{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Ethnic Kazakhs derive from a mix of Turkic nomadic tribes that migrated to the region in the 15th century. The Kazakh steppe was conquered by the Russian Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1925. Repression and starvation caused by forced agricultural collectivization led to more than a million deaths in the early 1930s. During the 1950s and 1960s, the agricultural \"Virgin Lands\" program led to an influx of settlers (mostly ethnic Russians, but also other nationalities) and at the time of Kazakhstan’s independence in 1991, ethnic Kazakhs were a minority. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs (from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, and the Xinjiang region of China) back to Kazakhstan. As a result of this shift, the ethnic Kazakh share of the population now exceeds two-thirds.<br><br>Kazakhstan's economy is the largest in Central Asia, mainly due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: diversifying the economy, attracting foreign direct investment, enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness, and strengthening economic relations with neighboring states and foreign powers.</p> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural (Oral) River in easternmost Europe"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "48 00 N, 68 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,724,900 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "2,699,700 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "25,200 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly less than four times the size of Texas"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13,364 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "China 1,765 km; Kyrgyzstan 1,212 km; Russia 7,644 km; Turkmenistan 413 km; Uzbekistan 2,330 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Pik Khan-Tengri 7,010 m<br>note - the northern most 7,000 meter peak in the World"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Qauyndy Oyysy -132 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "387 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "77.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 8.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "1.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "21.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "20,660 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Ozero Balkhash - 22,000 sq km; Ozero Zaysan - 1,800 sq km"
      },
      "Salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Russia) - 374,000 sq km; Aral Sea (north) - 3,300 sq km; Ozero Alakol - 2,650 sq km; Ozero Teniz 1,590 sq km; Ozero Seletytenzi - 780 sq km; Ozero Sasykkol - 740 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Syr Darya river mouth (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan) - 3,078 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km), Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "world's largest landlocked country and one of only two landlocked countries in the world that extends into two continents (the other is Azerbaijan); Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory enclosing the Baikonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2050"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "19,398,331 (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Kazakhstani(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Kazakhstani"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Kazakh (Qazaq) 68%, Russian 19.3%, Uzbek 3.2%, Ukrainian 1.5%, Uighur 1.5%, Tatar 1.1%, German 1%, other 4.4% (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 83.1% (understand spoken language) and trilingual (Kazakh, Russian, English) 22.3% (2017 est.); Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the \"language of interethnic communication\") 94.4% (understand spoken language) (2009 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Әлемдік деректер кітабы, негізгі ақпараттың таптырмайтын көзі. (Kazakh)<br><br>Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник  базовой информации. (Russian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 70.2%, Christian 26.2% (mainly Russian Orthodox), other 0.2%, atheist 2.8%, unspecified 0.5% (2009 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "26.13% (male 2,438,148/female 2,550,535)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "12.97% (male 1,262,766/female 1,212,645)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "42.23% (male 3,960,188/female 4,102,845)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "10.25% (male 856,180/female 1,099,923)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "8.43% (male 567,269/female 1,041,450) (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "58.8"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "46.3"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "12.6"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "8 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31.6 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "30.3 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "32.8 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.77% (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "15.38 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "8.11 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "58% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.958 million Almaty, 1.254 million NUR-SULTAN (capital), 1.126 million Shimkent (2022)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.78 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.35 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.9 male(s)/female (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "28.9 years (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "10 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "19.18 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "21.73 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "72.53 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "67.43 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "77.31 years (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.11 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "53% (2018)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 18-49"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 93.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 97.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 6.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 2.6% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current Health Expenditure": {
      "text": "2.8% (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "3.98 physicians/1,000 population (2014)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "6.1 beds/1,000 population (2014)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "0.3% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "35,000 (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "<500 (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "21% (2016)"
