{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist \"people's republic\" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "46 00 N, 25 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "238,391 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "229,891 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "8,500 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,844 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Bulgaria 605 km; Hungary 424 km; Moldova 683 km; Serbia 531 km; Ukraine 601 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "225 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Moldoveanu 2,544 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Black Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "414 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "60.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 39.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "28.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "10.6% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "4,730 sq km (2020)"
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "<p>Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Czechia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km</p> <strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "18,326,327 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Romanian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Romanian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent individuals who declared an ethnic group in the 2021 national census; 13% did not respond; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5, other 4.7% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent individuals who declared a religion in the 2021 national census; 13.9% did not respond"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "15.63% (male 1,472,449/female 1,391,671)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "62.13% (male 5,689,908/female 5,696,224)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "22.24% (2023 est.) (male 1,682,695/female 2,393,380)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "53.7"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "24.6"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "29.1"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.4 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "42.5 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "41 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "44 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-1.01% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.63 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "14.92 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-3.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "54.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.7 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.93 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "27.1 years (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "10 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5.65 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "5.91 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "5.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "76.31 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "72.87 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "79.95 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.63 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.79 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "6.3% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "6.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 96.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 76% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 87.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 3.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 24% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 12.7% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "22.5% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "28% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "35.9% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "20% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "54.8% (2023)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "3.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "98.9%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "98.7% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15 years (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "20.1% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "60.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 39.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "28.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "10.6% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "54.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.16% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "14.29 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "69.26 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "27.62 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "4.895 million tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "277,547 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "5.7% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "<p>Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Czechia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km</p> <strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "1.09 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "3.9 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "1.43 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "212 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Romania"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Romania"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name derives from the Latin \"Romanus\" meaning \"citizen of Rome\" and was used to stress the common ancient heritage of Romania's three main regions - Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia - during their gradual unification between the mid-19th century and early 20th century"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "semi-presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Bucharest"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "44 26 N, 26 06 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "related to the Romanian word \"bucura\" that is believed to be of Dacian origin and whose meaning is \"to be glad (happy)\"; Bucharest's meaning is thus akin to \"city of joy\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania&rsquo;s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or &ndash; if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended 2003"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Klaus Werner IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Marcel CIOLACU (since 15 June 2023); Deputy Prime Ministers Sorin GRINDEANU (since 25 November 2021) and Hunor KELEMEN (since 23 December 2020)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on&nbsp;10 November 2019 with a runoff on&nbsp;24 November 2019 (next to be held&nbsp;in November 2024); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2019: </em>Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%<br><br><em>2014:</em> Klaus IOHANNIS elected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 54.4%, Victor PONTA (PSD) 45.6%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of:<br>Senate or Senat (136 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies - including 2 seats for diaspora - by party-list, proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)<br>Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (330 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies - including 4 seats for diaspora - by party-list, proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "<br>Senate - last held on 6 December 2020 (next to be held in 2024)<br>Chamber of Deputies - last held on 6 December 2020 (next to be held in 2024)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br>Senate - percent of vote by party - PSD 29.3%, PNL 25.6%, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 15.9%, AUR 9.2%, UDMR 5.9%, other 14.1%; seats by party - PSD 47, PNL 41, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 25, AUR 14, UDMR 9; composition - men 111, women 25, percent of women 18.4%<br><br>Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PSD 28.9%, PNL 25.2%, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 15.4%, AUR 9.1%, UDMR 5.7%, other 15.7%; seats by party - PSD 110, PNL 93, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 55, AUR 33, UDMR 21, other 18; composition - men 267, women 63, percent of women 19.1%; note - total Parliament percent of women 18.9%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "2020 USR-PLUS Alliance [Dan BARNA and Dacian CIOLOS] (dissolved 16 April 2021)<br>Alliance for the Fatherland or APP [Codrin STEFANESCU]<br>Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AUR [George SIMION]<br>Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU]<br>Civic Hungarian Party [Zsolt BIRO]<br>Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN]<br>Ecologist