{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peru declared its independence in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980 but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, an economic slump and the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his resignation in 2000.

A caretaker government oversaw a new election in 2001 that installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, presided over a robust economic rebound. Former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president in 2011 and carried on the market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations. Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard won a very narrow runoff in the 2016 presidential election. Facing impeachment after evidence surfaced of his involvement in a vote-buying scandal, KUCZYNSKI offered his resignation in 2018, and First Vice President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo was sworn in as president. In 2019, VIZCARRA invoked his constitutional authority to dissolve Peru's Congress after months of battling with the body over anticorruption reforms. New congressional elections in 2020 resulted in an opposition-led legislature. The Congress impeached VIZCARRA for a second time and removed him from office after accusations of corruption and mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of vacancies in the vice-presidential positions, the President of the Peruvian Congress, Manuel MERINO, became the next president. His ascension to office was not well received, and large protests forced his resignation later in 2020. Francisco SAGASTI assumed the position of President of Peru after being appointed President of the Congress the previous day. Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones won presidential election in 2021 but was impeached and ousted the following year; his vice president, Dina BOLUARTE, assumed the presidency by constitutional succession in 2022." } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "10 00 S, 76 00 W" }, "Map references": { "text": "South America" }, "Area": { "total ": { "text": "1,285,216 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "1,279,996 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "5,220 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "almost twice the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "7,062 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Bolivia 1,212 km; Brazil 2,659 km; Chile 168 km; Colombia 1,494 km; Ecuador 1,529 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "2,414 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claim" }, "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, "continental shelf": { "text": "200 nm" } }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes" }, "Terrain": { "text": "western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)" }, "Elevation": { "highest point": { "text": "Nevado Huascaran 6,746 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, "mean elevation": { "text": "1,555 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "19.1% (2022 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 3.1% (2022 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 1.8% (2022 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 14.2% (2022 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "56.2% (2022 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "24.7% (2022 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "25,800 sq km (2012)" }, "Major lakes (area sq km)": { "fresh water lake(s)": { "text": "Lago Titicaca (shared with Bolivia) - 8,030 sq km" } }, "Major rivers (by length in km)": { "text": "Amazon river source (shared with Brazil [m]) - 6,400 km

note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth" }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Amazon Basin" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "approximately one third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the  west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, contain roughly half of the population; the eastern slopes of the Andes and adjoining rainforest are sparsely populated" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity

volcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (5,672 m) is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316-m (17,441-ft) peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River

note 2: Peru is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 3: on 19 February 1600, Mount Huaynaputina in the southern Peruvian Andes erupted in the largest volcanic explosion in South America in historical times; intermittent eruptions lasted until 5 March 1600 and pumped an estimated 16 to 32 million metric tons of particulates into the atmosphere, reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface and affecting weather worldwide; over the next two-and-a-half years, millions died around the globe in famines from bitterly cold winters, cool summers, and the loss of crops and animals

" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "total": { "text": "32,600,249 (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "15,952,556" }, "female": { "text": "16,647,693" } }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Peruvian(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Peruvian" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Mestizo (mixed Indigenous and White) 60.2%, Indigenous 25.8%, White 5.9%, African descent 3.6%, other (includes Chinese and Japanese descent) 1.2%, unspecified 3.3% (2017 est.)" }, "Languages": { "Languages": { "text": "Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes many minor Amazonian languages) 0.8%, other 0.2%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.7% (2017 est.)" }, "major-language sample(s)": { "text": "
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information." } }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 66.4%, Protestant 22.4% (Evangelical 19.6%, other Protestant 1.3%), other 1.9%, agnostic/atheist none 6.8%, unspecified 1.2% (2023 est.)" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "25.8% (male 4,293,229/female 4,119,269)" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "66.2% (male 10,546,502/female 11,041,106)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "8% (2024 est.) (male 1,112,825/female 1,487,318)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "51 (2024 est.)" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "39 (2024 est.)" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "12 (2024 est.)" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "8.3 (2024 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "30.2 years (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "29.1 years" }, "female": { "text": "31.3 years" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "0.48% (2024 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "16.7 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "10.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "approximately one third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the  west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, contain roughly half of the population; the eastern slopes of the Andes and adjoining rainforest are sparsely populated" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "78.9% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "11.204 million LIMA (capital), 959,000 Arequipa, 904,000 Trujillo (2023)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.04 male(s)/female" }, "15-64 years": { "text": "0.96 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.75 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "21.9 years (2013 est.)", "note": "note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49" }, "Maternal mortality ratio": { "text": "51 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "10.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "11.9 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "9.7 deaths/1,000 live births" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "68.9 years (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "65.4 years" }, "female": { "text": "72.7 years" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "2.15 children born/woman (2024 est.)" }, "Gross reproduction rate": { "text": "1.05 (2024 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "77.4% (2020)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 97.2% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 82.4% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 94% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 2.8% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 17.6% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 6% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Health expenditure": { "Health expenditure (as % of GDP)": { "text": "6.2% of GDP (2021)" }, "Health expenditure (as % of national budget)": { "text": "16.7% of national budget (2022 est.)" } }, "Physician density": { "text": "1.69 physicians/1,000 population (2023)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "1.6 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 93.6% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 65.3% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 87.4% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 6.4% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 34.7% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 12.6% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "19.7% (2016)" }, "Alcohol consumption per capita": { "total": { "text": "5.74 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "beer": { "text": "3.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "wine": { "text": "0.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "spirits": { "text": "2.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "other alcohols": { "text": "0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" } }, "Tobacco use": { "total": { "text": "5.7% (2025 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "9.5% (2025 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "2.1% (2025 est.)" } }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "2.1% (2021)" }, "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": { "text": "51.2% (2023 est.)" }, "Child marriage": { "women married by age 15": { "text": "2% (2020)" }, "women married by age 18": { "text": "14.1% (2020)" } }, "Education expenditure": { "Education expenditure (% GDP)": { "text": "4.2% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "Education expenditure (% national budget)": { "text": "19.2% national budget (2025 est.)" } }, "Literacy": { "total population": { "text": "94% (2020 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "97% (2020 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "92% (2020 est.)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "15 years" }, "male": { "text": "15 years" }, "female": { "text": "15 years (2017)" } } }, "Environment": { "Environmental issues": { "text": "deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes; overfishing" }, "International environmental agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "none of the selected agreements" } }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "19.1% (2022 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 3.1% (2022 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 1.8% (2022 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 14.2% (2022 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "56.2% (2022 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "24.7% (2022 est.)" } }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "78.9% of total population (2023)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { "text": "29.07 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "57.41 megatons (2016 est.)" }, "methane emissions": { "text": "30.17 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "8,356,711 tons (2014 est.)" }, "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { "text": "334,268 tons (2012 est.)" }, "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "4% (2012 est.)" } }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { "text": "2.24 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { "text": "3.51 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { "text": "32.8 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { "text": "1.88 trillion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "Geoparks": { "total global geoparks and regional networks": { "text": "1" }, "global geoparks and regional networks": { "text": "Colca y Volcanes de Andagua (2023)" } } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Republic of Peru" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Peru" }, "local long form": { "text": "República del Perú" }, "local short form": { "text": "Perú" }, "etymology": { "text": "the name may derive from the Guarani word biru, meaning \"river\"" } }, "Government type": { "text": "presidential republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Lima" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "12 03 S, 77 03 W" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "etymology": { "text": "the name is an early Spanish mispronunciation of the Quechua name Rimak, referring to a god and deriving from the word rima (to speak); Quechua priests used to speak to worshippers from inside statues of their gods" } }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 1 province* (provincia), and 1 constitutional province** (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao**, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huánuco, Ica, Junín, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali" }, "Legal system": { "text": "civil law system" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "several previous; latest promulgated 29 December 1993, enacted 31 December 1993" }, "amendment process": { "text": "proposed by Congress, by the president of the republic with the approval of the Council of Ministers or by petition of at least 0.3% of voters; passage requires absolute majority approval by the Congress membership, followed by approval in a referendum; a referendum is not required if Congress approves the amendment by greater than two-thirds majority vote in each of two successive sessions" } }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "yes" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "yes" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "yes" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "2 years" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra (since 7 December 2022)" }, "head of government": { "text": "President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra (since 7 December 2022)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president" }, "election/appointment process": { "text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms)" }, "most recent election date": { "text": "11 April 2021, with a runoff on 6 June 2021" }, "election results": { "text": "
2021: Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones (PL) 18.9%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 13.4%, Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA Cazorla (RP) 11.8%, Hernando DE SOTO Polar (Social Integration Party) 11.6%, Yonhy LESCANO Ancieta (AP) 9.1%, Veronika MENDOZA Frisch (JP) 7.9%, Cesar ACUNA Peralta (APP) 6%, George FORSYTH Sommer (VN) 5.7%, Daniel Belizario URRESTI Elera (PP) 5.6%, other 10%; percent of vote second round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones 50.1%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%

