{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>A military power during the 17th century, Sweden maintained a policy of military non-alignment until it applied to join NATO in May 2022. Stockholm preserved and armed neutrality in both World Wars. Since then, Sweden has pursued a successful economic formula consisting of a capitalist system intermixed with substantial welfare elements. Sweden joined the EU in 1995, but the public rejected the introduction of the euro in a 2003 referendum. The share of Sweden’s population born abroad increased from 11.3% in 2000 to 20% in 2021.</p> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "62 00 N, 15 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "450,295 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "410,335 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "39,960 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "almost three times the size of Georgia; slightly larger than California"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,211 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Finland 545 km; Norway 1,666 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "3,218 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm (adjustments made to return a portion of straits to high seas)"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "agreed boundaries or midlines"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Kebnekaise South 2,100 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "reclaimed bay of Lake Hammarsjon, near Kristianstad -2.4 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "320 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, arsenic, feldspar, timber, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "7.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 6.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 1.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "68.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "23.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "519 sq km (2013)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Vanern - 5,580 sq km; Vattern - 1,910 sq km; Malaren - 1,140 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most Swedes live in the south where the climate is milder and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the Baltic coast in the east; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas; Sweden has almost 100,000 lakes, the largest of which, Vanern, is the third largest in Europe"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "10,536,338 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Swede(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Swedish"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "<p>Swedish 80.3%, Syrian 1.9%, Iraqi 1.4%, Finnish 1.4%, other 15%</p> (2020 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent the population by country of birth; the indigenous Sami people are estimated to number between 20,000 and 40,000"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Swedish (official)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>The World Factbook, den obestridliga källan för grundläggande information. (Swedish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Finnish, Sami, Romani, Yiddish, and Meankieli are official minority languages"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Church of Sweden (Lutheran) 57.6%, other (includes Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish, and Buddhist) 8.9%, none or unspecified 33.5% (2019 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> estimates reflect registered members of faith communities eligible for state funding (not all religions are state-funded and not all people who identify with a particular religion are registered members) and the Church of Sweden"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "17.26% (male 936,274/female 882,347)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "62.05% (male 3,346,891/female 3,190,608)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "20.69% (2023 est.) (male 1,021,707/female 1,158,511)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "60.8"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "28.5"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "32.3"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.1 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "41.1 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "40.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "42.1 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.51% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "10.76 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "3.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most Swedes live in the south where the climate is milder and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the Baltic coast in the east; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "88.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.700 million STOCKHOLM (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.88 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "29.7 years (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "5 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2.28 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "2.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "2.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "82.8 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "81.05 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "84.66 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.67 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.81 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "70.3% (2017)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 16-49"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 99.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.2% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "11.4% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "7.09 physicians/1,000 population (2019)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "2.1 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "20.6% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "2.6 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "3.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "24% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "29.8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "53.4% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "7.2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21 years (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "24.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "26.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "23% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "<p>marine pollution (Baltic Sea and North Sea); acid rain damage to soils and lakes; air pollution; inappropriate timber harvesting practices</p>"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "5.89 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "43.25 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "4.42 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "7.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 6.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 1.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "68.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "23.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "88.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "4.377 million tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "1,416,835 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "32.4% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Vanern - 5,580 sq km; Vattern - 1,910 sq km; Malaren - 1,140 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "700 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "1.27 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "100 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "174 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Kingdom of Sweden"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Sweden"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Konungariket Sverige"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Sverige"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name ultimately derives from the North Germanic Svear tribe, which inhabited central Sweden and is first mentioned in the first centuries A.D."
