{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine achieved a short-lived period of independence (1917-20) but was reconquered and endured a brutal Soviet rule that engineered two forced famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although Ukraine achieved independence in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy and prosperity remained elusive as the legacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties.</p> <p>A peaceful mass protest referred to as the \"Orange Revolution\" in the closing months of 2004 forced the authorities to overturn a rigged presidential election and to allow a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. Subsequent internal squabbles in the YUSHCHENKO camp allowed his rival Viktor YANUKOVYCH to stage a comeback in parliamentary (Rada) elections, become prime minister in August 2006, and be elected president in February 2010. In October 2012, Ukraine held Rada elections, widely criticized by Western observers as flawed due to use of government resources to favor ruling party candidates, interference with media access, and harassment of opposition candidates. President YANUKOVYCH's backtracking on a trade and cooperation agreement with the EU in November 2013 - in favor of closer economic ties with Russia - and subsequent use of force against students, civil society activists, and other civilians in favor of the agreement led to a three-month protest occupation of Kyiv's central square. The government's use of violence to break up the protest camp in February 2014 led to all out pitched battles, scores of deaths, international condemnation, a failed political deal, and the president's abrupt departure for Russia. New elections in the spring allowed pro-West president Petro POROSHENKO to assume office in June 2014; he was succeeded by Volodymyr ZELENSKY in May 2019.</p> <p>Shortly after YANUKOVYCH's departure in late February 2014, Russian President PUTIN ordered the invasion of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula falsely claiming the action was to protect ethnic Russians living there. Two weeks later, a \"referendum\" was held regarding the integration of Crimea into the Russian Federation. The \"referendum\" was condemned as illegitimate by the Ukrainian Government, the EU, the US, and the UN General Assembly (UNGA). In response to Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea, 100 members of the UN passed UNGA resolution 68/262, rejecting the \"referendum\" as baseless and invalid and confirming the sovereignty, political independence, unity, and territorial integrity of Ukraine. In mid-2014, Russia began supplying proxies in two of Ukraine's eastern provinces with manpower, funding, and materiel driving an armed conflict with the Ukrainian Government that continues to this day. Representatives from Ukraine, Russia, and the unrecognized Russian proxy republics signed the Minsk Protocol and Memorandum in September 2014 to end the conflict. However, this agreement failed to stop the fighting or find a political solution. In a renewed attempt to alleviate ongoing clashes, leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France, and Germany negotiated a follow-on Package of Measures in February 2015 to implement the Minsk agreements. Representatives from Ukraine, Russia, the unrecognized Russian proxy republics, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe also meet regularly to facilitate implementation of the peace deal. By early 2022, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian intervention in eastern Ukraine.<br><br>On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by invading the country on several fronts in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. The invasion has received near universal international condemnation, and many countries have imposed sanctions on Russia and supplied humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. Russia made substantial gains in the early weeks of the invasion but underestimated Ukrainian resolve and combat capabilities. By the end of 2022, Ukrainian forces had regained all territories in the north and northeast and made some advances in the east and south. Nonetheless, Russia in late September 2022 unilaterally declared its annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts - Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia - even though none was fully under Russian control. The annexations remain unrecognized by the international community.<br><br>The invasion has also created Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. As of 21 February, 2023, approximately 18.84 million people had fled Ukraine, and 5.35 million people were internally displaced as of January 2023.  Nearly 19,000 civilian casualties had been reported, as of 12 February 2023. The invasion of Ukraine remains one of the two largest displacement crises worldwide (the other is the conflict in Syria).<br><br></p> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland, Romania, and Moldova in the west and Russia in the east"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "49 00 N, 32 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "AsiaEurope"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "603,550 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "579,330 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "24,220 sq km"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> approximately 43,133 sq km, or about 7.1% of Ukraine's area, is Russian occupied; the seized area includes all of Crimea and about one-third of both Luhans'k and Donets'k oblasts"
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "almost four times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Texas"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5,581 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Belarus 1,111 km; Hungary 128 km; Moldova 1,202 km; Poland 498 km; Romania 601 km; Russia 1,944 km, Slovakia 97 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "2,782 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200 m or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; warm summers across the greater part of the country, hot in the south"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, with mountains found only in the west (the Carpathians) or in the extreme south of the Crimean Peninsula"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Hora Hoverla 2,061 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Black Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "175 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "71.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 56.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 13.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "16.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "12% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "4,350 sq km (2020)"
