{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than any of the other former Soviet republics. In 1999, Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union, envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place and negotiations on further integration have been contentious. Since taking office in 1994 as the country's first and only directly elected president, Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means and a centralized economic system. Government restrictions on political and civil freedoms, freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, and religion have remained in place. Restrictions on political freedoms have tightened in the wake of the disputed presidential election in 2020. The election results sparked large-scale protests as members of the opposition and civil society criticized the election’s validity. LUKASHENKA has remained in power as the disputed winner of the presidential election after quelling protests in 2020. Since 2022, Belarus has facilitated Russia's war in Ukraine, which was launched in part from Belarusian territory.  <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Eastern Europe, east of Poland"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "53 00 N, 28 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "207,600 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "202,900 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "4,700 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly less than twice the size of Kentucky; slightly smaller than Kansas"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,599 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Latvia 161 km; Lithuania 640 km; Poland 375 km; Russia 1,312 km; Ukraine 1,111 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "generally flat with much marshland"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Nyoman River 90 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "160 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "timber, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, clay"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "39.9% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 27.6% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 11.8% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "43.3% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "16.8% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "260 sq km (2022)"
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Dnyapro (Dnieper) (shared with Russia [s] and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km<br><br><strong>note:</strong> [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea) </em>Dnieper (533,966 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "large tracts of marshy land"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked; glacial scouring accounts for the flatness of Belarusian terrain and for its 11,000 lakes"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9,501,451 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "4,433,839"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "5,067,612"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Belarusian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Belarusian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Belarusian 83.7%, Russian 8.3%, Polish 3.1%, Ukrainian 1.7%, other 2.4%, unspecified 0.9% (2009 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Russian (official) 71.4%, Belarusian (official) 26%, other 0.3% (includes small Polish- and Ukrainian-speaking minorities), unspecified 2.3% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Orthodox 48.3%, Catholic 7.1%, other 3.5%, non-believers 41.1% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "16.1% (male 787,849/female 741,293)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "66.1% (male 3,073,507/female 3,204,088)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "17.8% (2024 est.) (male 572,483/female 1,122,231)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "51.4 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "24.4 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "27 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.7 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "42.1 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "39.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "45 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.42% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.3 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "13.3 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "80.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "2.057 million MINSK (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.51 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.88 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "26.8 years (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "1 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "2.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "74.7 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "69.8 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "80 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.45 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.7 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "52.6% (2019)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 99.6% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Health expenditure": {
      "Health expenditure (as % of GDP)": {
        "text": "6.6% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Health expenditure (as % of national budget)": {
        "text": "12.3% of national budget (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "4.72 physicians/1,000 population (2023)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "9.7 beds/1,000 population (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 98.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 1.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.5% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "24.5% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10.57 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "2.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.98 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "4.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "2.66 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26.4% (2025 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "44.5% (2025 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "11.6% (2025 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "66.6% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "0.1% (2019)"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "4.7% (2019)"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "1.6% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditure": {
      "Education expenditure (% GDP)": {
        "text": "5% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Education expenditure (% national budget)": {
        "text": "12.8% national budget (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "100% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "100% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "100% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15 years (2021)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "39.9% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 27.6% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 11.8% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "43.3% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "16.8% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "80.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "15.48 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "58.28 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "17.19 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "4.28 million tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "684,800 tons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "16% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Dnyapro (Dnieper) (shared with Russia [s] and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km<br><br><strong>note:</strong> [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea) </em>Dnieper (533,966 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "550 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "410 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "370 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "57.9 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Belarus"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Belarus"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Respublika Byelarus' (Belarusian)/ Respublika Belarus' (Russian)"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Byelarus' (Belarusian)/ Belarus' (Russian)"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name is a compound of the Slavic words \"bel\" (white) and \"Rus\" (the Old East Slavic ethnic designation) to form the meaning White Rusian or White Ruthenian"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Minsk"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "53 54 N, 27 34 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the origin of the name is disputed; it may be derived from the Menka River"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "6 regions (<em>voblastsi</em>, singular - <em>voblasts</em>') and 1 municipality* (<em>horad</em>); Brest, Homyel' (Gomel'), Horad Minsk* (Minsk City), Hrodna (Grodno), Mahilyow (Mogilev), Minsk, Vitsyebsk (Vitebsk)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; Russian spelling provided for reference when different from Belarusian"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> nearly all major codes (civil, civil procedure, criminal, criminal procedure, family, and labor) were revised and came into force in 1999 and 2000"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1991 and early 1994, signed 15 March 1994"