2016: Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 39.9%, Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard (PPK) 21.1%, Veronika MENDOZA (FA) 18.7%, Alfredo BARNECHEA (AP) 7%, Alan GARCIA (APRA) 5.8%, other 7.5%; percent of vote in second round - Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard 50.1%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%" }, "expected date of next election": { "text": "12 April 2026" }, "note": "note 1: First Vice President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra assumed the office of the president on 7 December 2022 after President Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones was impeached and arrested; BOLUARTE is the first woman to become president of Peru

note 2: Prime Minister Eduardo ARANA Ysa (since 14 May 2025) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president; on 13 May 2025, Prime Minister Gustavo ADRIANZÉN resigned ahead of a censure vote

note 3: the president is both chief of state and head of government" }, "Legislative branch": { "legislature name": { "text": "Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la República)" }, "legislative structure": { "text": "unicameral" }, "number of seats": { "text": "130 (all directly elected)" }, "electoral system": { "text": "proportional representation" }, "scope of elections": { "text": "full renewal" }, "term in office": { "text": "5 years" }, "most recent election date": { "text": "4/11/2021" }, "parties elected and seats per party": { "text": "Free Peru (PL) (37); Popular Force (FP) (24); Popular Action (AP) (16); Alliance for Progress (APP) (15); Go on Country - Social Integration Party (AvP) (10); Popular Renewal (RP) (9); We Are Peru\" (SP) - Purple Party (PM) (9); Other (10)" }, "percentage of women in chamber": { "text": "41.5%" }, "expected date of next election": { "text": "April 2026" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest court(s)": { "text": "Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "justices proposed by the National Board of Justice (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside" } }, "Political parties": { "text": "Advance the Nation (Avanza País) or AvP
Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) or APP
Broad Front (Frente Amplio) or FA
Free Peru (Perú Libre) or PL
Front for Hope (Frente Esperanza)
Magisterial Block of National Concentration (Bloque Magisterial de Concertación Nacional) or BMCN
National Victory (Victoria Nacional) or VN
Peru Bicentennial (Perú Bicentenario) or PB
Popular Action (Acción Popular) or AP
Popular Force (Fuerza Popular) or FP
Popular Renewal (Renovación Popular) or RP
Purple Party (Partido Morado)
Social Integration Party (Avanza País - Partido de Integración Social)
Together For Perú (Juntos por el Peru) or JP
We Are Peru (Somos Perú) of SP
We Can Peru (Podemos Perú) or PP" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Alfredo Santiago Carlos FERRERO DIEZ CANSECO (since 27 February 2024)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 833-9860" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 659-8124" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
Webadmin@embassyofperu.us

Embassy of Peru in the United States - E-United States - Platform of the Peruvian State (www.gob.pe)" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Joan PERKINS (since 18 April 2025)" }, "embassy": { "text": "Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33" }, "mailing address": { "text": "3230 Lima Place, Washington DC  20521-3230" }, "telephone": { "text": "[51] (1) 618-2000" }, "FAX": { "text": "[51] (1) 618-2724" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
lima_webmaster@state.gov

https://pe.usembassy.gov/" } }, "International organization participation": { "text": "AIIB, APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Independence": { "text": "28 July 1821 (from Spain)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Independence Day, 28-29 July (1821)" }, "Flag description": { "text": "three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red, with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has a shield with a vicuna (symbolizing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, symbolizing flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (symbolizing mineral wealth); red stands for blood shed for independence, and white for peace" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "vicuna (a camelid related to the llama)" }, "National color(s)": { "text": "red, white" }, "National anthem(s)": { "title": { "text": "\"Himno Nacional del Peru\" (National Anthem of Peru)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO" }, "history": { "text": "adopted 1822; the song won a national anthem contest" } }, "National heritage": { "total World Heritage Sites": { "text": "13 (9 cultural, 2 natural, 2 mixed)" }, "selected World Heritage Site locales": { "text": "Cuzco (c); Machu Picchu (m); Chavin (c); Historic Lima (c); Huascarán National Park (n); Chan Chan (c); Manú National Park (n); Lines and Geoglyphs of Nazca (c); Rio Abiseo National Park (m); Historic Arequipa (c); Sacred City of Caral-Supe (c); Qhapaq Ñan/Andean Road System (c)" } } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "

upper-middle-income South American economy; strong post-COVID rebound tempered by political uncertainty and climate risks; exports driven by mineral extraction and agriculture; large informal sector and uneven access to public services; stable fiscal position and financial sector