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Danube (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Czechia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Dnieper river mouth (shared with Russia [s] and Belarus) - 2,287 km; Dniester river source and mouth (shared with Moldova) - 1,411 km; Vistula (shared with Poland [s/m] and Belarus) - 1,213 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "densest settlement in the eastern (Donbas) and western regions; noteable concentrations in and around major urban areas of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donets'k, Dnipropetrovs'k, and Odesa"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "occasional floods; occasional droughts"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe after Russia"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "43,306,477 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Ukrainian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Ukrainian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Ukrainian (official) 67.5%, Russian (regional language) 29.6%, other (includes small Crimean Tatar-, Moldovan/Romanian-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities) 2.9% (2001 est.); note - in February 2018, the Constitutional Court ruled that 2012 language legislation entitling a language spoken by at least 10% of an oblast's population to be given the status of \"regional language\" - allowing for its use in courts, schools, and other government institutions - was unconstitutional, thus making the law invalid; Ukrainian remains the country's only official nationwide language"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Свiтова Книга Фактiв – найкраще джерело базової інформації. (Ukrainian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Orthodox (includes the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU), Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC), and the Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP)), Ukrainian Greek Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Jewish (2013 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Ukraine's population is overwhelmingly Christian; the vast majority - up to two thirds - identify themselves as Orthodox, but many do not specify a particular branch; the OCU and the UOC-MP each represent less than a quarter of the country's population, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church accounts for 8-10%, and the UAOC accounts for 1-2%; Muslim and Jewish adherents each compose less than 1% of the total population"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "15.9% (male 3,549,814/female 3,334,617)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "65.95% (male 13,856,470/female 14,705,547)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "18.15% (2023 est.) (male 2,680,500/female 5,179,529)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "48.4"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "22.6"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "25.8"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.9 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data include Crimea"
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "41.2 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "38.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "44.3 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.52% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.79 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "13.7 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "densest settlement in the eastern (Donbas) and western regions; noteable concentrations in and around major urban areas of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donets'k, Dnipropetrovs'k, and Odesa"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "70.1% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "3.017 million KYIV (capital), 1.421 million Kharkiv, 1.008 million Odesa, 942,000 Dnipropetrovsk, 888,000 Donetsk (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.52 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.87 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "26.2 years (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "19 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.21 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "8.14 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "6.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "73.72 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "69.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "78.64 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.57 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.76 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "65.4% (2012)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.4% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "7.6% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "2.99 physicians/1,000 population (2014)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "7.5 beds/1,000 population (2014)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "0.9% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "text": "<p><strong>note: </strong>on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Eastern Europe; Ukraine is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and <em>that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus</em>; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine</p>"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "24.1% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5.69 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "2.44 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.32 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "2.88 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "25.8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "40% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "11.5% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "61.6% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "99.8%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "99.7% (2015)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15 years (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air and water pollution; land degradation; solid waste management; biodiversity loss; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "18.29 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "202.25 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "63.37 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; warm summers across the greater part of the country, hot in the south"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "71.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 56.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 13.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "16.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "12% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "70.1% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0.42% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "text": "<p><strong>note: </strong>on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Eastern Europe; Ukraine is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and <em>that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus</em>; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine</p>"
