{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "

In 1816, the United Provinces of the Rio Plata declared their independence from Spain. After Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay went their separate ways, the area that remained became Argentina. The country's population and culture were heavily shaped by immigrants from throughout Europe, with Italy and Spain providing the largest percentage of newcomers from 1860 to 1930. Up until about the mid-20th century, much of Argentina's history was dominated by periods of internal political unrest and conflict between civilian and military factions.

After World War II, an era of Peronist populism and direct and indirect military interference in subsequent governments was followed by a military junta that took power in 1976. Democracy returned in 1983 after a failed bid to seize the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) by force, and has persisted despite numerous challenges, the most formidable of which was a severe economic crisis in 2001-02 that led to violent public protests and the successive resignations of several presidents. The years 2003-15 saw Peronist rule by Nestor and Cristina FERNANDEZ de KIRCHNER, whose policies isolated Argentina and caused economic stagnation. With the election of Mauricio MACRI in November 2015, Argentina began a period of reform and international reintegration.

" } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Chile and Uruguay" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "34 00 S, 64 00 W" }, "Map references": { "text": "South America" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "2,780,400 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "2,736,690 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "43,710 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "11,968 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Bolivia 942 km, Brazil 1263 km, Chile 6691 km, Paraguay 2531 km, Uruguay 541 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "4,989 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, "contiguous zone": { "text": "24 nm" }, "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, "continental shelf": { "text": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin" } }, "Climate": { "text": "mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest" }, "Terrain": { "text": "rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border" }, "Elevation": { "highest point": { "text": "Cerro Aconcagua (located in the northwestern corner of the province of Mendoza; highest point in South America) 6,962 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Laguna del Carbon (located between Puerto San Julian and Comandante Luis Piedra Buena in the province of Santa Cruz) -105 m" }, "mean elevation": { "text": "595 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium, arable land" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "53.9% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 13.9% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 39.6% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "10.7% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "35.4% (2018 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "23,600 sq km (2012)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "one-third of the population lives in Buenos Aires; pockets of agglomeration occur throughout the northern and central parts of the country; Patagonia to the south remains sparsely populated" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "

San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the pampas and northeast; heavy flooding in some areas

volcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains along the Chilean border; Copahue (2,997 m) last erupted in 2000; other historically active volcanoes include Llullaillaco, Maipo, Planchon-Peteroa, San Jose, Tromen, Tupungatito, and Viedma

" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location relative to sea lanes between the South Atlantic and the South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); diverse geophysical landscapes range from tropical climates in the north to tundra in the far south; Cerro Aconcagua is the Western Hemisphere's tallest mountain, while Laguna del Carbon is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere; shares Iguazu Falls, the world's largest waterfalls system, with Brazil

note 2: southeast Bolivia and northwest Argentina seem to be the original development site for peanuts" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "45,864,941 (July 2021 est.)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Argentine(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Argentine" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "European (mostly Spanish and Italian descent) and Mestizo (mixed European and Amerindian ancestry) 97.2%, Amerindian 2.4%, African descent 0.4% (2010 est.)" }, "Languages": { "Languages": { "text": "Spanish (official), Italian, English, German, French, indigenous (Mapudungun, Quechua)" }, "printed major-language sample": { "text": "
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information." } }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 62.9%, Evangelical 15.3% (Pentecostal 13%, other Evangelical 2.3%), Jehovah's Witness and Mormon 1.4%, other 1.2%, agnostic 3.2%, atheist 6%, none 9.7%, unspecified 0.3% (2019 est.)" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

Argentina's population continues to grow but at a slower rate because of its steadily declining birth rate. Argentina's fertility decline began earlier than in the rest of Latin America, occurring most rapidly between the early 20th century and the 1950s, and then becoming more gradual. Life expectancy has been improving, most notably among the young and the poor. While the population under age 15 is shrinking, the youth cohort - ages 15-24 - is the largest in Argentina's history and will continue to bolster the working-age population. If this large working-age population is well-educated and gainfully employed, Argentina is likely to experience an economic boost and possibly higher per capita savings and investment. Although literacy and primary school enrollment are nearly universal, grade repetition is problematic and secondary school completion is low. Both of these issues vary widely by region and socioeconomic group.