Party of Romania or PER [Danut POP]<br>Force of the Right or FD [Ludovic ORBAN]<br>Greater Romania Party or PRM [Victor IOVICI]<br>Green Party [Marius LAZAR and Lavinia COSMA]<br>National Liberal Party or PNL [Nicolae CIUCA]<br>Party of Liberty, Unity, and Solidarity or PLUS [Dacian CIOLOS] (dissolved 16 April 2021)<br>Popular Movement Party or PMP [Eugen TOMAC]<br>PRO Romania or PRO [Victor PONTA]<br>Romanian Nationhood Party or PNR [Ninel PEIA]<br>Save Romania Union Party or USR [Catalin DRULA]<br>Social Democratic Party or PSD [Marcel CIOLACU]<br>Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL [Daniel IONASCU] (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL)<br>S.O.S. Romania [Diana IOVANOVICI-SOSOACA]<br>The Right Alternative or AD [Adela MIRZA]<br>United Romania Party or PRU [Robert BUGA]<br>We are Renewing the European Project in Romania or REPER [Dacian CIOLOS; Ramona STRUGARIU; Dragos PISLARU]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA,UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Dan Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 332-4829; [1] (202) 332-4846"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 232-4748"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>washington@mae.ro; office@roembus.org<br><br>Embassy of Romania - Washington, DC (roembus.org)"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Kathleen KAVALEC (since 14 February 2023)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC&nbsp; 20521-5260"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[40] (21) 200-3300"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[40] (21) 200-3442"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ACSBucharest@state.gov<br><br>https://ro.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal vertical bands of cobalt blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Desteapta-te romane!\" (Wake up, Romanian!)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "9 (7 cultural, 2 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Danube Delta (n); Churches of Moldavia (c); Monastery of Horezu (c); Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (c); Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (c); Historic Center of Sighişoara (c); Wooden Churches of Maramureş (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (n); Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "high-income, service- and industrial-based European economy; EU member but non-euro user until convergence criteria met; sustained growth prior to COVID-19; major FDI recipient; flat taxation structure; digital hub of Eastern Europe"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$588.451 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$559.896 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$581.272 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.1% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-3.68% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "3.85% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$30,800 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$29,100 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$30,000 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$249.543 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "5.05% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "2.63% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "3.83% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "BBB- (2011)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Baa3 (2006)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "BBB- (2014)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "4.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "33.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "62.6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "70% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "7.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "22.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "1.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "41.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-43.6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "maize, wheat, milk, sunflower seed, potatoes, barley, grapes, sugar beet, rapeseed, plums/sloes"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "4.07% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "8.381 million (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "28.3%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "28.9%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "42.8% (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.17% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "5.03% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "3.91% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "20.1% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "23.8% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
        "text": "34.8 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "27.3% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "5.7% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "15.3%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "7.6% (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$72.193 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$83.59 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-2.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2020": {
        "text": "57.11% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2019": {
        "text": "43.21% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2018": {
        "text": "42.56% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "14.18% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$20.627 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$12.535 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$12.184 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$115.879 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$93.024 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$100.901 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 22%, Italy 10%, France 7% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars and vehicle parts, insulated wiring, refined petroleum, electrical control boards, seats (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$132.056 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$103.899 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$111.184 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 19%, Italy 9%, Hungary 7%, Poland 6%, China 5%, France 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum, packaged medicines, insulated wiring, broadcasting equipment (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$51.886 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$52.191 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$42.007 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$117.829 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$115.803 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "lei (RON) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "4.16 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "4.244 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "4.238 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "3.942 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "4.052 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "20.528 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "50,039,421,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "5.459 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "8.252 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "6.501 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "32.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "20.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "3.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "13.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "29.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nuclear energy": {
      "Number of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "2 (2023)"
      },
      "Number of nuclear reactors under construction": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "1.3GW (2023)"
      },
      "Percent of total electricity production": {
        "text": "18.5% (2021)"
      },
      "Percent of total energy produced": {
        "text": "12.9% (2021)"
      },
      "Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down": {
