{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "For centuries prior to colonization in the 19th century, the Comoros archipelago in the Indian Ocean served as a key node in maritime trade networks that connected the Middle East, India, and eastern African regions. Composed of the islands of Anjouan, Mayotte, Moheli, and Grande Comore, Comoros spent most of the 20th century as a colonial outpost until it declared independence from France on 6 July 1975. Residents of Mayotte, however, voted to remain in France, and the French Government has since classified it as a French Overseas Department. <br><br>Since independence, Comoros has weathered approximately 20 successful and attempted coups, mostly between 1975 and 2000, resulting in prolonged political instability and stunted economic development. In 2002, President AZALI Assoumani became the first elected president following the completion of the Fomboni Accords, in which the islands of Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli agreed to rotate the presidency among the islands every five years. This power-sharing agreement also included provisions allowing each island to maintain its local government. In 2007, Mohamed BACAR effected Anjouan's de-facto secession from the Union of the Comoros, refusing to step down when Comoros' other islands held legitimate elections. The African Union (AU) initially attempted to resolve the political crisis with sanctions and a naval blockade of Anjouan, but in 2008, the AU and Comoran soldiers seized the island. The island's inhabitants generally welcomed the move. In 2011, Ikililou DHOININE won the presidency in peaceful elections widely deemed to be free and fair. In closely contested elections in 2016, AZALI won a second term, when the rotating presidency returned to Grande Comore. In 2018, a referendum -- which the opposition parties boycotted -- approved a new constitution that extended presidential term limits and abolished the requirement for the presidency to rotate between the three main islands. AZALI formed a new government later that year, and he subsequently ran and was reelected in 2019. AZALI was reelected again in January 2024 in an election that the opposition disputed but the Supreme Court validated."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southern Africa, group of islands at the northern mouth of the Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "12 10 S, 44 15 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "2,235 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "2,235 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "340 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Karthala 2,360 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "fish"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "84.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 46.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 29.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 8.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "1.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "14.2% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "1.3 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the capital city of Maroni, located on the western side of the island of Grande Comore, is the country's largest city; however, of the three islands that comprise Comoros, it is Anjouan that is the most densely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); volcanic activity on Grand Comore</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Karthala (2,361 m) on Grand Comore Island last erupted in 2007; a 2005 eruption forced thousands of people to be evacuated and produced a large ash cloud</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel; the only Arab League country that lies entirely in the Southern Hemisphere"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "900,141"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "435,758"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "464,383 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Comoran(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Comoran"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (official; similar to Swahili), Comorian"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 98.1% (overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim, small Shia Muslim and Ahmadiyya Muslim populations), ethnic religionist 1.1%, Christian 0.6%, other 0.3% (2020 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Sunni Islam is the state religion"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Comoros’ population is a melange of Arabs, Persians, Indonesians, Africans, and Indians, and the much smaller number of Europeans that settled on the islands between the 8th and 19th centuries, when they served as a regional trade hub. The Arab and Persian influence is most evident in the islands’ overwhelmingly Muslim majority – about 98% of Comorans are Sunni Muslims. The country is densely populated, averaging nearly 350 people per square mile, although this varies widely among the islands, with Anjouan being the most densely populated.</p><p>Given the large share of land dedicated to agriculture and Comoros’ growing population, habitable land is becoming increasingly crowded. The combination of increasing population pressure on limited land and resources, widespread poverty, and poor job prospects motivates thousands of Comorans each year to attempt to illegally migrate using small fishing boats to the neighboring island of Mayotte, which is a French territory. The majority of legal Comoran migration to France came after Comoros’ independence from France in 1975, with the flow peaking in the mid-1980s.</p><p>At least 150,000 to 200,000 people of Comoran citizenship or descent live abroad, mainly in France, where they have gone seeking a better quality of life, job opportunities, higher education (Comoros has no universities), advanced health care, and to finance elaborate traditional wedding ceremonies (aada). Remittances from the diaspora are an economic mainstay, in 2013 representing approximately 25% of Comoros’ GDP and significantly more than the value of its exports of goods and services (only 15% of GDP). Grand Comore, Comoros’ most populous island, is both the primary source of emigrants and the main recipient of remittances. Most remittances are spent on private consumption, but this often goes toward luxury goods and the aada and does not contribute to economic development or poverty reduction. Although the majority of the diaspora is now French-born with more distant ties to Comoros, it is unclear whether they will sustain the current level of remittances.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "32.6% (male 146,480/female 146,626)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "62.8% (male 271,139/female 294,231)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "4.6% (2024 est.) (male 18,139/female 23,526)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "74.1"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "66.6"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "7.5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "13.3 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "22.7 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "22.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "23.3 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "1.3% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "21.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the capital city of Maroni, located on the western side of the island of Grande Comore, is the country's largest city; however, of the three islands that comprise Comoros, it is Anjouan that is the most densely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "30.1% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "62,000 MORONI (capital) (2018)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.92 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.77 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "23 years (2012 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "217 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "54.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "64.9 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "44.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "67.8 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "65.