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "widespread lack of access": {
        "text": "<em>due to conflict</em> - production prospects of 2022 winter crops hampered by low availability of inputs, delivery challenges, difficult physical access to fields due to the war, and eventual labor shortages; forecast for cereal exports in 2022 reduced, amid port closures, damage to infrastructure and implementation of government policies to secure sufficient domestic supplies; as of early March 2022, about 12 million people estimated to be in need of life saving assistance (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "15,242,025 tons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "487,745 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "3.2% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Danube (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Czechia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Dnieper river mouth (shared with Russia [s] and Belarus) - 2,287 km; Dniester river source and mouth (shared with Moldova) - 1,411 km; Vistula (shared with Poland [s/m] and Belarus) - 1,213 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "2.397 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "3.577 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "3.206 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "175.3 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Ukraine"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Ukraina"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derives from the Old East Slavic word \"ukraina\" meaning \"borderland or march (militarized border region)\" and began to be used extensively in the 19th century; originally Ukrainians referred to themselves as Rusyny (Rusyns, Ruthenians, or Ruthenes), an endonym derived from the medieval Rus state (Kyivan Rus)"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "semi-presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Kyiv (Kiev)"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "50 26 N, 30 31 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name is associated with that of Kyi, who along with his brothers Shchek and Khoryv, and their sister Lybid, are the legendary founders of the medieval city of Kyiv; Kyi being the eldest brother, the city was named after him"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> pronounced KAY-yiv"
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities** (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol), Dnipropetrovsk (Dnipro), Donetsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmelnytskyi, Kirovohrad (Kropyvnytskyi), Kyiv**, Kyiv, Luhansk, Lviv, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol**, Sumy, Ternopil, Vinnytsia, Volyn (Lutsk), Zakarpattia (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhia, Zhytomyr",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); plans include the eventual renaming of Dnipropetrovsk and Kirovohrad oblasts, but because these names are mentioned in the Constitution of Ukraine, the change will require a constitutional amendment <br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the US Government does not recognize Russia's illegal annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the \"Republic of Crimea\" and the \"Federal City of Sevastopol\"; neither does the US Government recognize Russia's claimed annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: ca. 982 (VOLODYMYR I consolidates Kyivan Rus); 1199 (Principality (later Kingdom) of Ruthenia formed); 1648 (establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate); 22 January 1918 (from Soviet Russia)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 24 August (1991); note - 22 January 1918, the day Ukraine first declared its independence from Soviet Russia, and the date the short-lived Western and Greater (Eastern) Ukrainian republics united (1919), is now celebrated as Unity Day"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted and ratified 28 June 1996"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of Ukraine or by at least one third of the Supreme Council members; adoption requires simple majority vote by the Council and at least two-thirds majority vote in its next regular session; adoption of proposals relating to general constitutional principles, elections, and amendment procedures requires two-thirds majority vote by the Council and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on personal rights and freedoms, national independence, and territorial integrity cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2019"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Ukraine"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (since 20 May 2019)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Denys SHMYHAL (since 4 March 2020)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, approved by the Verkhovna Rada"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 31 March and 21 April 2019 (next to be held in March 2024); prime minister selected by the Verkhovna Rada"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2019:</em> Volodymyr ZELENSKYY elected president; percent of vote in the first round Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (Servant of the People) 30.2%, Petro POROSHENKO (BPP-Solidarity) 15.6%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (Fatherland) 13.4%, Yuriy BOYKO (Opposition Platform-For Life) 11.7%, 35 other candidates 29.1%; percent of vote in the second round Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (Servant of the People) 73.2%, Petro POROSHENKO (BPP-Solidarity) 24.5%, other 2.3%; Denys SHMYHAL (independent) elected prime minister; Verkhovna Rada vote - 291-59<br><br><em>2014: </em>Petro POROSHENKO elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Petro POROSHENKO (independent) 54.5%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (Fatherland) 12.9%, Oleh LYASHKO (Radical Party) 8.4%, other 24.2%; Volodymyr HROYSMAN (BPP) elected prime minister; Verkhovna Rada vote - 257-50"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president; a presidential administration helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; 225 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 225 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by closed, party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 21 July 2019 (next to