      },
      "amendment process": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic through petition to the National Assembly or by petition of least 150,000 eligible voters; approval required by at least two-thirds majority vote in both chambers or by simple majority of votes cast in a referendum"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>one of several amendments passed in the February 2022 referendum -- the presidential 5-year, two-term limit -- will be imposed after the 2025 election"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Belarus"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "7 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA (since 20 July 1994)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Alyaksandr TURCHYN (since 10 March 2025)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
      },
      "election/appointment process": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (no term limits); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "first election held on 23 June and 10 July 1994; the 1994 constitution set the next election for 1999, but Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA extended his term to 2001 via a referendum; subsequent election held in 2001; a 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed LUKASHENKA to run and win a third term (19 March 2006), fourth term (19 December 2010), fifth term (11 October 2015), sixth term (9 August 2020), and seventh term (26 January 2025)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2025: </em>Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA reelected president; percent of vote - Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA (independent) 86.8%, Sergey Syrankov (Communist Party) 3.2%, 3.6% voting against all<em><br><br>2020:</em> Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA reelected president; percent of vote - Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA (independent) 80.1%, Svyatlana TSIKHANOWSKAYA (independent) 10.1%, other 9.8%; note - widespread street protests erupted following announcement of the election results amid allegations of voter fraud<br><em><br>2015:</em> Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA elected president; percent of vote - Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA (independent) 84.1%, Tatsyana KARATKEVIC (BSDPH) 4.4%, Sergey GAYDUKEVICH (LDP) 3.3%, other 8.2%."
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "2030"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "National Assembly (Natsionalnoye Sobranie)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "bicameral"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - lower chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "House of Representatives (Palata Predstaviteley)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "110 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "plurality/majority"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "2/25/2024"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Belaya Rus party (51); Republican Party of Labour and Justice (8); Communist Party of Belarus (7); Non-partisans (40); Other (4)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "33.9%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "February 2029"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - upper chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Council of the Republic (Soviet Respubliki)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "65 (56 indirectly elected; 8 appointed)"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "4/4/2024"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "30.5%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "March 2029"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chairman and deputy chairman and organized into several specialized panels, including economic and military; number of judges set by the president of the republic and the court chairman); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 judges, including a chairman and deputy chairman)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Council of the Republic; judges initially appointed for 5 years and evaluated for life appointment; Constitutional Court judges - 6 appointed by the president and 6 elected by the Council of the Republic; the presiding judge directly elected by the president and approved by the Council of the Republic; judges can serve for 11 years with an age limit of 70"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "oblast courts; Minsk City Court; town courts; Minsk city and oblast economic courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Belaya Rus or BR<br>Republican Party of Labour and Justice or RPTS<br>Communist Party of Belarus or CBP<br>Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus or LDPB"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant; recalled by Belarus in 2008); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Pavel SHIDLOWSKI (since 9 August 2022)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 986-1606"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 986-1805"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>usa@mfa.gov.by<br><br>Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the United States of America (mfa.gov.by)"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Peter KAUFMAN (since June 2023)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "46 Starovilenskaya Street, Minsk 220002"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "7010 Minsk Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-7010"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[375] (17) 210-12-83"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[375] (17) 334-78-53"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ConsularMinsk@state.gov<br><br>https://by.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CEI, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "25 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3 July 1944 was the date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union"
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears Belarusian national ornamentation in red; the red stands for past struggles from oppression, and the green represents hope and the many forests of the country"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "no official symbol; the mounted knight known as Pahonia (the Chaser) is the traditional symbol"
    },
    "National color(s)": {
      "text": "green, red, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"My, Bielarusy\" (We Belarusians)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Mikhas KLIMKOVICH and Uladzimir KARYZNA/Nester SAKALOUSKI"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> music adopted 1955, lyrics adopted 2002; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Belarus kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics; also known as \"Dziarzauny himn Respubliki Bielarus\" (State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus)"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Białowieża Forest (n); Mir Castle Complex (c); Architectural, Residential, and Cultural Complex of the Radziwill Family at Nesvizh (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "declining Russian energy subsidies will end in 2024; growing public debt; strong currency pressures have led to higher inflation; recent price controls on basic food and drugs; public sector wage increases and fragile private sector threaten household income gains and economic growth"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$254.407 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$244.89 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$256.855 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "3.89% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "-4.66% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "2.44% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$27,700 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$26,500 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$27,600 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$71.857 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024": {
        "text": "5.8% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "15.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "7.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "32.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "47.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "54.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "18.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "21.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "2.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "66.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-66.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "milk, sugar beets, potatoes, wheat, triticale, barley, maize, rapeseed, rye, chicken (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, refrigerators, washing machines and other household appliances"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "8.42% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "4.811 million (2024 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2024": {