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "70.2 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.61 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.28 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "19.4% (2012)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 97.4% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 88.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 91% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 2.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 11.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 8.9% of population (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "5.4% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "0.26 physicians/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 62.4% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 43.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 49% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 37.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 56.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 51% of population (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "7.8% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.07 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.07 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "29.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "11.1% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "61.2% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "2.6% of GDP (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "62%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "67%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "56.9% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "11 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "11 years (2014)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation; soil degradation and erosion results from forest loss and from crop cultivation on slopes without proper terracing; marine biodiversity affected as soil erosion leads to the silting of coral reefs"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "84.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 46.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 29.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 8.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "1.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "14.2% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "30.1% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "1.39% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "14.37 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "0.2 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "0.19 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "91,013 tons (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "4.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "500,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "4.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "1.2 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Union of the Comoros"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Comoros"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Udzima wa Komori (Comorian)/Union des Comores (French)/Al Ittihad al Qumuri (Arabic)"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Komori (Comorian)/Les Comores (French)/Juzur al Qamar (Arabic)"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Comorian State, Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derives from the Arabic designation \"Juzur al Qamar\" meaning \"Islands of the Moon\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "federal presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Moroni"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "11 42 S, 43 14 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name means \"at the place of fire,\" referring to the capital's location below the active volcano Mt. Karthala"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "3 islands; Anjouan (Ndzuwani), Grande Comore (N'gazidja), Moheli (Mwali)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "6 July 1975 (from France)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 6 July (1975)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of Islamic religious law, the French civil code of 1975, and customary law"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1996, 2001; newest adopted 30 July 2018"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the union or supported by at least one third of the Assembly of the Union membership; adoption requires approval by at least three-quarters majority of the total Assembly membership or approval in a referendum"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>a referendum held on 30 July 2018 - boycotted by the opposition - overwhelmingly approved a new constitution that allows for 2 consecutive 5-year presidential terms while retaining the rotating presidency within the islands"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of the Comoros"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "10 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016)&nbsp;"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; election last held on 14 January 2024 (next to be held in 2029)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2024: </em>AZALI Assoumani reelected president in first round - AZALI Assoumani (CRC) 63%, SALIM ISSA Abdallah (PJ) 20.3%, DAOUDOU Abdallah Mohamed (Orange Party) 5.9%, Bourhane HAMIDOU (independent) 5.1%<em><br><br>2019</em>: AZALI Assoumani elected president in first round - AZALI Assoumani (CRC) 60.8%, Ahamada MAHAMOUDOU (PJ) 14.6%, Mouigni Baraka Said SOILIHI (independent) 5.6%, other 19%"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the president is both chief of state and head of government"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Assembly of the Union (Assembl&eacute;e de l'Union)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "33 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "plurality/majority"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "1/12/2025 to 2/16/2025"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "0%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "January 2030"
      },
      "note": "note: opposition parties, which claimed there was \"gross fraud\" during the most recent election, boycotted the elections in 2020 and 2025"
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 7 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges - selection and term of office NA"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Court of Appeals (in Moroni); Tribunal de premiere instance; island village (community) courts; religious courts"
      },
      "note": "<br>   <br><br> "
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros or CRC<br>Juwa Party (Parti Juwa) or PJ<br>Orange Party (2020)"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AMF, AOSIS, AU, CAEU (candidates), COMESA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Issimail CHANFI (since 23 December 2020); note - also Permanent Representative to the UN"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "Permanent Mission to the UN, 866 United Nations Plaza, Suite 495, New York, NY 10017"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (212) 750-1637"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (212) 750-1657"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>comoros@un.int<br><br>https://www.un.int/comoros/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "embassy": {
        "text": "the US does not have an embassy in Comoros; the US Ambassador to Madagascar is accredited to Comoros"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a vertical white crescent moon with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, N'gazidja, Ndzuwani, and Mahore (Mayotte - department of France, but claimed by Comoros)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "four five-pointed stars and crescent moon; national colors: green, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Udzima wa ya Masiwa\" (The Union of the Great Islands)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Said Hachim SIDI ABDEREMANE/Said Hachim SIDI ABDEREMANE and Kamildine ABDALLAH"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1978"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "small trade-based island economy; declining remittances; new structural and fiscal reforms; adverse cyclone and COVID-19 impacts; manageable debts; fragile liquidity environment; large foreign direct investment; state-owned enterprises suffering"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$2.975 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$2.889 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$2.816 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "2.6% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "2.11% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$3,500 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$3,500 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$3,400 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$1.352 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": {