be held in July 2024)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - Servant of the People 43.2%, Opposition Platform-For Life 13.1%, Batkivshchyna 8.2%, European Solidarity 8.1%, Voice 5.8%, other 21.6%; Servant of the People 254, Opposition Platform for Life 43, Batkivshchyna 26, European Solidarity 25, Voice 20, Opposition Bloc 6, Svoboda 1, Self Reliance 1, United Centre 1, Bila Tserkva Together 1, Independents 46; note - voting not held in Crimea and parts of two Russian-occupied eastern oblasts leaving 26 seats vacant; although this brings the total to 424 elected members (of 450 potential), article 83 of the constitution mandates that a parliamentary majority consists of 226 seats"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Ukraine or SCU (consists of 100 judges, organized into civil, criminal, commercial and administrative chambers, and a grand chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of 18 justices); High Anti-Corruption Court (consists of 39 judges, including 12 in the Appeals Chamber)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges recommended by the High Qualification Commission of Judges (a 16-member state body responsible for judicial candidate testing and assessment and judicial administration), submitted to the High Council of Justice, a 21-member independent body of judicial officials responsible for judicial self-governance and administration, and appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; High Anti-Corruption Court judges are selected by the same process as Supreme Court justices, with one addition – a majority of a combined High Qualification Commission of Judges and a 6-member Public Council of International Experts must vote in favor of potential judges in order to recommend their nomination to the High Council of Justice; this majority must include at least 3 members of the Public Council of International Experts; Constitutional Court justices appointed - 6 each by the president, by the Congress of Judges, and by the Verkhovna Rada; judges serve 9-year nonrenewable terms <p> </p>"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Courts of Appeal; district courts"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> specialized courts were abolished as part of Ukraine's judicial reform program; in November 2019, President ZELENSKYY signed a bill on legal reforms"
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Batkivshchyna (Fatherland) [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO]<br>European Solidarity or YeS [Petro POROSHENKO] <br>Holos (Voice or Vote) [Kira RUDYK]<br>Opposition Bloc [Evgeny MURAYEV] (formerly known as Opposition Bloc — Party for Peace and Development, successor of the Industrial Party of Ukraine, and resulted from a schism in the original Opposition Bloc in 2019; banned in court June 2022; ceased to exist in July 2022)<br>Opposition Bloc or OB (divided into Opposition Bloc - Party for Peace and Development and Opposition Platform - For Life in 2019; ceased to exist in July 2022)<br>Opposition Platform - For Life [Yuriy BOYKO] (resulted from a schism in the original Opposition Bloc in 2019; activities suspended by the National Security and Defense Countil in March 2022; dissolved in April 2022)<br>Radical Party or RPOL [Oleh LYASHKO]<br>Samopomich (Self Reliance) [Oksana Ivanivna SYROYID]<br>Servant of the People [Olena Oleksiivna SHULIAK]<br>Svoboda (Freedom) [Oleh TYAHNYBOK]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "Australia Group, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CICA (observer), CIS (participating member, has not signed the 1993 CIS charter), EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC",
      "note": "<strong>note</strong>: Ukraine is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Oksana Serhiyivna MARKAROVA (since 7 July 2021)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 349-2963"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 333-0817"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>emb_us@mfa.gov.ua; consul_us@mfa.gov.ua<br><br>https://usa.mfa.gov.ua/en"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Chicago, New York, San Francisco"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Bridget A. BRINK (since 2 June 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "4 A. I. Igor Sikorsky Street, 04112 Kyiv"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5850 Kyiv Place, Washington, DC 20521-5850"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[380] (44) 521-5000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[380] (44) 521-5544"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>kyivacs@state.gov<br><br>https://ua.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow; although the colors date back to medieval heraldry, in modern times they are sometimes claimed to represent grain fields under a blue sky"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "tryzub (trident), sunflower; national colors: blue, yellow"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Shche ne vmerla Ukraina\" (Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Paul CHUBYNSKYI/Mikhail VERBYTSKYI"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> music adopted 1991, lyrics adopted 2003; song first performed in 1864 at the Ukraine Theatre in Lviv; the lyrics, originally written in 1862, were revised in 2003"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "7 (6 cultural, 1 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Kyiv: Saint Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (c); Lviv Historic Center (c); Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans, Chernivtsi (c); Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese, Sevastopol (c); Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (n); Struve Geodetic Arc (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "lower middle-income non-EU Eastern European economy; major wheat producer; industrial and energy exporter; big fiscal reallocations toward defenses; seeking $2 billion in monthly US wartime aid to combat Russia; mass war-related emigration and homelessness"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$535.579 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$517.968 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$538.164 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.4% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-3.75% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "3.2% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$12,900 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$12,400 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$12,800 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$155.082 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "9.36% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "2.73% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "7.89% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and part of the anti-terrorist operation zone"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "B (2019)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B3 (2020)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "12.