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": { "text": "$517.644 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": { "text": "$520.507 billion (2022 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": { "text": "$506.697 billion (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: data in 2021 dollars" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2023": { "text": "-0.55% (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2022": { "text": "2.73% (2022 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2021": { "text": "13.36% (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2023": { "text": "$15,300 (2023 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2022": { "text": "$15,500 (2022 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2021": { "text": "$15,300 (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: data in 2021 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$267.603 billion (2023 est.)", "note": "note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024": { "text": "2% (2024 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": { "text": "6.5% (2023 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": { "text": "8.3% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: annual % change based on consumer prices" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "7.2% (2023 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "33.9% (2023 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "51.3% (2023 est.)" }, "note": "note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data" }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "64.3% (2023 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "13.7% (2023 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "21.3% (2023 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "-2.4% (2023 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "27.1% (2023 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-23.8% (2023 est.)" }, "note": "note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection" }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "sugarcane, potatoes, rice, bananas, milk, maize, chicken, oil palm fruit, cassava, grapes (2023)", "note": "note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage" }, "Industries": { "text": "mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "-1.28% (2023 est.)", "note": "note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency" }, "Labor force": { "text": "18.918 million (2024 est.)", "note": "note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2024": { "text": "4.8% (2024 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2023": { "text": "4.9% (2023 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2022": { "text": "3.8% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: % of labor force seeking employment" }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { "text": "8.8% (2024 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "7.9% (2024 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "9.8% (2024 est.)" }, "note": "note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "27.5% (2022 est.)", "note": "note: % of population with income below national poverty line" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022": { "text": "40.3 (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality" }, "Average household expenditures": { "on food": { "text": "26.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)" }, "on alcohol and tobacco": { "text": "2.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "2.1% (2022 est.)" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "30.7% (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population" }, "Remittances": { "Remittances 2023": { "text": "1.66% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "Remittances 2022": { "text": "1.5% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Remittances 2021": { "text": "1.59% of GDP (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities" }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "$48.008 billion (2021 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "$51.709 billion (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2021": { "text": "35.2% of GDP (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: central government debt as a % of GDP" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "15.9% (of GDP) (2021 est.)", "note": "note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2023": { "text": "$2.219 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2022": { "text": "-$9.743 billion (2022 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2021": { "text": "-$4.674 billion (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars" }, "Exports": { "Exports 2023": { "text": "$73.326 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Exports 2022": { "text": "$71.129 billion (2022 est.)" }, "Exports 2021": { "text": "$66.061 billion (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars" }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "China 34%, USA 14%, Canada 5%, India 4%, Switzerland 4% (2023)", "note": "note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "copper ore, gold, refined copper, refined petroleum, grapes (2023)", "note": "note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2023": { "text": "$62.99 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Imports 2022": { "text": "$69.44 billion (2022 est.)" }, "Imports 2021": { "text": "$58.509 billion (2021 est.)" }, "note": "note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars" }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "China 26%, USA 21%, Brazil 7%, Argentina 5%, Mexico 3% (2023)", "note": "note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars, trucks, broadcasting equipment (2023)", "note": "note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024": { "text": "$76.338 billion (2024 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": { "text": "$71.394 billion (2023 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": { "text": "$72.328 billion (2022 est.)" }, "note": "note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2023": { "text": "$38.102 billion (2023 est.)" }, "note": "note: present value of external debt in current US dollars" }, "Exchange rates": { "Currency": { "text": "nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2023": { "text": "3.744 (2023 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2022": { "text": "3.835 (2022 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2021": { "text": "3.881 (2021 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "3.495 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "3.337 (2019 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "96.2% (2022 est.)" }, "electrification - urban areas": { "text": "99%" }, "electrification - rural areas": { "text": "85.1%" } }, "Electricity": { "installed generating capacity": { "text": "16.164 million kW (2023 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "53.3 billion kWh (2023 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "47.696 million kWh (2023 est.)" }, "transmission/distribution losses": { "text": "6.638 billion kWh (2023 est.)" } }, "Electricity generation sources": { "fossil fuels": { "text": "44.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "solar": { "text": "1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "wind": { "text": "3.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "hydroelectricity": { "text": "49.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" }, "biomass and waste": { "text": "1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)" } }, "Coal": { "production": { "text": "1.382 million metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "973,000 metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "1.261 million metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "446,000 metric tons (2023 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "1.567 billion metric tons (2023 est.)" } }, "Petroleum": { "total petroleum production": { "text": "118,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)" }, "refined petroleum consumption": { "text": "255,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)" }, "crude oil estimated reserves": { "text": "858.89 million barrels (2021 est.)" } }, "Natural gas": { "production": { "text": "14.647 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "9.675 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "4.883 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "300.159 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)" } }, "Carbon dioxide emissions": { "total emissions": { "text": "58.903 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" }, "from coal and metallurgical coke": { "text": "2.177 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" }, "from petroleum and other liquids": { "text": "34.863 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" }, "from consumed natural gas": { "text": "21.863 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)" } }, "Energy consumption per capita": { "Total energy consumption per capita 2023": { "text": "30.923 million Btu/person (2023 est.)" } } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "1.504 million (2023 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "4 (2023 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "41.3 million (2023 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "122 (2022 est.)" } }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 5,000 radio stations including a substantial number of local-language stations (2021)" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".pe" }, "Internet users": { "percent of population": { "text": "80% (2023 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "3.53 million (2023 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "10 (2023 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "OB" }, "Airports": { "text": "174 (2025)" }, "Heliports": { "text": "7 (2025)" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "1,854.4 km (2017)" }, "standard gauge": { "text": "1,730.4 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (34 km electrified)" }, "narrow gauge": { "text": "124 km (2014) 0.914-m gauge" } }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "111 (2023)" }, "by type": { "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 9, other 101" } }, "Ports": { "total ports": { "text": "20 (2024)" }, "large": { "text": "0" }, "medium": { "text": "1" }, "small": { "text": "3" }, "very small": { "text": "16" }, "ports with oil terminals": { "text": "16" }, "key ports": { "text": "Bahia de Matarani, Iquitos, Puerto del Callao, Talara" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Armed Forces of Peru (Fuerzas Armadas del Perú or FAP): Peruvian Army (Ejercito del Peru), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP, includes naval infantry and General Directorate of Captaincies and Coast Guards, DICAPI), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP)