        "text": "1.8% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "37.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "49.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "100.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "9.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "12.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "13% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-35% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "coconuts, bananas, cassava, yams, maize, taro, milk, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, pulses (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "fishing, tourism, perfume distillation"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "0% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "235,000 (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "5.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "5.85% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.86% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "9.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "12.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
        "text": "45.3 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "1.6% (2014 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "33.6% (2014 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "22.6% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "22.68% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "22.22% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$223 million (2018 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$228 million (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "32.4% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "25.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$24.621 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$5.248 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$4.076 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$148.455 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$166.032 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$128.331 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Turkey 23%, India 19%, UAE 9%, US 9%, Indonesia 8% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "cloves, ships, vanilla, essential oils, scrap iron (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$504.036 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$480.268 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$415.965 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "UAE 25%, China 19%, India 12%, France 8%, Tanzania 7% (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "rice, refined petroleum, poultry, water, synthetic fabric (2022)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$324.561 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$283.746 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$329.672 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$319.436 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "454.991 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "467.184 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "415.956 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "430.721 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "439.463 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "89.9% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "100%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "82.9%"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "4.036 million kW (2022 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "113.052 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "22.1 million kWh (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "100% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "imports": {
        "text": "2,000 metric tons (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "3,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "372,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "372,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2022": {
        "text": "6.223 million Btu/person (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "9,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "1 (2023 est.) less than 1"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "934,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "100 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Comoros launched a special program for the construction of a wireless network to inter connect the 3 islands of the archipelago; telephone service limited to the islands' few towns (2020)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line connections less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage about 104 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 269; landing point for the EASSy, Comoros Domestic Cable System, Avassa, and FLY-LION3&nbsp;fiber-optic submarine cable system connecting East Africa with Europe; HF radiotelephone communications to Madagascar and Reunion (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "national state-owned TV station and a TV station run by Anjouan regional government; national state-owned radio; regional governments on the islands of Grande Comore and Anjouan each operate a radio station; a few independent and small community radio stations operate on the islands of Grande Comore and Moheli, and these two islands have access to Mayotte Radio and French TV"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".km"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "27% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2023 est.) less than 1"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "9"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "D6"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "3 (2024)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "849 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "673 km"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "207 km (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "273 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 17, container ship 7, general cargo 125, oil tanker 36, other 88"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "4 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Dzaoudzi, Fomboni, Moroni, Moutsamoudu"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "National Army for Development (l'Armee Nationale de Developpement, AND): Comoran Defense Force (Force Comorienne de Defense or FCD; includes Comoran National Gendarmerie); Ministry of Interior: Coast Guard, Federal Police, National Directorate of Territorial Safety (customs and immigration) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>when the Gendarmerie serves as the judicial police, it reports to the Minister of Justice; the Gendarmerie also has an intervention platoon that may act under the authority of the Interior Minister<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the FCD is also known as the Comoran Security Force"
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "estimated 600 Defense Force personnel; estimated 500 Federal Police (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the AND is lightly armed and equipped with small arms and a few light aircraft (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-25 years of age for 2-year voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (2021)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the focus for the security forces is search and rescue operations and maintaining internal security; a defense treaty with France provides naval resources for the protection of territorial waters, training of Comoran military personnel, and air surveillance; France maintains a small maritime base and a Foreign Legion contingent on neighboring Mayotte (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
  }
}