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "28.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "60% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "66.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "20.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "16% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "4.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "47.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-55.6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "maize, wheat, potatoes, sunflower seed, sugar beets, milk, barley, soybeans, rapeseed, tomatoes"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processing"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "2.57% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "20.463 million (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "5.8%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "26.5%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "67.8% (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "8.88% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "9.13% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "8.19% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> officially registered workers; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "1.1% (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
        "text": "26.1 (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "4.2%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "21.6% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$29.82 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$31.55 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> this is the planned, consolidated budget"
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2020": {
        "text": "58.72% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2019": {
        "text": "48.33% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2018": {
        "text": "56.91% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the total public debt of $64.5 billion consists of: domestic public debt ($23.8 billion); external public debt ($26.1 billion); and sovereign guarantees ($14.6 billion)"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "19.15% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$3.249 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "$5.267 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$4.124 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$81.504 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$60.707 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$63.556 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Russia 9%, China 8%, Germany 6%, Poland 6%, Italy 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "corn, sunflower seed oils, iron and iron products, wheat, insulated wiring, rapeseed (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$84.175 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$63.085 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$76.067 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 13%, Russia 12%, Germany 10%, Poland 9%, Belarus 7% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, coal, natural gas (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$30.967 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$29.138 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$25.317 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$117.41 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$114.449 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "hryvnia (UAH) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "27.286 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "26.958 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "25.846 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "27.2 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "26.597 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "56.816 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "124,533,790,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "5.139 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "2.72 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "16.434 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "37.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "55.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "1.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "1.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "3.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "23.908 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "41.181 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "61,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "17.333 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "34.375 billion metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "57,700 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "248,100 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "700 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "6,500 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "395 million barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "63,670 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "1,828 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "167,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "19,511,040,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "26,413,486,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "10,740,619,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1,104,355,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "185.686 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "105.929 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "30.365 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "49.392 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "82.571 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "3,314,263 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "8 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "54,842,900 (2019)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "130.63 (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "the Ukraine government announced grand plans in November 2020 to enable the commercial launch of 5G mobile services by the end of 2021 (including a spectrum auction slated for October), there has been very little progress made regarding that plan; growth in the mobile sector is flat, while the market waits for the regulator and the three dominant MNOs to move towards making faster and more powerful services available for public consumption (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line teledensity is