{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Jersey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy that held sway in both France and England. These islands were the only British soil occupied by German troops in World War II. The Bailiwick of Jersey is a British Crown dependency, which means that it is not part of the UK but is rather a self-governing possession of the British Crown. However, the UK Government is constitutionally responsible for its defense and international representation."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Western Europe, island in the English Channel, northwest of France"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "49 15 N, 2 10 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "116 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "116 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "about two-thirds the size of Washington, DC"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "70 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive fishing zone": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; mild winters and cool summers"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Les Platons 136 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "English Channel 0 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "arable land"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "66% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 66% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "34% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "fairly even distribution; no notable trends"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "very large tidal variation can be hazardous to navigation"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "101,476 (July 2021 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Channel Islander(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Channel Islander"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Jersey 46.4%, British 32.7%, Portuguese/Madeiran 8.2%, Polish 3.3%, Irish, French, and other White 7.1%, other 2.4% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "<p>English (official) 94.5%, Portuguese 4.6%, other .9% (includes French (official) and Jerriais)</p> (2001 est.)<br><br><strong>note: </strong>data represent main spoken language; the traditional language of Jersey is Jerriais or Jersey French (a Norman language), which was spoken by fewer than 3,000 people as of 2001;  two thirds of Jerriais speakers are aged 60 and over",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>data represent main spoken language; the traditional language of Jersey is Jerriais or Jersey French (a Norman language), which was spoken by fewer than 3,000 people as of 2001;  two thirds of Jerriais speakers are aged 60 and over"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Protestant (Anglican, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, Presbyterian), Roman Catholic"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "16.63% (male 8,689/female 8,124)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "12.98% (male 6,764/female 6,354)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "40.12% (male 20,499/female 20,054)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "13.22% (male 6,515/female 6,844)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "17.05% (male 7,324/female 9,906) (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "49"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "22.3"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "26.7"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.7 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent Guernsey and Jersey"
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "37.5 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "36 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "39.5 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.67% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "12.46 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "7.76 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "2.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "fairly even distribution; no notable trends"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "31% of total population (2021)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data include Guernsey and Jersey"
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "34,000 SAINT HELIER (capital) (2018)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.95 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.74 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.94 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "4.39 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "82.43 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "79.92 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "85.09 years (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.66 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 94.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 5.9% of population (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note</strong>: includes data for Guernsey"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 98.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 1.5% of population (2017)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "NA"
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "habitat and species depletion due to human encroachment; water pollution; improper solid waste disposal"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; mild winters and cool summers"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "66% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 66% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "34% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "31% of total population (2021)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data include Guernsey and Jersey"
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "178,933 tons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "50,871 tons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "28.4% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data include combined totals for Guernsey and Jersey."
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Bailiwick of Jersey"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Jersey"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Norman Isles"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name is of Old Norse origin, but the meaning of the root \"Jer(s)\" is uncertain; the \"-ey\" ending means \"island\""
      }
    },
    "Dependency status": {
      "text": "British crown dependency"
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary democracy (Assembly of the States of Jersey)"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Saint Helier"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "49 11 N, 2 06 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> named after Saint Helier, the patron saint of Jersey, who was reputedly martyred on the island in A.D. 555"
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "none (British crown dependency); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 12 parishes; Grouville, Saint Brelade, Saint Clement, Saint Helier, Saint John, Saint Lawrence, Saint Martin, Saint Mary, Saint Ouen, Saint Peter, Saint Saviour, and Trinity"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "none (British Crown dependency)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by a government minister to the Assembly of the States of Jersey, by an Assembly member, or by an elected parish head; passage requires several Assembly readings, a majority vote by the Assembly, review by the UK Ministry of Justice, and approval of the British monarch (Royal Assent)"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "the laws of the UK apply where applicable; includes local statutes"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "text": "see United Kingdom"
