{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "First settled by the French in the early 17th century, the islands represent the sole remaining vestige of France's once vast North American possessions. They attained the status of an overseas collectivity in 2003."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Northern North America, islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, south of Newfoundland (Canada)"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "46 50 N, 56 20 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "North America"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "242 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "242 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups"
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "one and half times the size of Washington, DC"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "120 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "cold and wet, with considerable mist and fog; spring and autumn are often windy"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly barren rock"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Morne de la Grande Montagne 240 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "fish, deepwater ports"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "8.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 8.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "12.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "78.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "0 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of the population is found on Saint Pierre Island; a small settlement is located on the north end of Miquelon Island"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime hazard"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "vegetation scanty; the islands are actually part of the northern Appalachians along with Newfoundland"
    },
    "Map description": {
      "text": "<p>Saint Pierre and Miquelon map showing the two islands that make up this French territorial overseas collectivity in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.</p>"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "5,257 (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "French"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "French (official)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 99%, other 1%"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "13.68% (male 370/female 349)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "8.71% (male 240/female 218)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "40% (male 1,039/female 1,100)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "15.52% (male 419/female 397)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "24.1% (2022 est.) (male 556/female 711)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "48.5 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "47.9 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "49 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-1.2% (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "6.47 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "11.22 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-7.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of the population is found on Saint Pierre Island; a small settlement is located on the north end of Miquelon Island"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "90% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "6,000 SAINT-PIERRE (capital) (2018)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.11 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "0.93 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.62 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8.16 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "10.12 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "6.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "81.41 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "79.05 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "83.9 years (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.59 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 91.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 8.6% of population (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current Health Expenditure": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "NA"
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "overfishing; recent test drilling for oil in waters around Saint Pierre and Miquelon may bring future development that would impact the environment"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "cold and wet, with considerable mist and fog; spring and autumn are often windy"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "8.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 8.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "12.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "78.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "90% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Saint-Pierre et Miquelon"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "Saint-Pierre is named after Saint PETER, the patron saint of fishermen; Miquelon may be a corruption of the Basque name Mikelon"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary democracy (Territorial Council); overseas collectivity of France"
    },
    "Dependency status": {
      "text": "overseas collectivity of France"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Saint-Pierre"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "46 46 N, 56 11 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after Saint Peter, the patron saint of fisherman"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "none (territorial overseas collectivity of France); note - there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 2 communes at the second order - Saint Pierre, Miquelon"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "none (overseas collectivity collectivity of France; has been under French control since 1763)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Fete de la Federation, 14 July (1790)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "4 October 1958 (French Constitution)"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "amendment procedures of France's constitution apply"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "French civil law"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "text": "see France"
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017); represented by Prefect Christian POUGET (since 6 January 2021)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President of Territorial Council Bernard BRIAND (since 13 October 2020)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Le Cabinet du Prefet"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "French president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 April and 6 May 2017 (next to be held in 2022); prefect appointed by French president on the advice of French Ministry of Interior; Territorial Council president elected by Territorial Council councillors by absolute majority vote; term NA; election last held on 13 October 2020; next election NA"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Bernard BRIAND elected President of Territorial Council; Territorial Council vote - 17 for, 2 abstentions"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Territorial Council or Conseil Territorial (19 seats - Saint Pierre 15, Miquelon 4; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed to serve 6-year terms);<br>Saint Pierre and Miquelon indirectly elects 1 senator to the French Senate by an electoral college to serve a 6-year term and directly elects 1 deputy to the French National Assembly by absolute majority vote to serve a 5-year term"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "Territorial Council - first round held on 20 March 2022 (next to be held in March 2028); second round held on 27 March 2022<br>French Senate - last held on 24 September 2017 (next to be held no later than September 2023)<br>French National Assembly - last held on 11 and 18 June 2017 (next to be held by June 2022)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Territorial Council - percent of vote by party (first round) - AD 45.9%, Focus on the Future 37%, Together to Build 17.1%; percent of vote by party (second round) - AD 51.8%, Focus on the Future 38.1%, Together to Build 10.1%, seats by party - AD 15, Focus on the Future 4; composition - men NA, women NA, percent of women NA%<br>French Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PS 1 (affiliated with UMP)<br>French National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Ensemble pour l'Avenir 1 (affiliated with PRG); the Republicans (LR) 1"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Superior Tribunal of Appeals or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel (composition NA)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "judge selection and tenure NA"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Archipelago Tomorrow (Archipel Domain) or AD (affiliated with The Republicans)<br>Focus on the Future (Cap sur l'Avenir) [Annick GIRARDIN] (affiliated with Left Radical Party)<br>Together to Build (Ensemble pour Construire) [Karine CLAIREAUX]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "UPU, WFTU (NGOs)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "text": "none (territorial overseas collectivity of France)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "embassy": {