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary constitutional monarchy"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Stockholm"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "59 20 N, 18 03 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "<em>stock</em> and <em>holm</em> literally mean \"log\" and \"islet\" in Swedish, but there is no consensus as to what the words refer to"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "21 counties (lan, singular and plural); Blekinge, Dalarna, Gavleborg, Gotland, Halland, Jamtland, Jonkoping, Kalmar, Kronoberg, Norrbotten, Orebro, Ostergotland, Skane, Sodermanland, Stockholm, Uppsala, Varmland, Vasterbotten, Vasternorrland, Vastmanland, Vastra Gotaland"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king of Sweden, marking the abolishment of the Kalmar Union between Denmark, Norway, and Sweden)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "National Day, 6 June (1983); note - from 1916 to 1982 this date was celebrated as Swedish Flag Day"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "Sweden has four fundamental laws which together make up the Constitution: The Instrument of Government (several previous; latest 1974); The Act of Succession (enacted 1810; changed in 1937 and 1980); The Freedom of the Press Act (many previous; latest in 1949); The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (adopted 1991)"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires simple majority vote in two consecutive parliamentary terms with an intervening general election; passage also requires approval by simple majority vote in a referendum if Parliament approves a motion for a referendum by one third of its members; The Instrument of Government - amended several times, last in 2018; The Act of Succession - changed in 1937, 1980; The Freedom of the Press Act - amended several times, last in 2019; The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression - amended several times, last in 2018"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and customary law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "the father must be a citizen of Sweden; in the case of a child born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen of Sweden and the father unknown"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no, unless the other citizenship was acquired involuntarily"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 15 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree (daughter of the monarch, born 14 July 1977)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Ulf KRISTERSSON (since 18 October 2022); Deputy Prime Minister Ebba BUSCH (since 18 October 2022)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Parliament or Riksdag (349 seats; 310 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by open party-list proportional representation vote and 39 members in \"at-large\" seats directly elected by open party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 11 September 2022"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - S/SAP 30.3%, M 19.1%, SD 20.5%, C 6.7%, V 6.7%, KD 5.3%, L 4.6%, MP 5.1%, other 1.7%; seats by party - S/SAP 107, M 68, SD 73, C 24, V 24, KD 19, L 16, MP 18; composition as of mid-2022 - men 188, women 161, percent of women 46%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Sweden (consists of 16 justices, including the court chairman); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 18 justices, including the court president)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court justices nominated by the Judges Proposal Board, a 9-member nominating body consisting of high-level judges, prosecutors, and members of Parliament; justices appointed by the Government; following a probationary period, justices' appointments are permanent"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "first instance, appellate, general, and administrative courts; specialized courts that handle cases such as land and environment, immigration, labor, markets, and patents"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Center Party (Centerpartiet) or C [Annie LOOF resigned on 15 September 2022]<br>Christian Democrats (Kristdemokraterna) or KD [Ebba BUSCH]<br>Green Party (Miljopartiet de Grona) or MP [Marta STEVENI and Per BOLUND]<br>Left Party (Vansterpartiet) or V [Nooshi DADGOSTAR]<br>Moderate Party (Moderaterna) or M [Ulf KRISTERSSON]<br>Sweden Democrats (Sverigedemokraterna) or SD [Jimmie AKESSON]<br>Swedish Social Democratic Party (Socialdemokraterna) or S/SAP [Magdalena ANDERSSON]<br>The Liberals (Liberalerna) or L [Johan PEHRSON]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNSOM, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Karin Ulrika OLOFSDOTTER (since 8 September 2017)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2900 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 467-2600"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 467-2699"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ambassaden.washington@gov.se<br><br>https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/usa-washington/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Erik D. RAMANATHAN (since 20 January 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Dag Hammarskjolds Vag 31, SE-115 89 Stockholm"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5750 Stockholm Place, Washington, DC&nbsp; 20521-5750"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[46] (08) 783-53-00"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[46] (08) 661-19-64"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>STKACSinfo@state.gov<br><br>https://se.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors reflect those of the Swedish coat of arms - three gold crowns on a blue field"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "three crowns, lion; national colors: blue, yellow"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Du Gamla, Du Fria\" (Thou Ancient, Thou Free)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Richard DYBECK/traditional"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in use since 1844; also known as \"Sang till Norden\" (Song of the North), is based on a Swedish folk tune; it has never been officially adopted by the government; \"Kungssangen\" (The King's Song) serves as the royal anthem and is played in the presence of the royal family and during certain state ceremonies"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "15 (13 cultural, 1 natural, 1 mixed)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Royal Domain of Drottningholm (c); Laponian Area (m); High Coast/Kvarken Archipelago (n); Birka and Hovg&aring;rden (c); Hanseatic Town of Visby (c); Church Town of Gammelstad, Lule&aring; (c); Naval Port of Karlskrona (c); Rock Carvings in Tanum (c); Engelsberg Ironworks (c); Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain in Falun (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "small, open, competitive, and thriving economy that remains outside of the euro zone; has achieved an enviable standard of living, with its combination of free-market capitalism and extensive welfare benefits"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$558.427 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$531.455 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$543.245 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "5.08% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-2.17% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "1.99% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$53,600 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$51,300 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$52,900 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$531.35 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "2.16% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "0.