Ministry of the Interior: Peruvian National Police (Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) (2025)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2024": { "text": "0.8% of GDP (2024 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2023": { "text": "1% of GDP (2023 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2022": { "text": "1.1% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2021": { "text": "1.1% of GDP (2021 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2020": { "text": "1.2% of GDP (2020 est.)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "information varies; approximately 85,000 active-duty Armed Forces (50,000 Army; 25,000 Navy; 10,000 Air Force); approximately 75,000 National Police (2025)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the military has a broad mix of mostly older but some more modern equipment from a range of suppliers, including Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the former Soviet Union, South Korea, and the US; some deliveries have been secondhand weapons systems; Peru has a small defense industry, including a shipyard that builds and upgrades naval vessels; it also has defense industrial cooperation agreements with several countries, including Russia, South Korea, Spain, and the US (2024)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service (12 months) (2024)", "note": "note: as of 2024, women made up about 11% of the active-duty military" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "225 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (2024)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the Peruvian Armed Forces (FAP) are responsible for external defense in addition to some domestic security responsibilities in designated emergency areas and in exceptional circumstances; key areas of focus include counterinsurgency, counternarcotics, cyber defense, disaster relief, and maritime security operations; the FAP supported the police during anti-government protests in early 2023; it has contributed to UN missions since 1958 and has ties to regional militaries, particularly Colombia, as well as those of numerous other countries such as China, Russia, Spain, and the US; the FAP’s last external conflict was a brief border war with Ecuador in 1995

the Special Command of the Valley of the Apurimac, Ene, and Mantaro rivers (CE-VRAEM) is responsible for combating the remnants of the Shining Path terrorist group (aka Sendero Luminoso) and includes several thousand air, ground, naval, police, and special forces personnel; the FAP also provides aircraft, vehicles, and logistical support to the command (2025)" } }, "Space": { "Space agency/agencies": { "text": "National Aerospace Research and Development Commission (Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacia, CONIDA; established 1974); National Satellite Imagery Operations Center (Centro Nacional de Operaciones de Imágenes Satelitales, CONIS; established 2006) (2024)" }, "Space launch site(s)": { "text": "Punta Lobos Rocket Range (Chilca, Huancayo; used by foreign partners for scientific sounding rocket launches (1970s-1990s; the US used the site for scientific launches in 1975 and 1983) (2023)" }, "Space program overview": { "text": "has a small space program focused on acquiring satellites, applying space applications such as data satellite imagery, and building small rockets; has built a small science/technology satellite; operates satellites and processes satellite imagery data; builds and launches sounding rockets with goal of developing a satellite/space launch vehicle (SLV); researching, developing, and acquiring technologies for manufacturing satellites and satellite payloads with a focus on remote sensing (RS) capabilities; member of Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency (ALCE); cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Brazil, China, the European Space Agency and individual member states (particularly France and Germany), India, Russia, South Korea, Thailand, and the US, as well as signatories of the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency (ALCE) (2024)", "note": "note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { "text": "Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)", "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "1,542,004 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2023)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "73,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions; as of 2011, no new information on the situation of these IDPs) (2022)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { "USG identification": { "text": "
major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit country

major precursor-chemical producer (2025)" } } } }