{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "

The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Communist Partisans resisted the Axis occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945 and fought nationalist opponents and collaborators as well. The military and political movement headed by Josip Broz \"TITO\" (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when their domestic rivals and the occupiers were defeated in 1945. Although communists, TITO and his successors (Tito died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a \"Greater Serbia.\" These actions ultimately failed and, after international intervention, led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995.

MILOSEVIC retained control over Serbia and eventually became president of the FRY in 1997. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo. The MILOSEVIC government's rejection of a proposed international settlement led to NATO's bombing of Serbia in the spring of 1999. Serbian military and police forces withdrew from Kosovo in June 1999, and the UN Security Council authorized an interim UN administration and a NATO-led security force in Kosovo. FRY elections in late 2000 led to the ouster of MILOSEVIC and the installation of democratic government. In 2003, the FRY became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. Widespread violence predominantly targeting ethnic Serbs in Kosovo in March 2004 led to more intense calls to address Kosovo's status, and the UN began facilitating status talks in 2006. In June 2006, Montenegro seceded from the federation and declared itself an independent nation. Serbia subsequently gave notice that it was the successor state to the union of Serbia and Montenegro.

In February 2008, after nearly two years of inconclusive negotiations, Kosovo declared itself independent of Serbia - an action Serbia refuses to recognize. At Serbia's request, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in October 2008 sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on whether Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence was in accordance with international law. In a ruling considered unfavorable to Serbia, the ICJ issued an advisory opinion in July 2010 stating that international law did not prohibit declarations of independence. In late 2010, Serbia agreed to an EU-drafted UNGA Resolution acknowledging the ICJ's decision and calling for a new round of talks between Serbia and Kosovo, this time on practical issues rather than Kosovo's status. Serbia and Kosovo signed the first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations between the two countries in April 2013 and are in the process of implementing its provisions. In 2015, Serbia and Kosovo reached four additional agreements within the EU-led Brussels Dialogue framework. These included agreements on the Community of Serb-Majority Municipalities; telecommunications; energy production and distribution; and freedom of movement. President Aleksandar VUCIC has promoted an ambitious goal of Serbia joining the EU by 2025. Under his leadership as prime minister, in 2014 Serbia opened formal negotiations for accession.

" } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "44 00 N, 21 00 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Europe" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "77,474 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "77,474 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "0 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than South Carolina" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "2,322 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina 345 km, Bulgaria 344 km, Croatia 314 km, Hungary 164 km, Kosovo 366 km, Macedonia 101 km, Montenegro 157 km, Romania 531 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "0 km (landlocked)" }, "Maritime claims": { "text": "none (landlocked)" }, "Climate": { "text": "in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)" }, "Terrain": { "text": "extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills" }, "Elevation": { "highest point": { "text": "Midzor 2,169 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m" }, "mean elevation": { "text": "442 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "57.9% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 37.7% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 3.4% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 16.8% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "31.6% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "10.5% (2018 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "950 sq km (2012)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "destructive earthquakes" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "6,974,289 (July 2021 est.)

note: does not include the population of Kosovo", "note": "note: does not include the population of Kosovo" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Serb(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Serbian" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romani 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)

note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Serbia's population", "note": "note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Serbia's population" }, "Languages": { "Languages": { "text": "Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romani 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8%; note - Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Ruthenian (Rusyn) are official in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina; most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census (2011 est.)" }, "printed major-language sample": { "text": "
Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information." } }, "Religions": { "text": "Orthodox 84.6%, Catholic 5%, Muslim 3.1%, Protestant 1%, atheist 1.1%, other 0.8% (includes agnostics, other Christians, Eastern, Jewish), undeclared or unknown 4.5% (2011 est.)

note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census", "note": "note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "14.07% (male 508,242/female 478,247)" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "11.04% (male 399,435/female 374,718)" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "41.19% (male 1,459,413/female 1,429,176)" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "13.7% (male 464,881/female 495,663)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "20% (male 585,705/female 816,685) (2020 est.)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "52.5" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "23.4" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "29.1" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "3.4 (2020 est.)" }, "note": "note: data include Kosovo" }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "43.4 years" }, "male": { "text": "41.7 years" }, "female": { "text": "45 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "-0.48% (2021 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "8.74 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "13.49 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "56.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, "note": "note: data include Kosovo" }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "1.402 million BELGRADE (capital) (2021)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.07 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.06 male(s)/female" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "1.07 male(s)/female" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "1.02 male(s)/female" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "0.94 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.72 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2020 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "28.4 years (2017 est.)