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "1.78% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "AAA (2004)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Aaa (2002)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "AAA (2004)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "1.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "33% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "65.4% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "44.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "26% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "24.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "45.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-41.1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, milk, sugar beets, barley, potatoes, oats, rapeseed, pork, rye, triticale"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "5.72% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "5.556 million (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "12%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "86% (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "8.66% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "8.29% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "6.83% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "24.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "26.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "23% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "17.1% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
        "text": "29.3 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "12.4% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "3.4% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.4%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "24% (2012)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$259.17 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$256.454 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "1.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2020": {
        "text": "44% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2019": {
        "text": "38.69% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2018": {
        "text": "42.28% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "26.58% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$34.075 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "$32.372 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "$29.361 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$290.793 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$241.94 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$257.293 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 10%, Norway 9%, United States 8%, Denmark 7%, Finland 6%, United Kingdom 5%, Netherlands 5%, China 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, lumber (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$263.269 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$217.165 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$233.648 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 18%, Netherlands 9%, Denmark 7%, Norway 7%, China 6%, Finland 5%, Belgium 5%, Poland 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, computers (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$62.053 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$58.26 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$55.51 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$911.317 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$1,012,171,000,000 (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Swedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "8.577 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "9.21 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "9.458 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "8.693 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "8.549 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "43.499 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "124.609 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "36.824 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "11.827 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "10.434 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "29.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "17.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "44.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "6.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "1.07 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "3.328 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "24,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "2.144 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1 million metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "10,600 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "295,800 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "403,200 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "413,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "371,100 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "229,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "1,275,785,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "34.886 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1,310,671,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "48.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "7.38 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "38.406 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "2.359 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "210.882 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "1,382,146 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "13 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "12,843,683 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "123 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Sweden&rsquo;s telecom market includes mature mobile and broadband sectors which have been stimulated by the progressive investment of the main telcos in developing new technologies; the country retains one of the best developed LTE infrastructures in the region, while its MNOs have benefited from the January 2021 auction of spectrum in the 3.5GHz band which will enable them to expand services nationally; the country also has one of the highest fiber broadband penetration rates in Europe; the focus of FttP is aimed at fulfilling the government&rsquo;s target of providing a 1Gb/s service to 98% of the population by 2025; the methodology to achieve this has rested on regulatory measures supported by public funds, as well as on the auction of spectrum in different bands; in the fixed-line broadband segment, the number of DSL subscribers is falling steadily as customers continue to migrate to fiber networks; there is also competition from HFC infrastructure, offering