Argentina has been primarily a country of immigration for most of its history, welcoming European immigrants (often providing needed low-skilled labor) after its independence in the 19th century and attracting especially large numbers from Spain and Italy. More than 7 million European immigrants are estimated to have arrived in Argentina between 1880 and 1930, when it adopted a more restrictive immigration policy. European immigration also began to wane in the 1930s because of the global depression. The inflow rebounded temporarily following WWII and resumed its decline in the 1950s when Argentina's military dictators tightened immigration rules and European economies rebounded. Regional migration increased, however, supplying low-skilled workers escaping economic and political instability in their home countries. As of 2015, immigrants made up almost 5% of Argentina's population, the largest share in South America. Migration from neighboring countries accounted for approximately 80% of Argentina's immigrant population in 2015.

The first waves of highly skilled Argentine emigrant workers headed mainly to the United States and Spain in the 1960s and 1970s, driven by economic decline and repressive military dictatorships. The 2008 European economic crisis drove the return migration of some Argentinean and other Latin American nationals, as well as the immigration of Europeans to South America, where Argentina was a key recipient. In 2015, Argentina received the highest number of legal migrants in Latin America and the Caribbean. The majority of its migrant inflow came from Paraguay and Bolivia.

" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "24.02% (male 5,629,188/female 5,294,723)" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "15.19% (male 3,539,021/female 3,367,321)" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "39.6% (male 9,005,758/female 9,002,931)" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "9.07% (male 2,000,536/female 2,122,699)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "12.13% (male 2,331,679/female 3,185,262) (2020 est.)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "56.5" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "38.1" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "17.7" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "5.6 (2020 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "32.4 years" }, "male": { "text": "31.1 years" }, "female": { "text": "33.6 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "0.84% (2021 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "15.8 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "7.36 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "one-third of the population lives in Buenos Aires; pockets of agglomeration occur throughout the northern and central parts of the country; Patagonia to the south remains sparsely populated" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "92.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "0.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "15.258 million BUENOS AIRES (capital), 1.585 million Cordoba, 1.554 million Rosario, 1.191 million Mendoza, 1 million San Miguel de Tucuman, 894,000 La Plata (2021)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.07 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.06 male(s)/female" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "1 male(s)/female" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "0.94 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.73 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2020 est.)" } }, "Maternal mortality ratio": { "text": "39 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "9.55 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "10.57 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "8.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "78.07 years" }, "male": { "text": "74.97 years" }, "female": { "text": "81.36 years (2021 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "2.2 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "81.3% (2013)

note:  percent of women aged 14-49", "note": "note:  percent of women aged 14-49" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 99% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 100% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 99.1% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 1% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0.9% of population (2015 est.)" } }, "Current Health Expenditure": { "text": "9.6% (2018)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "3.99 physicians/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "5 beds/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 98.3% of population (2017 est.)" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 1.7% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "0.4% (2020 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": { "text": "140,000 (2020 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "1,400 (2020 est.)" }, "Major infectious diseases": { "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Argentina; as of 19 July 2021, Argentina has reported a total of 4,756,378 cases of COVID-19 or 10,523.94 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 224.69 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 19 July 2021, 48.74% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "28.3% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "1.7% (2018/19)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5.5% of GDP (2017)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write" }, "total population": { "text": "99%" }, "male": { "text": "98.9%" }, "female": { "text": "99.1% (2018)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "18 years" }, "male": { "text": "16 years" }, "female": { "text": "19 years (2017)" } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { "text": "25.9%" }, "male": { "text": "23.9%" }, "female": { "text": "28.8% (2019 est.)" } } }, "Environment": { "Environment - current issues": { "text": "environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an industrializing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation (erosion, salinization), desertification, air pollution, and water pollution" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation" } }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { "text": "11.83 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "201.35 megatons (2016 est.)" }, "methane emissions": { "text": "120.66 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { "text": "5.85 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" }, "industrial": { "text": "4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" }, "agricultural": { "text": "27.93 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { "text": "876.24 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" }, "Climate": { "text": "mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "53.9% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 13.9% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 39.6% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "10.7% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "35.4% (2018 est.)" } }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.09% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Revenue from coal": { "coal revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "92.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "0.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major infectious diseases": { "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Argentina; as of 19 July 2021, Argentina has reported a total of 4,756,378 cases of COVID-19 or 10,523.94 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 224.69 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 19 July 2021, 48.74% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "17,910,550 tons (2014 est.)" }, "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { "text": "1,074,633 tons (2010 est.)" }, "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "6% (2010 est.)" } } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Argentine Republic" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Argentina" }, "local long form": { "text": "Republica Argentina" }, "local short form": { "text": "Argentina" }, "etymology": { "text": "originally the area was referred to as Tierra Argentina, i.e., \"Land beside the Silvery River\" or \"silvery land,\" which referred to the massive estuary in the east of the country, the Rio de la Plata (River of Silver); over time the name shortened to simply Argentina or \"silvery\"" } }, "Government type": { "text": "presidential republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Buenos Aires" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "34 36 S, 58 22 W" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "note": "etymology: the name translates as \"fair winds\" in Spanish and derives from the original designation of the settlement that would become the present-day city, \"Santa Maria del Buen Aire\" (Saint Mary of the Fair Winds)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 autonomous city*; Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires*, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego - Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur (Tierra del Fuego - Antarctica and the South Atlantic Islands), Tucuman

