ismail Omar GUELLEH (since 8 May 1999)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil MOHAMED (since 1 April 2013)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; election last held on 9 April 2021 (next to be held in April 2026); prime minister appointed by the president"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2021:</em> Ismail Omar GUELLEH reelected president for a fifth term; percent of vote - Ismail Omar GUELLEH (RPP) 97.4%, Zakaria Ismael FARAH (MDEND) 2.7%<br><br><em>2016:</em> Ismail Omar GUELLEH reelected president for a fourth term; percent of vote - Ismail Omar GUELLEH (RPP) 87%, Omar Elmi KHAIREH (CDU) 7.3%, other 5.6%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "National Assembly (Assemblée nationale)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "65 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "mixed system"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "2/24/2023"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Union for the Presidential Majority (UMP) (58); Union for Democracy and Justice (UDJ) (7)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "26.2%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "February 2028"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> most opposition parties boycotted the 2023 polls, stating the elections were \"not free, not transparent, and not democratic\""
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of NA magistrates); Constitutional Council (consists of 6 magistrates)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court magistrates appointed by the president with the advice of the Superior Council of the Magistracy (CSM), a 10-member body consisting of 4 judges, 3 members (non-parliamentarians and judges) appointed by the president, and 3 appointed by the National Assembly president or speaker; magistrates appointed for life with retirement at age 65; Constitutional Council magistrate appointments - 2 by the president of the republic, 2 by the president of the National Assembly, and 2 by the CSM; magistrates appointed for 8-year, non-renewable terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "High Court of Appeal; Courts of First Instance; customary courts; State Court (replaced sharia courts in 2003)"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Front for Restoration of Unity and Democracy (Front pour la Restauration de l'Unite Democratique) or FRUD<br>National Democratic Party or PND<br>People's Rally for Progress or RPP<br>Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD<br>Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ<br>Union for the Presidential Majority coalition or UMP<br>Union of Reform Partisans or UPR"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, ATMIS, AU, CAEU (candidates), COMESA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Mohamed Siad DOUALEH (28 January 2016)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1156 15th Street NW, Suite 515, Washington, DC 20005"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 331-0270"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 331-0302"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info@djiboutiembassyus.org<br><br>https://www.djiboutiembassyus.org/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Cynthia KIERSCHT (since 17 October 2024)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Lot 350-B Haramouss, B.P. 185"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2150 Djibouti Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-2150"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[253] 21-45-30-00"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[253] 21-45-31-29"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>DjiboutiACS@state.gov<br><br>https://dj.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center; blue stands for sea and sky and the Issa Somali people; green symbolizes earth and the Afar people; white represents peace; the red star recalls the struggle for independence and stands for unity"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "red star; national colors: light blue, green, white, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Jabuuti\" (Djibouti)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Aden ELMI/Abdi ROBLEH"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1977"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "food import-dependent Horn of Africa economy driven by various national military bases and port-based trade; fairly resilient from COVID-19 disruptions; major re-exporter; increasing Ethiopian and Chinese trade relations; investing in infrastructure"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$7.38 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$6.918 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$6.669 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "6.68% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "3.73% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "4.52% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$6,400 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$6,100 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$5,900 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$4.099 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "1.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "5.18% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "1.18% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "1.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "15.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "76.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "60.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "14.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "29.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "169.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-173.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "vegetables, beans, milk, beef, camel milk, lemons/limes, goat meat, lamb/mutton, tomatoes, beef offal (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "construction, agricultural processing, shipping"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "10% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "261,000 (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "26.26% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "26.37% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "27.55% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "76.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "75.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "78.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "21.1% (2017 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