nearly 8 per 100; the mobile-cellular telephone system's expansion has slowed, largely due to saturation of the market that is now just over 129 mobile phones per 100 persons (2020)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 380; landing point for the Kerch Strait Cable connecting Ukraine to Russia; 2 new domestic trunk lines are a part of the fiber-optic TAE system and 3 Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic TEL project that connects 18 countries; additional international service is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and by an unknown number of earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "Ukraine’s media landscape is dominated by oligarch-owned news outlets, which are often politically motivated and at odds with one another and/or the government; while polls suggest most Ukrainians still receive news from traditional media sources, social media is a crucial component of information dissemination in Ukraine; almost all Ukrainian politicians and opinion leaders communicate with the public via social media and maintain at least one social media page, if not more; this allows them direct communication with audiences, and news often breaks on Facebook or Twitter before being picked up by traditional news outlets <p>Ukraine television serves as the principal source of news; the largest national networks are controlled by oligarchs: TRK Ukraina is owned by Rinat Akhmetov; Studio 1+1 is owned by Ihor Kolomoyskyy; Inter is owned by Dmytro Firtash and Serhiy Lyovochkin; and StarlightMedia channels (ICTV, STB, and Novyi Kanal) are owned by Victor Pinchuk;  a set of 24-hour news channels also have clear political affiliations: pro-Ukrainian government Channel 5 and Pryamyi are linked to President Petro Poroshenko; 24 is owned by opposition, but not pro-Russian, politicians; UA: Suspilne is a public television station under the umbrella of the National Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine; while it is often praised by media experts for balanced coverage, it lags in popularity; Ukrainian Radio, institutionally linked to UA: Suspilne, is one of only two national talk radio networks, with the other being the privately owned Radio NV</p> (2021)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ua"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "40,912,381 (July 2022 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "94.5% (July 2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7,769,401 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "19 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Communications - note": {
      "text": "a sorting code to expeditiously handle large volumes of mail&nbsp;was first set up in Ukraine (then part of the Soviet Union) in the 1930s; the sophisticated, three-part (number-letter-number) postal code system, referred to as an \"index,\" was the world's first postal zip code; the system functioned well and was in use from 1932 to 1939 when it was abruptly discontinued"
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "14 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "126"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "7,854,842 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "75.26 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "UR"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "215 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "108"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "13"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "42"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "22"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "28 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "79"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "69 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "9 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "36,720 km gas, 4,514 km oil, 4,363 km refined products (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21,733 km (2014)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "49 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (49 km electrified)"
      },
      "broad gauge": {
        "text": "21,684 km (2014) 1.524-m gauge (9,250 km electrified)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "169,694 km (2012)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "166,095 km (2012) (includes 17 km of expressways)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "3,599 km (2012)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,672 km (2012) (most on Dnieper River)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "409"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 84, oil tanker 15, other 308 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Feodosiia, Chornomorsk, Mariupol, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Yuzhne"
      },
      "river port(s)": {
        "text": "Kherson, Kyiv (Dnieper River), Mykolaiv (Pivdennyy Buh River)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU; Zbroyni Syly Ukrayiny or ZSU): Ground Forces (Sukhoputni Viys’ka), Naval Forces (Viys’kovo-Mors’ki Syly, VMS), Air Forces (Povitryani Syly, PS), Air Assault Forces (Desantno-shturmovi Viyska, DShV), Ukrainian Special Operations Forces (UASOF), Territorial Defense Forces (Reserves); Ministry of Internal Affairs: National Guard of Ukraine, State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (includes Maritime Border Guard) (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> in the event that martial law is declared, all National Guard units, with certain exceptions such as those tasked with providing for diplomatic security of embassies and consulates, would come under the command of the Ministry of Defense as auxiliary forces to the Armed Forces<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>the Territorial Defense Forces (TDF) were formally established in July 2021; the TDF evolved from former Territorial Defense Battalions and other volunteer militia and paramilitary units that were organized in 2014-2015 to fight Russian-backed separatists in the Donbas; in January 2022, the TDF was activated as a separate military branch; it is organized into 25 brigades of varying size representing each of the 24 oblasts, plus the city of Kyiv"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "4% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "3.4% of GDP (2019) (approximately $9.7 billion)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "3.1% of GDP (2018) (approximately $8.87 billion)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "3.1% of GDP (2017) (approximately $8.54 billion)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "up to 700,000 active-duty personnel, including the Armed Forces, Territorial Defense Forces, National Guard, and State Border Guard (July 2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, President ZELENSKY announced