note: data do not cover Kosovo or Metohija", "note": "note: data do not cover Kosovo or Metohija" }, "Maternal mortality ratio": { "text": "12 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "5.67 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "6.69 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "4.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "76.56 years" }, "male": { "text": "73.67 years" }, "female": { "text": "79.64 years (2021 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "1.47 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "58.4% (2014)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 99.4% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 99% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 99.2% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0.6% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 1% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0.8% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "Current Health Expenditure": { "text": "8.5% (2018)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "3.11 physicians/1,000 population (2016)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "5.6 beds/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 95.1% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 97.6% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 4.9% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 2.4% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "<.1% (2020 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": { "text": "3,300 (2020 est.)

note: estimate does not include children", "note": "note: estimate does not include children" }, "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "<100 (2020 est.)

note: estimate does not include children", "note": "note: estimate does not include children" }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" }, "food or waterborne diseases": { "text": "bacterial diarrhea" } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "21.5% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "1% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.6% of GDP (2018)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write" }, "total population": { "text": "98.3%" }, "male": { "text": "99.1%" }, "female": { "text": "97.5% (2016)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "15 years" }, "male": { "text": "14 years" }, "female": { "text": "15 years (2019)" } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { "text": "27.5%" }, "male": { "text": "26.1%" }, "female": { "text": "29.9% (2019 est.)" } } }, "Environment": { "Environment - current issues": { "text": "air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube; inadequate management of domestic, industrial, and hazardous waste" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "none of the selected agreements" } }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { "text": "24.27 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "45.22 megatons (2016 est.)" }, "methane emissions": { "text": "11.96 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { "text": "659.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" }, "industrial": { "text": "4.057 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" }, "agricultural": { "text": "660.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { "text": "162.2 billion cubic meters (note - includes Kosovo) (2017 est.)" }, "Climate": { "text": "in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "57.9% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 37.7% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 3.4% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 16.8% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "31.6% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "10.5% (2018 est.)" } }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.38% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Revenue from coal": { "coal revenues": { "text": "0.25% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "56.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, "note": "note: data include Kosovo" }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" }, "food or waterborne diseases": { "text": "bacterial diarrhea" } }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1.84 million tons (2015 est.)" }, "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { "text": "13,984 tons (2015 est.)" }, "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "0.8% (2015 est.)" } } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Republic of Serbia" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Serbia" }, "local long form": { "text": "Republika Srbija" }, "local short form": { "text": "Srbija" }, "former": { "text": "People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia" }, "etymology": { "text": "the origin of the name is uncertain, but seems to be related to the name of the West Slavic Sorbs who reside in the Lusatian region in present-day eastern Germany; by tradition, the Serbs migrated from that region to the Balkans in about the 6th century A.D." } }, "Government type": { "text": "parliamentary republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Belgrade (Beograd)" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "44 50 N, 20 30 E" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "note": "etymology: the Serbian \"Beograd\" means \"white fortress\" or \"white city\" and dates back to the 9th century; the name derives from the white fortress wall that once enclosed the city" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "

119 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 26 cities (gradovi, singular - grad)

municipalities: Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bor, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada;

cities: Beograd, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac*, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*