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "2% (2015)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "2.9% of GDP (2019)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "99.8%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "99.7% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16 years (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.8%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "3.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers that flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; desertification; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "11.32 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "247.21 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "45.03 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "77.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 8.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "1.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "21.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "58% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0.99% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "4,659,740 tons (2012 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "136,064 tons (2012 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "2.9% (2012 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Ozero Balkhash - 22,000 sq km; Ozero Zaysan - 1,800 sq km"
      },
      "Salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Russia) - 374,000 sq km; Aral Sea (north) - 3,300 sq km; Ozero Alakol - 2,650 sq km; Ozero Teniz 1,590 sq km; Ozero Seletytenzi - 780 sq km; Ozero Sasykkol - 740 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Syr Darya river mouth (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan) - 3,078 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km), Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "2.347 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "6.984 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "15.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "108.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Kazakhstan"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Kazakhstan"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Qazaqstan Respublikasy"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Qazaqstan"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name \"Kazakh\" may derive from the Turkic word \"kaz\" meaning \"to wander,\" recalling the Kazakh's nomadic lifestyle; the Persian suffix \"-stan\" means \"place of\" or \"country,\" so the word Kazakhstan literally means \"Land of the Wanderers\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Nur-Sultan"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "51 10 N, 71 25 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "time zone note": {
        "text": "Kazakhstan has two time zones"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "on 20 March 2019, Kazakhstan changed the name of its capital city from Astana to Nur-Sultan in honor of its long-serving, recently retired president, Nursultan NAZARBAYEV; this was not the first time the city had its name changed; founded in 1830 as Akmoly, it became Akmolinsk in 1832, Tselinograd in 1961, Akmola (Aqmola) in 1992, and Astana in 1998"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "14 provinces (oblyslar, singular - oblys) and 4 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala); Almaty (Taldyqorghan), Almaty*, Aqmola (Kokshetau), Aqtobe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan [West Kazakhstan] (Oral), Bayqongyr*, Mangghystau (Aqtau), Nur-Sultan*, Pavlodar, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Shyghys Qazaqstan [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen), Shymkent*, Soltustik Qazaqstan [North Kazakhstan] (Petropavl), Turkistan, Zhambyl (Taraz)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Baikonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baikonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the lease to 2050"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 16 December (1991)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1937, 1978 (preindependence), 1993; latest approved by referendum 30 August 1995, effective 5 September 1995"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "introduced&nbsp;by a referendum initiated by the president of the republic, on the recommendation of Parliament, or by the government; the president has the option of submitting draft amendments to Parliament or directly to a referendum; passage of amendments by Parliament requires four-fifths majority vote of both houses and the signature of the president; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote by more than one half of the voters in at least two thirds of the oblasts, major cities, and the capital, followed by the signature of the president; amended several times, last in 2019"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and by the theory and practice of the Russian Federation"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Kazakhstan"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (since 20 March 2019); note - Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, who was president since 24 April 1990 (and in power since 22 June 1989 under the Soviet period), resigned on 20 March 2019; NAZARBAYEV retained the title and powers of \"First President\"; TOKAYEV completed NAZARBAYEV's term, which was shortened due to the early election of 9 June 2019, and then continued as president following his election victory"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Alikhan SMAILOV (since 11 January 2022); note - Prime Minister Askar MAMIN resigned on 5 January 2022 in the wake of massive protests of his government that began 2 January 2022 following a sudden, steep rise in gasoline prices"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "the president appoints ministers after consultations with the Chair of the Security Council (NAZARBAYEV) who has veto power over all appointments except for the ministers of defense, internal affairs, and foreign affairs; however, the president is required to discuss these three offices with the National Security Committee, which NAZARBAYEV chairs under a lifetime appointment"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 9 June 2019 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Mazhilis"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV elected president; percent of vote - Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (Nur Otan) 71%, Amirzhan KOSANOV (Ult Tagdyry) 16.2%, Daniya YESPAYEVA (Ak Zhol) 5.1%, other 7.7%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate (49 seats statutory, 48 as of October 2021); 34 members indirectly elected by 2-round majority vote by the oblast-level assemblies and 15 members appointed by decree of the president; members serve 6-year terms, with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)<br>Mazhilis (107 seats; 98 members directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 9 indirectly elected by the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan, a 351-member, presidentially appointed advisory body designed to represent the country's ethnic minorities)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "<br>Senate - last held on 12 August 2020 (next to be held in August 2023)<br>Mazhilis - last held on 10 January 2021 (next to be held in 2026)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<strong> </strong><br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition (as of October 2021) - men 39, women 9, percent of women 13.1%<br>Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Nur Otan 71.1%, Ak Zhol 11%, People's Party 9.1%, other 8.8%; seats by party - Nur Otan 76, Ak Zhol 12, People's Party 10; composition (as of October 2021) - men 78, women 29, percent of women 27%; note - total Parliament percent of women 24.4%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of the Republic (consists of 44 members); Constitutional Council (consists of the chairman and 6 members)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges proposed by the president of the republic on recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council and confirmed by the Senate; judges normally serve until age 65 but can be extended to age 70; Constitutional Council - the president of the republic, the Senate chairperson, and the Mazhilis chairperson each appoints 2 members for a 6-year term; chairman of the Constitutional Council appointed by the president for a 6-year term"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "regional and local courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Adal [Serik SULTANGALI] (formerly Birlik (Unity) Party)<br>Ak Zhol (Bright Path) Party or Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol [Azat PERUASHEV]<br>Amanat [Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV] (formerly Nur Otan (Radiant Fatherland))<br>National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]<br>People's Democratic (Patriotic) Party \"Auyl\" [Ali BEKTAYEV]<br>People's Party of Kazakhstan [Aikyn KONUROV]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "<p>Ambassador Yerzhan ASHIKBAYEV (since 7 July 2021)</p>"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 232-5488"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 232-5845"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>washington@mfa.kz<br><br>https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-washington?lang=en"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Judy KUO (since October 2021)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Rakhymzhan Koshkarbayev Avenue, No. 3, Nur-Sultan 010010"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2230 Nur-Sultan Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-2230"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[7] (7172) 70-21-00"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[7] (7172) 54-09-14"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>USAKZ@state.gov<br><br>https://kz.usembassy.gov/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Almaty"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern \"koshkar-muiz\" (the horns of the ram) in gold; the blue color is of religious significance to the Turkic peoples of the country, and so symbolizes cultural and ethnic unity; it also represents the endless sky as well as water; the sun, a source of life and energy, exemplifies wealth and plenitude; the sun's rays are shaped like grain, which is the basis of abundance and prosperity; the eagle has appeared on the flags of Kazakh tribes for centuries and represents freedom, power, and the flight to the future"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Menin Qazaqstanim\" (My Kazakhstan)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Zhumeken NAZHIMEDENOV and Nursultan NAZARBAYEV/Shamshi KALDAYAKOV"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2006; President Nursultan NAZARBAYEV played a role in revising the lyrics"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "5 (3 cultural, 2 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi (c), Petroglyphs at Tanbaly (c), Saryarka - Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan (n), Silk Roads: the Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor (c), Western Tien-Shan (n)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Kazakhstan's vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves form the backbone of its economy. Geographically the largest of the former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, Kazakhstan, g possesses substantial fossil fuel reserves and other minerals and metals, such as uranium, copper, and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. The government realizes that its economy suffers from an overreliance on oil and extractive industries and has made initial attempts to diversify its economy by targeting sectors like transport, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, petrochemicals and food processing for greater development and investment. It also adopted a Subsoil Code in December 2017 with the aim of increasing exploration and investment in the hydrocarbon, and particularly mining, sectors.</p><p></p><p>Kazakhstan's oil production and potential is expanding rapidly. A $36.8 billion expansion of Kazakhstan’s premiere Tengiz oil field by Chevron-led Tengizchevroil should be complete in 2022. Meanwhile, the super-giant Kashagan field finally launched production in October 2016 after years of delay and an estimated $55 billion in development costs. Kazakhstan’s total oil production in 2017 climbed 10.5%.</p><p></p><p>Kazakhstan is landlocked and depends on Russia to export its oil to Europe. It also exports oil directly to China. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined Russia and Belarus to establish a Customs Union in an effort to boost foreign investment and improve trade. The Customs Union evolved into a Single Economic Space in 2012 and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in January 2015. Supported by rising commodity prices, Kazakhstan’s exports to EAEU countries increased 30.2% in 2017. Imports from EAEU countries grew by 24.1%.</p><p></p><p>The economic downturn of its EAEU partner, Russia, and the decline in global commodity prices from 2014 to 2016 contributed to an economic slowdown in Kazakhstan. In 2014, Kazakhstan devalued its currency, the tenge, and announced a stimulus package to cope with its economic challenges. In the face of further decline in the ruble, oil prices, and the regional economy, Kazakhstan announced in 2015 it would replace its currency band with a floating exchange rate, leading to a sharp fall in the value of the tenge. Since reaching a low of 391 to the dollar in January 2016, the tenge has modestly appreciated, helped by somewhat higher oil prices. While growth slowed to about 1% in both 2015 and 2016, a moderate recovery in oil prices, relatively stable inflation and foreign exchange rates, and the start of production at Kashagan helped push 2017 GDP growth to 4%.</p><p></p><p>Despite some positive institutional and legislative changes in the last several years, investors remain concerned about corruption, bureaucracy, and arbitrary law enforcement, especially at the regional and municipal levels. An additional concern is the condition of the country’s banking sector, which suffers from poor asset quality and a lack of transparency. Investors also question the potentially negative effects on the economy of a contested presidential succession as Kazakhstan’s first president, Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, turned 77 in 2017.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$475.18 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$487.87 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$466.86 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "6.13% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