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "16 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant Governor Sir Stephen DALTON (since 13 March 2017)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Chief Minister John LE FONDRE (since 8 June 2018); Bailiff William BAILHACHE (since 29 January 2015)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed individually by the states"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; Council of Ministers, including the chief minister, indirectly elected by the Assembly of States; lieutenant governor and bailiff appointed by the monarch"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Assembly of the States of Jersey (49 elected members; 8 senators to serve 4-year terms, and 29 deputies and 12 connetables, or heads of parishes, to serve 4-year terms; 5 non-voting members appointed by the monarch include the bailiff, lieutenant governor, dean of Jersey, attorney general, and the solicitor general)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 16 May 2018 (next to be held on 16 May 2022)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 49; composition - men 36, women 13, percent of 26.5%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Jersey Court of Appeal (consists of the bailiff, deputy bailiff, and 12 judges); Royal Court (consists of the bailiff, deputy bailiff, 6 commissioners and lay people referred to as jurats, and is organized into Heritage, Family, Probate, and Samedi Divisions); appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Jersey Court of Appeal bailiffs and judges appointed by the Crown upon the advice of the Secretary of State for Justice; bailiffs and judges appointed for \"extent of good behavior;\" Royal Court bailiffs appointed by the Crown upon the advice of the Secretary of State for Justice; commissioners appointed by the bailiff; jurats appointed by the Electoral College; bailiffs and commissioners appointed for \"extent of good behavior;\" jurats appointed until retirement at age 72"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Magistrate's Court; Youth Court; Petty Debts Court; Parish Hall Enquires (a process of preliminary investigation into youth and minor adult offenses to determine need for presentation before a court)"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "<strong>one registered party:</strong> Reform Jersey [Sam MEZEC]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> most senators and deputies sit as independents",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> most senators and deputies sit as independents"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "UPU"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "none (British Crown dependency)"
      },
      "note": "none (British Crown dependency)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "embassy": {
        "text": "none (British Crown dependency)"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "white with a diagonal red cross extending to the corners of the flag; in the upper quadrant, surmounted by a yellow crown, a red shield with three lions in yellow; according to tradition, the ships of Jersey - in an attempt to differentiate themselves from English ships flying the horizontal cross of St. George - rotated the cross to the \"X\" (saltire) configuration; because this arrangement still resembled the Irish cross of St. Patrick, the yellow Plantagenet crown and Jersey coat of arms were added"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "Jersey cow; national colors: red, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Isle de Siez Nous\" (Island Home)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Gerard LE FEUVRE"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2008; serves as a local anthem; as a British Crown dependency, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "Jersey's economy is based on international financial services, agriculture, and tourism. In 2016, the financial services sector accounted for about 41% of the island's output. Agriculture represented about 1% of Jersey’s economy in 2016. Potatoes are an important export crop, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy cattle originated on the island and is known worldwide. The dairy industry remains important to the island with approximately $8.8 million gallons of milk produced in 2015. Tourism accounts for a significant portion of Jersey’s economy, with more than 700,000 total visitors in 2015. Living standards come close to those of the UK. All raw material and energy requirements are imported as well as a large share of Jersey's food needs. Light taxes and death duties make the island a popular offshore financial center. Jersey maintains its relationship with the EU through the UK. Therefore, in light of the UK’s decision to leave the EU, Jersey will also need to renegotiate its ties to the EU."
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
        "text": "1% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
        "text": "10.7% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2006": {
        "text": "3.7% (2006)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016": {
        "text": "$5.569 billion (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015": {
        "text": "$5.514 billion (2015 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014": {
        "text": "$4.98 billion (2014 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2015 US dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$5.004 billion (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2016": {
        "text": "$56,600 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2015": {
        "text": "$49,500 (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2% (2010)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "2% (2010)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "96% (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes; beef, dairy products"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "tourism, banking and finance, dairy, electronics"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "59,950 (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "12%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "85% (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2015": {
        "text": "4% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2014": {
        "text": "4.6% (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
        "text": "0.3 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": {
        "text": "0.3 (2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "829 million (2005)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "851 million (2005)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "16.6% (of GDP) (2005)"
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-0.4% (of GDP) (2005)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "1 April - 31 March"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "text": "<p>NA</p>"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "light industrial and electrical goods, dairy cattle, foodstuffs, textiles, flowers"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "text": "<p>NA</p>"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral fuels, chemicals"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "text": "<p>NA</p>"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "currency": {
        "text": "Jersey pounds (JEP) per US dollar"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "0.7836 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2016": {
        "text": "0.738 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2015": {
        "text": "0.738 (2015)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2012": {
        "text": "0.6542 (2012)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2011": {
        "text": "0.6391 (2011 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "NA (2017)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "630.1 million kWh (2004 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "55,938"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "58 (July 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "122,668"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "119 (July 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "good system with broadband access (2018)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line and mobile-cellular services widely available; fixed-line 58 per 100 and mobile-cellular 119 per 100 subscriptions (2018)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 44; landing points for the INGRID, UK-Channel Islands-8, and Guernsey-Jersey-4, submarine cable connectivity to Guernsey, the UK, and France (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "multiple UK terrestrial TV broadcasts are received via a transmitter in Jersey; satellite packages available; BBC Radio Jersey and 1 other radio station operating"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".je"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "58,000"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "59.6% (July 2016 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (registered in UK) (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "4 (registered in UK)"
      }
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1 (2019)"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "1"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "576 km (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Gorey, Saint Aubin, Saint Helier"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>none</p>"
    }
  }
}