        "text": "3.4% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "3.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "3.6% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10.1% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "11.7% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "8.4% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "3.9% (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020": {
        "text": "24.4 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "29.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "7.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "4.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "20.7% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "1.75% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "2.02% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "1.65% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$20.609 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$20.856 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2019": {
        "text": "33.2% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "12.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2024": {
        "text": "-$1.925 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$1.104 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "$2.628 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2024": {
        "text": "$49.386 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$47.714 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$47.124 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 34%, Kazakhstan 10%, Uzbekistan 7%, Poland 6%, Brazil 5% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "fertilizers, rapeseed oil, wood, poultry, beef (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2024": {
        "text": "$50.679 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$47.459 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$42.438 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 33%, Poland 16%, Germany 11%, Lithuania 10%, Turkey 9% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars, broadcasting equipment, fabric, plastic products, video displays (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024": {
        "text": "$4.392 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$8.118 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$7.923 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$18.01 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2024": {
        "text": "3.246 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "3.007 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "2.626 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "2.539 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "2.44 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "12.653 million kW (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "39.883 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "4.553 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "4 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "3.149 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "70% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "26.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "0.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "1.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nuclear energy": {
      "Number of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "2 (2025)"
      },
      "Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "2.22GW (2025 est.)"
      },
      "Percent of total electricity production": {
        "text": "28.6% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "710,000 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "966,000 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1.635 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "30,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "125,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "198 million barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "68.494 million cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "15.094 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "15.433 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "2.832 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "46.709 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "1.497 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "15.884 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "29.328 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2023": {
        "text": "104.821 million Btu/person (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "4.173 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "46 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "11.8 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "123 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "7 state-controlled national TV channels; Polish and Russian TV broadcasts are available in some areas; state-run Belarusian Radio operates 5 national networks and an external service; Russian and Polish radio broadcasts are available (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".by"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "92% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.2 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "35 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "EW"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "46 (2025)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "4 (2025)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5,528 km (2014)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "25 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge"
      },
      "broad gauge": {
        "text": "5,503 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge (874 km electrified)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "other 4"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Belarus Armed Forces: Army, Air and Air Defense Force, Special Operations Force, Special Troops, Territorial Defense Forces<br><br>Ministry of Interior: State Border Troops, Militia, Internal Troops (2025)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in early 2023, President LUKASHENKA ordered the formation of a new volunteer paramilitary territorial defense force to supplement the Army"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2024": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "1.8% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.5% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 50-60,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory is comprised mostly of Russian and Soviet-origin equipment; Belarus's defense industry manufactures some equipment (mostly modernized Soviet designs), including vehicles, guided weapons, and electronic warfare systems (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory military or alternative service; conscript service obligation is 12-18 months, depending on academic qualifications, and 24-36 months for alternative service, also depending on academic qualifications; 17-year-olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> conscripts can be assigned to the military, to the Ministry of Interior, or to the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection (alternative service)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the military of Belarus is responsible for territorial defense; Russia is the country’s closest security partner, and the military conducts joint training exercises with Russian forces; in 2022, Belarus allowed the Russian military to stage on its territory for their invasion of Ukraine; in 2023, Belarus agreed to permit Russia to deploy nuclear weapons on its soil<br><br>Belarus has been a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and has committed an airborne brigade to CSTO's rapid reaction force; the military trains regularly with other CSTO members (2025)"
    }
  },
  "Space": {
    "Space agency/agencies": {
      "text": "Belarus Space Agency (aka National Agency for Space Research; established 2009); National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (2024)"
    },
    "Space program overview": {
      "text": "has a modest national space program focused on developing remote sensing (RS) satellites; jointly builds satellites with foreign partners; develops some space technologies and components for space equipment, including satellite payloads and associated technology, such as optics and imaging equipment; has cooperated with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine; has a state-owned satellite company (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "42,785 (Ukraine) (as of 29 February 2024)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "5,626 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 3 — Belarus does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Belarus remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to:  https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/belarus/"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and lightly regulated financial center; anti-money-laundering legislation does not meet international standards and was weakened further when know-your-customer requirements were curtailed in 2008; few investigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities"
    }
  }
}