        "text": "4.41% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "4.38% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$25,300 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$26,400 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$25,500 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$181.194 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "5.2% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "7.3% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "BBB (2016)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Baa3 (2016)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "BBB- (2016)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "4.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "34.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "61.2% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "53.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "11.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "22.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "4.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "35.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-27.1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, milk, potatoes, barley, watermelons, melons, linseed, onions, maize, sunflower seed"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, uranium, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "5.8% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "8.685 million (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "18.1%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "20.4%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "61.6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "4.8% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2018": {
        "text": "4.85% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.8%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "3.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "4.3% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
        "text": "27.5 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2003": {
        "text": "31.5 (2003)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "4.2%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "23.3% (2016)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "35.48 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "38.3 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-1.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "20.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "19.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "22.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$7.206 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2018": {
        "text": "-$138 million (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$51.75 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$65.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$67.15 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 13%, Italy 12%, Russia 10%, Netherlands 7%, France 6%, South Korea 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, copper, iron alloys, radioactive chemicals (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$44.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$51.5 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$46.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Russia 34%, China 24% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "packaged medicines, natural gas, cars, broadcasting equipment, aircraft (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$30.75 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$29.53 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$159.351 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$163.73 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "currency": {
        "text": "tenge (KZT) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "420.0049 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "385.9248 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "370.4648 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "221.73 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "179.19 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "100.8 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "94.23 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - exports": {
      "text": "5.1 billion kWh (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - imports": {
      "text": "1.318 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
      "text": "20.15 million kW (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
      "text": "86% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
      "text": "14% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
      "text": "1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - production": {
      "text": "1.856 million bbl/day (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - exports": {
      "text": "1.409 million bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - imports": {
      "text": "1,480 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - proved reserves": {
      "text": "30 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "290,700 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
      "text": "274,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "105,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "39,120 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - production": {
      "text": "22.41 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - consumption": {
      "text": "15.37 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - exports": {
      "text": "12.8 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - imports": {
      "text": "5.748 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - proved reserves": {