note: the northern 37 municipalities and 8 cities - about 28% of Serbia's area - compose the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and are indicated with *", "note": "note: the northern 37 municipalities and 8 cities - about 28% of Serbia's area - compose the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and are indicated with *" }, "Independence": { "text": "5 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 1217 (Serbian Kingdom established); 16 April 1346 (Serbian Empire established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbian independence); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) established)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Statehood Day, 15 February (1835), the day the first constitution of the country was adopted" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "many previous; latest adopted 30 September 2006, approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, effective 8 November 2006" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by at least one third of deputies in the National Assembly, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition of at least 150,000 voters; passage of proposals and draft amendments each requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly; amendments to constitutional articles including the preamble, constitutional principles, and human and minority rights and freedoms also require passage by simple majority vote in a referendum" } }, "Legal system": { "text": "civil law system" }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "no" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Serbia" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "yes" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "3 years" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President Aleksandar VUCIC (since 31 May 2017)" }, "head of government": { "text": "Prime Minister Ana BRNABIC (since 29 June 2017)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet elected by the National Assembly" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 April 2017 (next to be held in 2022); prime minister elected by the National Assembly" }, "election results": { "text": "Aleksandar VUCIC elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 55.1%, Sasa JANKOVIC (independent) 16.4%, Luka MAKSIMOVIC (independent) 9.4%, Vuk JEREMIC (independent) 5.7%, Vojislav SESELJ (SRS) 4.5%, Bosko OBRADOVIC (Dveri) 2.3%, other 5.0%, invalid/blank 1.6%; Prime Minister Ana BRNABIC reelected by the National Assembly on 5 October 2020" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Narodna Skupstina (250 seats; members directly elected by party list proportional representation vote in a single nationwide constituency to serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { "text": "last held on 21 June 2020 (originally scheduled for 26 April 2020 but postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic) (next to be held in 2024)" }, "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - For Our Children 60.7%, SPS-JS 10.4%, SPAS 3.8%, SVM 2.2%, Straight Ahead 1%, Albanian Democratic Alternative .8%, SDA .8%, other 20.3%; seats by party/coalition For Our Children 188, SPS-JS 32, SPAS 11, SVM 9, Straight Ahead 4, Albanian Democratic Alternative 3, SDA 3; composition (preliminary) -  men 165, women 85, percent of women 30%" }, "note": "note: seats by party as of May 2019  - SNS 91, SRS 22, SPS 20, DS 13, SDPS 10, PUPS 9, Dveri 6, JS 6, LDP 4, SDS 4, SVM 4, other 36, independent 25; composition - men 157, women 93, percent of women 37.2%" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { "text": "Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of 36 judges, including the court president); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member independent body consisting of  8 judges elected by the National Assembly and 3 ex-officio members; justices appointed by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges elected - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; initial appointment of Supreme Court judges by the HJC is 3 years and beyond that period tenure is permanent; Constitutional Court judges elected for 9-year terms" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "basic courts, higher courts, appellate courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, commercial courts, and misdemeanor courts" } }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Albanian Democratic Alternative (coalition of ethnic Albanian parties) Shaip KAMBERI
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Istvan PASZTOR]
Democratic Party or DS [Zoran LUTOVAC]
Democratic Party of Macedonians or DPM [Nenad KRSTESKI]
Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Milos JOVANOVIC]
Dveri [Bosko OBRADOVIC]
For Our Children (electoral alliance includes SNS, PS, PUPS, PSS, SNP, SPO, NSS) [Aleksandar VUCIC]
Justice and Reconciliation Party or SPP [Muamer ZUKORLIC] (formerly Bosniak Democratic Union of Sandzak or BDZS)
Movement of Socialists or PS [Aleksandar VULIN]
Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDA [Sulejman UGLJANIN]
Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS [Milan KRKOBABIC]
People's Party or NARODNA [Vuk JEREMIC]
People's Peasant Party or NSS [Marijan RISTICEVIC]
Serbian Patriotic Alliance or SPAS [Aleksandar SAPIC]
Serbian People's Party or SNP [Nenad POPOVIC]
Serbian Progressive Party or SNS [Aleksandar VUCIC]
Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ]
Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC]
Social Democratic Party or SDS [Boris TADIC]
Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS [Rasim LJAJIC]
Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC]
Straight Ahead (electoral coalition includes SPP, DPM)
Strength of Serbia or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC]
Together for Serbia or ZZS [Nebojsa ZELENOVIC]
United Serbia or JS [Dragan MARKOVIC]

note: Serbia has more than 110 registered political parties and citizens' associations", "note": "note: Serbia has more than 110 registered political parties and citizens' associations" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Marko DJURIC (since 18 January 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2233 Wisconsin Ave NW, #410, Washington, DC 20007" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 332-0333" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 332-3933" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Chicago, New York" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Anthony GODFREY (since 24 October 2019)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[381] (11) 706-4000" }, "embassy": { "text": "92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11040 Belgrade" }, "mailing address": { "text": "5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070" }, "FAX": { "text": "[381] (11) 706-4005" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; interpretations vary as to the meaning and origin of the white, curved symbols resembling firesteels (fire strikers) or Cyrillic \"C's\" in each quarter; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms

note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia", "note": "note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "white double-headed eagle; national colors: red, blue, white" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"Boze pravde\" (God of Justice)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO" }, "note": "note: adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872 and has been used as an anthem by the Serbian people throughout the 20th and 21st centuries" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "

Serbia has a transitional economy largely dominated by market forces, but the state sector remains significant in certain areas. The economy relies on manufacturing and exports, driven largely by foreign investment. MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of international economic sanctions, civil war, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy worse off than it was in 1990. In 2015, Serbia’s GDP was 27.5% below where it was in 1989.

After former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC was ousted in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. Serbia renewed its membership in the IMF in December 2000 and rejoined the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, but many large enterprises - including the power utilities, telecommunications company, natural gas company, and others - remain state-owned. Serbia has made some progress towards EU membership, gaining candidate status in March 2012. In January 2014, Serbia's EU accession talks officially opened and, as of December 2017, Serbia had opened 12 negotiating chapters including one on foreign trade. Serbia's negotiations with the WTO are advanced, with the country's complete ban on the trade and cultivation of agricultural biotechnology products representing the primary remaining obstacle to accession. Serbia maintains a three-year Stand-by Arrangement with the IMF worth approximately $1.3 billion that is scheduled to end in February 2018. The government has shown progress implementing economic reforms, such as fiscal consolidation, privatization, and reducing public spending.

Unemployment in Serbia, while relatively low (16% in 2017) compared with its Balkan neighbors, remains significantly above the European average. Serbia is slowly implementing structural economic reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term prosperity. Serbia reduced its budget deficit to 1.7% of GDP and its public debt to 71% of GDP in 2017. Public debt had more than doubled between 2008 and 2015. Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange-rate stability preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy.

Major economic challenges ahead include: stagnant household incomes; the need for private sector job creation; structural reforms of state-owned companies; strategic public sector reforms; and the need for new foreign direct investment. Other serious longer-term challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include the economic reforms it is undergoing as part of its EU accession process and IMF agreement, its strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement.

" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { "text": "4.18% (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2018": { "text": "4.4% (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2017": { "text": "2.05% (2017 est.)" } }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "-0.1% (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": { "text": "-1.1% (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "2% (2017 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { "text": "BB+ (2019)" }, "Moody's rating": { "text": "Ba3 (2017)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "BB+ (2019)" } }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$126.625 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { "text": "$121.464 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$116.239 billion (2017 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$51.449 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$18,233 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { "text": "$17,395 (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$16,556 (2017 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { "text": "18.2% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2018": { "text": "18.7% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2017": { "text": "15.5% of GDP (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "9.8% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "41.1% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "49.1% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "78.2% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "10.1% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "18.5% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "2% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "52.5% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-61.3% (2017 est.)" } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { "Overall score": { "text": "75.7 (2020)" }, "Starting a Business score": { "text": "89.3 (2020)" }, "Trading score": { "text": "96.6 (2020)" }, "Enforcement score": { "text": "63.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "maize, wheat, sugar beet, milk, sunflower seed, potatoes, soybeans, plums/sloes, apples, barley" }, "Industries": { "text": "automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "3.9% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "3 million (2020 est.)" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "19.4%" }, "industry": { "text": "24.5%" }, "services": { "text": "56.1% (2017 est.)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2017": { "text": "14.1% (2017 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "15.9% (2016 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "23.2% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { "text": "36.2 (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2008": { "text": "28.2 (2008 est.)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "2.2%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "23.8% (2011)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "17.69 billion (2017 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "17.59 billion (2017 est.)" }, "note": "note: data include both central government and local goverment budgets" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "42.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "0.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "62.5% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt 2016": { "text": "73.1% of GDP (2016 est.)" } }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2017": { "text": "-$2.354 billion (2017 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2016": { "text": "-$1.189 billion (2016 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2017": { "text": "$15.92 billion (2017 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$13.99 billion (2016 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "Germany 12%, Italy 10%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 7%, Romania 6%, Russia 5%  (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "insulated wiring, tires, corn, cars, iron products, copper (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { "text": "$20.44 billion (2017 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$17.63 billion (2016 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "Germany 13%, Russia 9%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, China 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "crude petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$11.91 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$10.76 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2019": { "text": "$30.927 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Debt - external 2018": { "text": "$30.618 billion (2018 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2017": { "text": "112.4 (2017 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2016": { "text": "111.278 (2016 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2015": { "text": "111.278 (2015 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2014": { "text": "108.811 (2014 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "88.405 (2013 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2020)" } }, "Electricity - production": { "text": "36.54 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "29.81 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - exports": { "text": "6.428 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - imports": { "text": "5.068 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - installed generating capacity": { "text": "7.342 million kW (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { "text": "65% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": { "text": "35% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from other renewable sources": { "text": "1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - production": { "text": "17,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "Crude oil - exports": { "text": "123 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - imports": { "text": "40,980 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - proved reserves": { "text": "77.5 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "74,350 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - consumption": { "text": "74,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "15,750 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "18,720 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Natural gas - production": { "text": "509.7 million cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { "text": "2.718 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - exports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - imports": { "text": "2.01 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "48.14 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "2,565,392" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "36.43 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "8,453,887" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "120.06 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "

Serbia's integration with the EU helped regulator reforms and promotion of telecom; EU development loans for broadband to rural areas; pandemic spurred use of mobile data and other services; wireless service is available through multiple providers; national coverage is growing rapidly; best telecom services are centered in urban centers; 4G/LTE mobile network launched; 5G tests ongoing with Ericsson and Huawei (2021)

(2020)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line 29 per 100 and mobile-cellular 96 per 100 persons (2019)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 381" }, "note": "note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".rs" }, "Internet users": { "total": { "text": "5,192,501" }, "percent of population": { "text": "73.36% (July 2018 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "1,623,790" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "23.06 (2019 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "4 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "43" }, "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "2,262,703 (2018)" }, "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "17.71 million mt-km (2018)" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "YU" }, "Airports": { "total": { "text": "26 (2013)" } }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "total": { "text": "10 (2017)" }, "over 3,047 m": { "text": "2 (2017)" }, "2,438 to 3,047 m": { "text": "3 (2017)" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "3 (2017)" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "2 (2017)" } }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "total": { "text": "16 (2013)" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "1 (2013)" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "10 (2013)" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "5 (2013)" } }, "Heliports": { "text": "2 (2012)" }, "Pipelines": { "text": "1936 km gas, 413 km oil" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "3,809 km (2015)" }, "standard gauge": { "text": "3,809 km 1.435-m gauge (3,526 km one-track lines and 283 km double-track lines) out of which 1,279 km electrified (1,000 km one-track lines and 279 km double-track lines) (2015)" } }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "44,248 km (2016)" }, "paved": { "text": "28,000 km (16,162 km state roads, out of which 741 km highways) (2016)" }, "unpaved": { "text": "16,248 km (2016)" } }, "Waterways": { "text": "587 km (primarily on the Danube and Sava Rivers) (2009)" }, "Ports and terminals": { "river port(s)": { "text": "Belgrade (Danube)" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Land Forces (includes Riverine Component, consisting of a river flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces, Serbian Guard; Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie (2021)

note: the Guard is a brigade-sized unit that is directly subordinate to the Serbian Armed Forces Chief of General Staff", "note": "note: the Guard is a brigade-sized unit that is directly subordinate to the Serbian Armed Forces Chief of General Staff" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { "text": "2.4% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "2.2% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "1.6% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.8% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.7% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "information varies; approximately 25,000 active duty troops (15,000 Land Forces; 5,000 Air/Air Defense; 5,000 other) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the inventory of the Serbian Armed Forces consists of Russian and Soviet-era weapons systems; since 2010, most of its weapons imports have come from Russia (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "200 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (March 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished January 2011 (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

Serbia with several other states protest the US and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in Kosovo; Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "17,972 (Croatia), 8,198 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (2019)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "196,995 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2021)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "2,144 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2020)" }, "note": "note: 775,251 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-July 2021); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 6,165 migrants and refugees as of April 2021" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering" } } }