note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica", "note": "note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica" }, "Independence": { "text": "9 July 1816 (from Spain)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Revolution Day (May Revolution Day), 25 May (1810)" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "several previous; latest effective 11 May 1853" }, "amendments": { "text": "a declaration of proposed amendments requires two-thirds majority vote by both houses of the National Congress followed by approval by an ad hoc, multi-member constitutional convention; amended several times, last significant amendment in 1994" } }, "Legal system": { "text": "civil law system based on West European legal systems; note - in mid-2015, Argentina adopted a new civil code, replacing the old one in force since 1871" }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "yes" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "yes" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "yes" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "2 years" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18-70 years of age; universal and compulsory; 16-17 years of age - optional for national elections" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President Alberto Angel FERNANDEZ (since 10 December 2019); Vice President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since 10 December 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government (2019)" }, "head of government": { "text": "President Alberto Angel FERNANDEZ (since 10 December 2019); Vice President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since 10 December 2019) (2018)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president (2017)" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by qualified majority vote (to win, a candidate must receive at least 45% of votes or 40% of votes and a 10-point lead over the second place candidate; if neither occurs, a second round is held ); the president serves a 4-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 27 October 2019 (next to be held in October 2023)" }, "election results": { "text": "
2019: Alberto Angel FERNANDEZ elected president; percent of vote - Alberto Angel FERNANDEZ (TODOS) 48.1%, Mauricio MACRI (PRO) 40.4%, Roberto LAVAGNA (independent) 6.2%, other 5.3%