a general mobilization of the country; prior to the invasion, approximately 200,000 active Armed Forces troops (125,000 Army; 25,000 Airborne/Air Assault Forces; 2,000 Special Operations Forces; 10,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force); approximately 50,000 National Guard; approximately 40,000 State Border Guard"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Ukrainian military is equipped mostly with Russian-origin and Soviet-era weapons systems; since the Russian invasion in February 2022, it has received considerable quantities of weapons, including more modern Western systems, from European countries and the US; Ukraine has a broad defense industry capable of building, maintaining, and upgrading a variety of Soviet-era weapons systems, including armored vehicles, combat aircraft, missiles, and air defense systems (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "conscription abolished in 2012, but reintroduced in 2014; 20-27 years of age for compulsory military service; prior to the Russian invasion of February 2022, conscript service obligation was 12-18 months, depending on the service (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>following the Russian invasion in 2022, all nonexempt men ages 18 to 60 were required to register with their local recruitment offices and undergo medical screening for possible service; the Territorial Defense Forces (TDF) accepts volunteers, 18-60 years of age; since the invasion, hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians have volunteered for the regular armed forces, the TDF, or to work in civilian defense activities <strong><br><br></strong><strong>note 2: </strong>women have been able to volunteer for military service since 1993; as of 2022, women comprised about 15% of the armed forces <br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> since 2015, the Ukrainian military has allowed foreigners and stateless persons, 18-45 (in special cases up to 60), to join on 3-5-year contracts, based on qualifications; following the Russian invasion in 2022, the military began accepting medically fit foreign volunteers on a larger scale, with an emphasis on persons with combat experience; wartime volunteers typically serve for 6 months"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "<strong>note:</strong> prior to the Russian invasion in 2022, Ukraine contributed about 500 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Poland and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units; units affiliated with the multinational brigade remain within the structures of the armed forces of their respective countries until the brigade is activated for participation in an international operation"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "Ukraine has a relationship with NATO dating back to the early 1990s when Ukraine joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (1991) and the Partnership for Peace program (1994); the relationship intensified in the wake of the 2014 Russia-Ukraine conflict and Russian seizure of Crimea to include NATO support for Ukrainian military capabilities development and capacity-building; NATO further increased its support to the Ukrainian military following Russia&rsquo;s full-scale invasion in 2022 (2022)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Ukraine-Belarus</em>: in 1997, Ukraine and Belarus signed a boundary delimitation treaty; the instruments of ratification were exchanged in 2013; a joint commission should be established to enable the actual demarcation to begin</p> <p><em>Ukraine-Hungary</em>: hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian refugees are crossing the border to Hungary to escape the Russian invasion in their country</p> <p><em>Ukraine-Moldova</em>: hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian refugees are crossing the border to Moldova to escape the Russian invasion in their country; Ukraine and Moldova signed an agreement officially delimiting their border in 1999, but the border has not been demarcated due to Moldova's difficulties with the break-away region of Transnistria; Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor transit of people and commodities through Moldova's Transnistria Region, which remains under the auspices of an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe-mandated peacekeeping mission comprised of Moldovan, Transnistrian, Russian, and Ukrainian troops</p> <p><em>Ukraine-Poland</em>: hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian refugees are crossing the border to Poland to escape the Russian invasion in their country</p> <p><em>Ukraine-Romania</em>: hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian refugees are crossing the border to Romania to escape the Russian invasion in their country, the ICJ in 2009 ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea</p> <p><em>Ukraine-Russia</em>: the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia</p> <p><em>Ukraine-Slovakia</em>: tens of thousands of Ukrainian refugees are crossing the border to Slovakia to escape the Russian invasion of their country</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "<p>1,461,700 (Russian-sponsored separatist violence in Crimea and eastern Ukraine) (2021); 5.35 million (Russian invasion), according to the UN (as of January 2023); note – the more recent invasion total may reflect some double counting, since it is impossible to determine how many of the recent IDPs may also include IDPs from the earlier Russian-sponsored violence in Crimea and eastern Ukraine</p>"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "36,459 (2022); note - citizens of the former USSR who were permanently resident in Ukraine were granted citizenship upon Ukraine's independence in 1991, but some missed this window of opportunity; people arriving after 1991, Crimean Tatars, ethnic Koreans, people with expired Soviet passports, and people with no documents have difficulty acquiring Ukrainian citizenship; following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, thousands of Crimean Tatars and their descendants deported from Ukraine under the STALIN regime returned to their homeland, some being stateless and others holding the citizenship of Uzbekistan or other former Soviet republics; a 1998 bilateral agreement between Ukraine and Uzbekistan simplified the process of renouncing Uzbek citizenship and obtaining Ukrainian citizenship"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>a transit country for illicit drug trafficking into the European Union due to its location amidst several important trafficking routes into western Europe, ports on the Black and Azov seas, extensive river routes, and porous northern and eastern borders; South American cocaine moves through Ukrainian seaports and airports; amphetamine and methamphetamine laboratories supply the local market</p>"
    }
  }
}