        "text": "none (territorial overseas collectivity of France)"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "a yellow three-masted sailing ship facing the hoist side rides on a blue background with scattered, white, wavy lines under the ship; a continuous black-over-white wavy line divides the ship from the white wavy lines; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three parts: the top part (called ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing the rectangle into four sections; the middle part has a white background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one above the other; these three heraldic arms represent settlement by colonists from the Basque Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy; the blue on the main portion of the flag symbolizes the Atlantic Ocean and the stylized ship represents the Grande Hermine in which Jacques Cartier \"discovered\" the islands in 1536",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the flag of France used for official occasions"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "16th-century sailing ship"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "text": "<p><strong>note:</strong> as a collectivity of France, \"La Marseillaise\" is official (see France)</p>"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because of disputes with Canada over fishing quotas and a steady decline in the number of ships stopping at Saint Pierre. The services sector accounted for 86% of GDP in 2010, the last year data is available for. Government employment accounts for than 46% of the GDP, and 78% of the population is working age.</p> <p> </p> <p>The government hopes an expansion of tourism will boost economic prospects. Fish farming, crab fishing, and agriculture are being developed to diversify the local economy. Recent test drilling for oil may pave the way for development of the energy sector. Trade is the second largest sector in terms of value added created, where it contributes significantly to economic activity. The extractive industries and energy sector is the third largest sector of activity in the archipelago, attributable in part to the construction of a new thermal power plant in 2015.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015": {
        "text": "$261.3 million (2015 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2006": {
        "text": "$215.3 million (2006 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> supplemented by annual payments from France of about $60 million"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "text": "<p>NA</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2006": {
        "text": "$46,200 (2006 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2005": {
        "text": "$34,900 (2005)"
      }
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$261.3 million (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2015": {
        "text": "1.5% (2015)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2010": {
        "text": "4.5% (2010)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2% (2006 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "15% (2006 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "83% (2006 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "vegetables; poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs; fish"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "4,429 (2015)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "18%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "41%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "41% (1996 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2015": {
        "text": "8.7% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2008": {
        "text": "9.9% (2008 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "70 million (1996 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "60 million (1996 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "3.8% (of GDP) (1996 est.)"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "26.8% (of GDP) (1996 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2010": {
        "text": "$6.641 million (2010 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2005": {
        "text": "$5.5 million (2005 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Canada 79%, France 8%, Belgium 6% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "crustaceans, fish, medical instruments, electrical parts, pasta (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2010": {
        "text": "$95.35 million (2010 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2005": {
        "text": "$68.2 million (2005 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "France 69%, Canada 22% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "food preparation, packaged medicines, low-voltage protection equipment, cars, computers, iron structures (2019)"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "text": "<p>NA</p>"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "currency": {
        "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2016": {
        "text": "0.903 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2015": {
        "text": "0.9214 (2015 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "46 million kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "42.78 million kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - exports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - imports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
      "text": "27,600 kW (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
      "text": "96% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
      "text": "4% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - imports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - proved reserves": {
      "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
      "text": "660 bbl/day (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "650 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - production": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - consumption": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - imports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - proved reserves": {
      "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "4,800 (2015 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "76 (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "adequate (2019)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line teledensity 76 per 100 persons (2019)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 508; landing point for the St Pierre and Miquelon Cable connecting Saint Pierre&nbsp;&amp; Miquelon and Canada; radiotelephone communication with most countries in the world; satellite earth station - 1 in French domestic satellite system (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "8 TV stations, all part of the French Overseas Network, and local cable provided by SPM Telecom; 3 of 4 radio stations on St. Pierre and on Miquelon are part of the French Overseas Network (2021)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".pm"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,500 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "79.5% (2016 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "1 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "117 km (2009)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "80 km (2009)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "37 km (2009)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Saint-Pierre"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "defense is the responsibility of France"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>none</p>"
    }
  }
}