2015: Mauricio MACRI elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Daniel SCIOLI (PJ) 37.1%, Mauricio MACRI (PRO) 34.2%, Sergio MASSA (FR/PJ) 21.4%, other 7.3%; percent of vote in second round - Mauricio MACRI (PRO) 51.4%, Daniel SCIOLI (PJ) 48.6%" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of:
Senate (72 seats; members directly elected on a provincial basis with 2 seats awarded to the party with the most votes and 1 seat to the party with the second highest number of votes; members serve 6-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 2 years)
Chamber of Deputies (257 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote using the D'Hondt method; members serve 4-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 2 years)" }, "elections": { "text": "
Senate - last held on 27 October 2019 (next to be held on 24 October 2021)
Chamber of Deputies - last held on 27 October 2019 (next to be held on 24 October 2021)" }, "election results": { "text": "Senate - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA; seats by bloc or party - TODOS 13, Cambiemos 8, FCS 2, JSRN 1;
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA; seats by bloc or party - TODOS 64, Cambiemos 56, CF 3, FCS 3, JSRN 1, other 3" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { "text": "Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (consists of the court president, vice president, and 5 justices)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "justices nominated by the president and approved by the Senate; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 75; extensions beyond 75 require renomination by the president and approval by the Senate" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "federal level appellate, district, and territorial courts; provincial level supreme, appellate, and first instance courts" } }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Argentina Federal [coalition led by Pablo KOSINER]
Cambiemos [Mauricio MACRI] (coalition of CC-ARI, PRO, and UCR)
Citizen's Unity or UC [Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER]
Civic Coalition ARI or CC-ARI [Elisa CARRIO, Maximiliano FERRARO]
Civic Front for Santiago or FCS [Gerardo ZAMORA]
Everyone's Front (Frente de Todos) or TODOS [Alberto Angel FERNANDEZ]
Federal Consensus or CF [Roberto LAVAGNA, Juan Manuel URTUBEY]
Front for the Renewal of Concord or FRC
Front for Victory or FpV [coalition led by Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER and Agustin ROSSI]
Generation for a National Encounter or GEN [Monica PERALTA]
Justicialist Party or PJ [Miguel Angel PICHETTO]
Radical Civic Union or UCR [Alfredo CORNEJO]
Renewal Front (Frente Renovador) or FR [Sergio MASSA]
Republican Proposal or PRO [Mauricio MACRI, Humberto SCHIAVONI]
Socialist Party or PS [Antonio BONFATTI]
Socialist Workers’ Party or PTS [Jose MONTES]
Together We Are Rio Negro or JSRN [Alberto Edgardo WERETILNECK]
We Do For Cordoba (Hacemos Por Cordoba) or HC [Juan SCHIARETTI]
Workers' Party or PO [Jorge ALTAMIRA]
Worker’s Socialist Movement or MST [Alejandro BODDART; Vilma RIPOLL]
numerous provincial parties" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, FAO, FATF, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Jorge Martin Arturo ARGUELLO (since 6 February 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 238-6400" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 332-3171" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Washington, DC" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Edward Charles PRADO (since 16 May 2018)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[54] (11) 5777-4533" }, "embassy": { "text": "Avenida Colombia 4300, C1425GMN Buenos Aires" }, "mailing address": { "text": "international mail: use embassy street address; APO address: US Embassy Buenos Aires, Unit 4334, APO AA 34034" }, "FAX": { "text": "[54] (11) 5777-4240" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "three equal horizontal bands of sky blue (top), white, and sky blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face (delineated in brown) known as the Sun of May; the colors represent the clear skies and snow of the Andes; the sun symbol commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810 during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence; the sun features are those of Inti, the Inca god of the sun" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Sun of May (a sun-with-face symbol); national colors: sky blue, white" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"Himno Nacional Argentino\" (Argentine National Anthem)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Vicente LOPEZ y PLANES/Jose Blas PARERA" }, "note": "note: adopted 1813; Vicente LOPEZ was inspired to write the anthem after watching a play about the 1810 May Revolution against Spain" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "

Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. Although one of the world's wealthiest countries 100 years ago, Argentina suffered during most of the 20th century from recurring economic crises, persistent fiscal and current account deficits, high inflation, mounting external debt, and capital flight.

Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER succeeded her husband as president in late 2007, and in 2008 the rapid economic growth of previous years slowed sharply as government policies held back exports and the world economy fell into recession. In 2010 the economy rebounded strongly, but slowed in late 2011 even as the government continued to rely on expansionary fiscal and monetary policies, which kept inflation in the double digits.

In order to deal with these problems, the government expanded state intervention in the economy: it nationalized the oil company YPF from Spain's Repsol, expanded measures to restrict imports, and further tightened currency controls in an effort to bolster foreign reserves and stem capital flight. Between 2011 and 2013, Central Bank foreign reserves dropped $21.3 billion from a high of $52.7 billion. In July 2014, Argentina and China agreed on an $11 billion currency swap; the Argentine Central Bank has received the equivalent of $3.2 billion in Chinese yuan, which it counts as international reserves.

With the election of President Mauricio MACRI in November 2015, Argentina began a historic political and economic transformation, as his administration took steps to liberalize the Argentine economy, lifting capital controls, floating the peso, removing export controls on some commodities, cutting some energy subsidies, and reforming the country’s official statistics. Argentina negotiated debt payments with holdout bond creditors, continued working with the IMF to shore up its finances, and returned to international capital markets in April 2016.

In 2017, Argentina’s economy emerged from recession with GDP growth of nearly 3.0%. The government passed important pension, tax, and fiscal reforms. And after years of international isolation, Argentina took on several international leadership roles, including hosting the World Economic Forum on Latin America and the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference, and is set to assume the presidency of the G-20 in 2018.

" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { "text": "-2.03% (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2018": { "text": "-2.53% (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2017": { "text": "2.83% (2017 est.)" } }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "25.7% (2017 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": { "text": "26.5% (2016 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are derived from private estimates" }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { "text": "CCC (2020)" }, "Moody's rating": { "text": "Ca (2020)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "CCC+ (2020)" } }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$991.523 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { "text": "$1,012,668,000,000 (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1,039,330,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$447.467 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$22,064 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { "text": "$22,759 (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$23,597 (2017 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { "text": "15.8% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2018": { "text": "14.4% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2017": { "text": "13.1% of GDP (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "10.8% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "28.1% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "61.1% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "65.9% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "18.2% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "14.8% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "3.7% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "11.2% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-13.8% (2017 est.)" } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { "Overall score": { "text": "59 (2020)" }, "Starting a Business score": { "text": "80.4 (2020)" }, "Trading score": { "text": "67.1 (2020)" }, "Enforcement score": { "text": "57.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "maize, soybeans, wheat, sugar cane, milk, barley, sunflower seed, beef, grapes, potatoes" }, "Industries": { "text": "food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "2.7% (2017 est.)

note: based on private sector estimates", "note": "note: based on private sector estimates" }, "Labor force": { "text": "18 million (2017 est.)