        "text": "0"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "15.002 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "16.412 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "2,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1.384 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "291 million metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "74,000 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "222,200 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "1,400 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "161,600 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "600 million barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "232,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "103,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "49,420 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "10,367,941,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "11,087,528,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "11.185 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "2,800,985,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "68.746 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "20.891 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "27.268 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "20.588 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "71.736 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "2.606 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "13 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "22.929 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "119 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Romania&rsquo;s telecom market has undergone several significant changes in recent years; the mobile market is served by network operators that have extensive LTE networks in place, while services based on 5G have been offered under their existing spectrum concessions since 2019; the delayed multi-spectrum auction, expected to be completed later in 2021, will enable the operators to expand 5G network capacity and enable consumers to make far greater use of the technology&rsquo;s potential; in line with legislation passed in July 2021 the MNOs will have to replace equipment provided by vendors deemed to be a security risk (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line teledensity is 13 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is119 telephones per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 40; landing point for the Diamond Link Global submarine cable linking Romania with Georgia; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "a mixture of public and private TV stations; there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stations using satellite broadcasting and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations, having in total 20 public radio stations by terrestrial broadcasting plus 4 public radio stations by satellite broadcasting; there are 502 operational private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting and 26 private radio stations using satellite broadcasting"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ro"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15.96 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "84% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5,684,782 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "30 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "8 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "60"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "4,908,235 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2.71 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "YR"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "45 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "26",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "19",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "2 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "3,726 km gas, 2,451 km oil (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "84,185 km (2012)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "49,873 km (2012) (includes 337 km of expressways)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "34,312 km (2012)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,731 km (2010) (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "125"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 11, oil tanker 6, other 108 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Constanta, Midia"
      },
      "river port(s)": {
        "text": "Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Romanian Armed Forces (Forțele Armate Române or Armata Română): Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force<br><br>Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police, the Romanian Gendarmerie (Jandarmeria Română), the Romanian Border Police, the General Directorate for Internal Protection, and the Directorate General for Anticorruption (2023)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "2.4% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.8% of GDP (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 70,000 active-duty military personnel (53,000 Land Forces; 7,000 Naval Forces; 10,000 Air Force) (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory is comprised mostly of Soviet-era and older domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years it has launched an effort to acquire more Western-origin equipment from European countries and the US, including aircraft and armored vehicles (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; all military inductees contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36; conscription ended in 2006 (2023)"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "up to 120 Poland (NATO) (2023)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling Romania’s commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including cyber attacks and terrorism, but its primary focus is Russian aggression against neighboring Ukraine and its activities in the Black Sea and Romania’s other eastern neighbor, Moldova; Romania joined NATO in 2004, and the Alliance forms a key pillar of the country’s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains regularly with NATO and its member states and participates in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia andHerzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland<br><br>the military is a professional and all-volunteer force equipped largely with Soviet-era or other aging weapons systems, although since joining NATO it has embarked on an effort to acquire more modern, NATO-compatible weapons systems, such as armored vehicles, combat aircraft, and naval vessels; the main combat formations of the Land Forces are two combined arms infantry divisions, each comprised of three or four mechanized and mountain infantry brigades, plus artillery, reconnaissance, and other combat support forces; the Army also has a tactical missile brigade; the military’s special operations forces were consolidated into a special operations command in 2018<br><br>the Romanian Navy operates on the Black Sea and the Danube River; the Black Sea fleet command has three frigates and seven corvettes organized into flotillas and divisions, as well as divisions of mine warfare vessels, naval missiles, and coastal defense; the Danube River flotilla has gunboats and a marine infantry regiment <br><br>the Air Force had approximately 400 Soviet-made combat aircraft when Romania was a member of the Warsaw Pact, but by the 2020s the number was down to a few dozen that were being replaced by secondhand US-origin F-16 fighter aircraft acquired from NATO partners; in 2023, Romania retired the last of its Soviet-era fighters and signed a contract to acquire about 30 additional F-16s from Norway (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Space": {
    "Space agency/agencies": {
      "text": "Romanian Space Agency (Agentia Spatiala Romania, ROSA; established 1991) (2023)"
    },
    "Space program overview": {
      "text": "space program is integrated into the European Space Agency (ESA) and dates back to the 1960s; program is involved in the development and production of a wide range of capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs), remote sensing, human space flight, navigation, telecommunications, and other space-related applications; in addition to the ESA/EU and their member states (particularly Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy), it cooperates with a variety of other space agencies and commercial space entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Russia, and the US; also participates in international programs; has an active space industry sector with over 50 entities involved in space-related activities (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in Appendix S"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Romania-Bulgaria</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Romania-Hungary</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Romania-Moldova</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Romania-Serbia</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Romania-Ukraine</em>: the International Court of Justice ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; in 2007, Romania opposed Ukraine's construction of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea, arguing that it runs through a unique ecological area, the Danube Delta</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "86,810 (Ukraine) (as of 10 September 2023)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "297 (2022)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> 14,611 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-July 2023)"
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>a source country for cannabis</p>"
    }
  }
}