fiber-based broadband and investing in services based on the DOCSIS3.1 standard; this report assesses key aspects of the Swedish telecom market, providing data on fixed network services and profiling the main players; it also reviews the key regulatory issues, including interconnection, local loop unbundling, number portability, carrier preselection and NGN open access; the report also analyses the mobile market, providing data on network operators and their strategies in a highly competitive environment; in addition, the report considers the fixed and fixed-wireless broadband markets, including analyses of market dynamics and the main operators, as well as providing subscriber forecasts (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line is 13 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 123 per 100 (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 46; landing points for Botina, SFL, SFS-4, Baltic Sea Submarine Cable, Eastern Light, Sweden-Latvia, BCS North-Phase1, EE-S1, LV-SE1,&nbsp;BCS East-West Interlink, NordBalt, Baltica, Denmark-Sweden-15,-17,-18, Scandinavian Ring -North,-South, IP-Only Denmark-Sweden, Donica North,&nbsp;Kattegate-1,-2, Energinet Laeso-Varberg and GC2 submarine cables providing links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "publicly owned TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial networks plus regional stations; multiple privately owned TV broadcasters operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 50 local TV stations; widespread access to pan-Nordic and international broadcasters through multi-channel cable and satellite TV; publicly owned radio broadcaster operates 3 national stations and a network of 25 regional channels; roughly 100 privately owned local radio stations with some consolidating into near national networks; an estimated 900 community and neighborhood radio stations broadcast intermittently"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".se"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8.8 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "88% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,179,574 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "41 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "11 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "316"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "SE"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "231 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "149"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "82"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "2 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "1626 km gas (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10,910 km (2020) 8,184 km electrified"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "65 km"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "573,134 km (2016) (includes 2,050 km of expressways)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "140,100 km (2016)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "433,034 km (2016)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes 98,500 km of state roads, 433,034 km of private roads, and 41,600 km of municipal roads"
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "2,052 km (2010)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "368"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 46, oil tanker 21, other 301 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Brofjorden, Goteborg, Helsingborg, Karlshamn, Lulea, Malmo, Stockholm, Trelleborg, Visby"
      },
      "LNG terminal(s) (import)": {
        "text": "Brunnsviksholme, Lysekil"
      }
    },
    "Transportation - note": {
      "text": "Sweden operates four PC 3 or 4 class medium icebreakers in the Baltic Sea<br>note - PC indicates a Polar Class vessel: PC 3 - year-round operation in second-year ice which may include multi-year ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 2.5 m); PC 4 - year-round operation in thick first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 120 cm)"
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Swedish Armed Forces (Forsvarsmakten): Army, Navy, Air Force, Home Guard (2023)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.2% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.1% of GDP (2019)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "1% of GDP (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "the SAF has about 46,000 military personnel: approximately 14,000 continuous service/full-time; approximately 11,000 temporary service; approximately 21,000 Home Guard (some on active duty) (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>SAF personnel are divided into continuously serving (full-time) and temporary service troops (part-timers who serve periodically and have another main employer or attend school); additional personnel have signed service agreements with the SAF and mostly serve in the Home Guard; the SAF also has about 9,000 civilian employees<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> in 2021, Sweden announced plans that increase the total size of the armed forces to about 100,000 personnel by 2030"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the SAF's inventory is comprised of domestically produced and imported Western weapons systems; in recent years, the US has been the leading supplier of military hardware to Sweden; Sweden's defense industry produces a range of air, land, and naval systems (2023)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-47 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; service obligation: 7.5 months (Army), 7-15 months (Navy), 8-12 months (Air Force); after completing initial service, soldiers have a reserve commitment until age 47; compulsory military service, abolished in 2010, was reinstated in January 2018; conscription is selective, includes both men and women (age 18), and requires 9-12 months of service (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>Sweden conscripts about 5,500 men and women each year; it plans to increase this number to 8,000 by 2025<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>as of 2021, women made up about 11% of the military's full-time personnel"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "approximately 200 Mali (MINUSMA) (2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "Sweden maintained a policy of military non-alignment for over 200 years before applying for NATO membership in May 2022; before then, Stockholm joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and contributed to NATO-led missions, including those in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kosovo<br><br>the Swedish military cooperates closely with the military forces of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009<br><br>Sweden is a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy and contributes to CSDP missions and operations (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>none identified</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "113,213 (Syria), 26,857 (Afghanistan), 25,849 (Eritrea), 10,464 (Iraq), 9,315 (Somalia), 7,146 (Iran) (mid-year 2022); 53,957 (Ukraine) (as of 5 April 2023)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "46,515 (2022); note - the majority of stateless people are from the Middle East and Somalia"
      }
    }
  }
}