note: urban areas only", "note": "note: urban areas only" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "5.3%" }, "industry": { "text": "28.6%" }, "services": { "text": "66.1% (2017 est.)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2019": { "text": "9.84% (2019 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "9.18% (2018 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "35.5% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { "text": "41.4 (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2009": { "text": "45.8 (2009)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "1.8%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "31% (2017 est.)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "120.6 billion (2017 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "158.6 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "18.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "-6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "57.6% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt 2016": { "text": "55% of GDP (2016 est.)" } }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2019": { "text": "-$3.997 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2018": { "text": "-$27.049 billion (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { "text": "$82.985 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { "text": "$76.14 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$75.766 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "Brazil 16%, China 11%, United States 7%, Chile 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "soybean products, corn, delivery trucks, wheat, frozen meat, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { "text": "$72.162 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { "text": "$89.088 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$93.308 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "Brazil 21%, China 18%, US 14%, Germany 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "cars, refined petroleum, vehicle parts, natural gas, soybeans (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$55.33 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$38.43 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2019": { "text": "$278.524 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Debt - external 2018": { "text": "$261.949 billion (2018 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "Argentine pesos (ARS) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "82.034 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "59.96559 (2019 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2018": { "text": "37.23499 (2018 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2014": { "text": "9.23 (2014 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "8.08 (2013 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "99% (2020)" }, "electrification - urban areas": { "text": "99% (2020)" }, "electrification - rural areas": { "text": "85% (2020)" } }, "Electricity - production": { "text": "131.9 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "121 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - exports": { "text": "55 million kWh (2015 est.)" }, "Electricity - imports": { "text": "9.851 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - installed generating capacity": { "text": "38.35 million kW (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { "text": "69% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": { "text": "4% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": { "text": "24% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from other renewable sources": { "text": "3% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - production": { "text": "489,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "Crude oil - exports": { "text": "36,630 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - imports": { "text": "16,740 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - proved reserves": { "text": "2.162 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "669,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - consumption": { "text": "806,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "58,360 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "121,400 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Natural gas - production": { "text": "40.92 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { "text": "49.04 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - exports": { "text": "76.45 million cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - imports": { "text": "9.826 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "336.6 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "7,757,243" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "17.2 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "56,352,947" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "124.98 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "Argentina has one of the most vigorous mobile markets in Latin America; with additional operators in the market, mobile penetration fell in 2020 as incentives for multiple-SIM card ownership eased; LTE with tests of 5G; government plan to boost fixed broadband coverage nationally and declared TV, cable, and mobile services were essential public services; submarine system linking Sao Paolo and Rio De Janeiro with Buenos Aires is operational; national operator increased investment in Uruguay; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021) (2020)" }, "domestic": { "text": "17 per 100 fixed-line, 131 per 100 mobile-cellular; microwave radio relay, fiber-optic cable, and a domestic satellite system with 40 earth stations serve the trunk network (2019)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 54; landing points for the UNISUR, Bicentenario, Atlantis-2, SAm-1, and SAC, Tannat, Malbec and ARBR submarine cable systems that provide links to Europe, Africa, South and Central America, and US; satellite earth stations - 112 (2019)" }, "note": "note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government owns a TV station and radio network; more than 2 dozen TV stations and hundreds of privately owned radio stations; high rate of cable TV subscription usage" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".ar" }, "Internet users": { "total": { "text": "33,203,320" }, "percent of population": { "text": "74.29% (July 2018 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "8,793,181" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "19.5 (2019 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "6 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "107" }, "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "18,081,937 (2018)" }, "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "311.57 million mt-km (2018)" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "LV" }, "Airports": { "total": { "text": "916 (2020)" } }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "total": { "text": "161 (2017)" }, "over 3,047 m": { "text": "4 (2017)" }, "2,438 to 3,047 m": { "text": "29 (2017)" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "65 (2017)" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "53 (2017)" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "10 (2017)" } }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "total": { "text": "977 (2013)" }, "over 3,047 m": { "text": "1 (2013)" }, "2,438 to 3,047 m": { "text": "1 (2013)" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "43 (2013)" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "484 (2013)" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "448 (2013)" } }, "Heliports": { "text": "2 (2013)" }, "Pipelines": { "text": "29930 km gas, 41 km liquid petroleum gas, 6248 km oil, 3631 km refined products (2013)" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "36,917 km (2014)" }, "standard gauge": { "text": "2,745.1 km 1.435-m gauge (41.1 km electrified) (2014)" }, "narrow gauge": { "text": "7,523.3 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)" }, "broad gauge": { "text": "26,391 km 1.676-m gauge (149 km electrified) (2014)" }, "note": "258 km 0.750-m gauge" }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "281,290 km (2017)" }, "paved": { "text": "117,616 km (2017)" }, "unpaved": { "text": "163,674 km (2017)" } }, "Waterways": { "text": "11,000 km (2012)" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "199" }, "by type": { "text": "container ship 1, general cargo 8, oil tanker 32, other 158 (2020)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { "major seaport(s)": { "text": "Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, La Plata, Punta Colorada, Ushuaia" }, "container port(s) (TEUs)": { "text": "Buenos Aires (1,851,701)" }, "LNG terminal(s) (import)": { "text": "Bahia Blanca" }, "river port(s)": { "text": "Arroyo Seco, Rosario, San Lorenzo-San Martin (Parana)" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic (Fuerzas Armadas de la República Argentina): Argentine Army (Ejercito Argentino), Navy of the Argentine Republic (Armada Republica; includes naval aviation and naval infantry), Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Argentina, FAA); Ministry of Security: Gendarmería Nacional Argentina (National Gendarmerie), Prefectura Naval (Coast Guard) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "0.7% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "0.7% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "0.9% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "0.8% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { "text": "0.9% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "information varies; approximately 83,000 active duty personnel (50,000 Army; 18,000 Navy (includes about 3,000 marines); 15,000 Air Force); est. 20,000 Gendarmerie (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the inventory of Argentina's armed forces is a mix of domestically-produced and mostly older imported weapons, largely from Europe and the US; since 2010, France and the US are the leading suppliers of equipment; Argentina has an indigenous defense industry that can produce air, land, and sea systems (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "250 Cyprus (UNFICYP) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-24 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription suspended in 1995; Argentinians can still be drafted in times of crisis, national emergency, or war, or if the Defense Ministry is unable to fill all vacancies to keep the military functional (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the Argentine military focuses primarily on border security and counter-narcotics operations; in 2018, the government approved a decree allowing greater latitude for the military in internal security missions, with a focus on logistics support in border areas" } }, "Terrorism": { }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

Argentina continues to assert its claims to the UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed to no longer seek settlement by force; UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks; territorial claim in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean claims; uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; in 2010, the ICJ ruled in favor of Uruguay's operation of two paper mills on the Uruguay River, which forms the border with Argentina; the two countries formed a joint pollution monitoring regime; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001 has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur); contraband smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal narcotic trafficking are problems in the porous areas of the border with Bolivia

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "226,484 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "a transshipment country for cocaine headed for Europe, heroin headed for the US, and ephedrine and pseudoephedrine headed for Mexico; some money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area; law enforcement corruption; a source for precursor chemicals; increasing domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers, especially cocaine base and synthetic drugs" } } }