        "text": "41.6 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "1.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "32.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "1.43% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "1.54% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "2.35% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$725 million (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$754 million (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "31.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "35.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "$718.559 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "$656.207 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$225.106 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$5.877 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$5.674 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$5.16 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Ethiopia 61%, China 17%, India 7%, Jordan 2%, Central African Republic 1% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "palm oil, chlorides, seed oils, flax yarn, cattle (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$5.269 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$5.096 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$5.483 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 38%, UAE 20%, India 10%, Morocco 6%, Turkey 6% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, palm oil, fertilizers, cars, raw sugar (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$502.034 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$589.437 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$588.418 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$2.672 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Djiboutian francs (DJF) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "177.721 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "177.721 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "177.721 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "177.721 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "177.721 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "65% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "72.8%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "36.6%"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "150,000 kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "516.233 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "512 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "128.74 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "99.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "exports": {
        "text": "8 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "4,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "660,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "660,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "9.559 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "28,000 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "519,000 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "46 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Djibouti remains one of the last bastions where the national telco has a monopoly on telecom services, including fixed lines, mobile, internet, and broadband with the exception of broad band fiber; despite the country benefiting from its location as a hub for international submarine cables, prices for telecom services remain relatively high, and out of reach for a number of customers, weighing on market advancement; the Djibouti government is aiming to sell a minority stake in the incumbent telco (retaining some control of decisions) while securing the financial backing and the management acumen of a foreign operator; this is part of a larger plan to modernize the country&rsquo;s economy more generally; the state expects to conduct a sale of up to 40% of the company to an international investor (2023)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "about 2 per 100 fixed-line teledensity and nearly 44 per 100 mobile-cellular (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 253; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3 &amp; 5, EASSy, Aden-Djibouti, Africa-1, DARE-1, EIG, MENA, Bridge International, PEACE Cable, and SEACOM&nbsp;fiber-optic submarine cable systems providing links to Asia, the Middle East, Europe,&nbsp;Southeast Asia, Australia&nbsp;and Africa; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean and 1 Arabsat) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-owned Radiodiffusion-Television de Djibouti operates the sole terrestrial TV station, as well as the only 2 domestic radio networks; no private TV or radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".dj"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "69% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "25,053 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "3 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "4"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "J2"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "10 (2024)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "6 (2024)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "97 km (2017) (Djibouti segment of the 756 km Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "97 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,893 km (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "40 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 4, oil tanker 13, other 21"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "2 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Djibouti, Doraleh"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Djibouti Armed Forces (Forces Armées Djiboutiennes or FAD): Army, Navy, Air Force; Djibouti Coast Guard<br><br>Ministry of Interior: National Police (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the National Police is responsible for security within Djibouti City and has primary control over immigration and customs procedures for all land border-crossing points, while the National Gendarmerie, which reports to the Ministry of Defense, is responsible for all security outside of Djibouti City, as well as for protecting critical infrastructure within the city, such as the international airport"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "3.5% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "3.5% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "3.3% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2016": {
        "text": "2.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2015": {
        "text": "2.5% of GDP (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 10,000 active-duty military personnel; approximately 2,000 Gendarmerie (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the FAD's inventory is a mix of mostly older or secondhand equipment from a wide variety of suppliers, including China, France, Italy, Russia/former Soviet Union, South Africa, Turkey, and the US (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 16-25 years of age for voluntary military training; no conscription (2023)"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "approximately 950 Somalia (ATMIS; note - ATMIS troop contingents are drawing down towards a final exit in December 2024); Djibouti has about 200 police deployed to the Central African Republic under MINUSCA (2024)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "Djibouti's military forces are largely focused on border, coastal, and internal security duties, such as counterterrorism; China, France, Italy, Japan, and the US maintain bases in Djibouti for regional military missions, including counter-terrorism, counter-piracy, crisis response, and security assistance (note &ndash; France has multiple bases and hosts troop contingents from Germany and Spain); the EU and NATO also maintain a presence to support multinational naval counter-piracy operations and maritime training efforts (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "al-Shabaab",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "6,518 (Yemen) (mid-year 2022); 13,467 (Somalia) (2024)"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 3 — Djibouti does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; therefore, Djibouti remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to:  https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/djibouti/"
      }
    }
  }
}