      "text": "2.407 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "2,616,500 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "16.55 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "25.177 million (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "134.1 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "one of the most progressive telecom sectors in Central Asia; vast 4G network; low fixed-line and fixed-broadband penetration; moderate mobile broadband penetration and high mobile penetration depending on location; mobile market highly competitive and growth is slow due to saturation (2020)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; number of fixed-line connections is approximately 17 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscriber base 134 per 100 persons (2020)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 7; international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the TAE fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "the state owns nearly all radio and TV transmission facilities and operates national TV and radio networks; there are 96 TV channels, many of which are owned by the government, and 4 state-run radio stations; some former state-owned media outlets have been privatized; households with satellite dishes have access to foreign media; a small number of commercial radio stations operate along with state-run radio stations; recent legislation requires all media outlets to register with the government and all TV providers to broadcast in digital format by 2018; broadcasts reach some 99% of the population as well as neighboring countries (2018)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".kz"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15.47 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "85.94% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,620,400 (2021)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "13.96 (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "12 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "84"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "7,143,797 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "50.22 million mt-km (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "UP"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "96 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "63"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "10"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "25"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "15"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "8 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "33"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "7"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "13 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "3 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "658 km condensate, 15,256 km gas (2017), 8,013 km oil (2017), 1,095 km refined products, 1,975 km water (2016) (2017)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16,614 km (2017)"
      },
      "broad gauge": {
        "text": "16,614 km 1.520-m gauge (4,200 km electrified) (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "95,409 km (2017)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "81,814 km (2017)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "13,595 km (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "4,000 km (on the Ertis (Irtysh) River (80%) and Syr Darya (Syrdariya) River) (2010)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "119"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 3, oil tanker 7, other 109 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Caspian Sea - Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev)"
      },
      "river port(s)": {
        "text": "Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk) (Irtysh River)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces; Ministry of Internal Affairs: National Police, National Guard, Border Service (includes Coast Guard), Committee for National Security (2021)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.1% of GDP (approximately $3.6 billion) (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "0.9% of GDP (approximately $3.06 billion) (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (approximately $2.85 billion) (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2016": {
        "text": "0.9% of GDP (approximately $2.93 billion) (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "information varies; approximately 40,000 active duty personnel (25,000 Land Forces; 3,000 Naval Forces; 12,000 Air and Air Defense Forces) (2021)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Kazakh military's inventory is comprised of mostly older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Russia is the leading supplier of weapons systems (2021)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "all men 18-27 are required to serve in the military for at least one year (2021)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "Kazakhstan has been a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and contributes troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>in January 2019, the Kyrgyz Republic ratified the demarcation agreement of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz border; the demarcation of the Kazakh-Uzbek borders is ongoing; the ongoing demarcation with Russia began in 2007; demarcation with China completed in 2002</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "7,915 (mid-year 2021)"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "current situation": {
        "text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Kazakhstan and Kazakhstanis abroad; traffickers lure victims from rural areas to larger cities with fake offers of employment; traffickers coerce or force Kazakhstani men and women into labor in Russia, Bahrain, Brazil, the Republic of Korea, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates; sex traffickers exploit Kazakhstani women and girls in the Middle East, Europe, East Asia, the United States, Central Asian and Eastern European countries and rural areas in Kazakhstan; children are forced to beg and adults and children may be coerced into criminal behavior; traffickers are increasingly using debt-based coercion; traffickers capitalize on tough law enforcement policies on migrants to coerce them to remain and leverage these policies to threaten victims with punishment and deportation if they notify authorities, which fosters a distrust in law enforcement"
      },
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 2 Watch List —<strong> </strong>Kazakhstan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government adopted amendments increasing criminal penalties for traffickers, including rescinding the provision allowing alleged traffickers to pay a settlement to victims to withdraw their criminal cases; authorities developed victim identification guidelines for diplomatic staff and provided victim identification training to some labor inspectors; the government took initial steps toward improving its annual NGO funding process; the government’s efforts to identify and protect foreign victims increased; foreign victims who did not participate in criminal investigations were ineligible for services and were deported; law enforcement continued to make limited efforts to investigate, prosecute, and convict labor trafficking crimes; trafficking convictions decreased for the fourth consecutive year; NGOs reported allegations of police officers’ involvement in human trafficking, but few police or other officials suspected of complicity were investigated or prosecuted (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>a transit country for Afghan opiates destined for Russia and Europe; increase in  clandestine laboratories producing synthetic drugs; Synthetic drugs also trafficked from Southeast Asia, China, Russia, and Europe, and precursor chemicals shipped from Russia</p>"
    }
  }
}