{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada gained legislative independence from Britain in 1931 and formalized its constitutional independence from the UK in 1982 when it passed the Canada Act in 1982. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "60 00 N, 95 00 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "North America"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9,984,670 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "9,093,507 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "891,163 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly larger than the US"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8,891 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "US 8,891 km (includes 2,475 km with Alaska)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Canada is the world's largest country that borders only one country"
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "202,080 km",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the world"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Mount Logan 5,959 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Atlantic/Pacific/Arctic Oceans 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "487 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "6.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 4.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 1.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "34.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "59.1% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "8,700 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Huron* - 35,972 sq km; Great Bear Lake - 31,328 sq km; Superior* - 28,754 sq km; Great Slave Lake - 28,568 sq km; Lake Winnipeg - 24,387 sq km; Erie* - 12,776 sq km; Ontario* - 9,790 sq km; Lake Athabasca - 7,935 sq km; Reindeer Lake - 6,650 sq km; Nettilling Lake - 5,542 sq km<br>note - Great Lakes* area shown as Canadian waters"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Mackenzie - 4, 241 km; Yukon river source (shared with the US [m]) - 3,185 km; Saint Lawrence river mouth (shared with US) - 3,058 km; Nelson - 2,570 km; Columbia river source (shared with the US [m]) - 1,953 km; Churchill - 1,600 km; Fraser - 1,368 km; Ottawa - 1,271 km; Athabasca - 1,231 km; North Saskatchewan - 1,220 km; Liard - 1,115 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Mississippi* <em>(Gulf of Mexico)</em> (3,202,185 sq km, Canada only 32,000 sq km), Nelson <em>(Hudson Bay)</em> (1,093,141 sq km), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km, Canada only 839,200 sq km)<br>Arctic Ocean drainage: Mackenzie (1,706,388 sq km)<br>Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 sq km, Canada only 823,800 sq km), Columbia* (657,501 sq km, Canada only 103,000 sq km)<br>note - watersheds shared with the US shown with *"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Northern Great Plains Aquifer"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "<p><strong>note 1:</strong> second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border</p> <p><strong>note 2:</strong> Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes - that is more than all other countries combined</p>"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "37,943,231 (July 2021 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Canadian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Canadian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Canadian 32.3%, English 18.3%, Scottish 13.9%, French 13.6%, Irish 13.4%, German 9.6%, Chinese 5.1%, Italian 4.6%, North American Indian 4.4%, East Indian 4%, other 51.6% (2016 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "English (official) 58.7%, French (official) 22%, Punjabi 1.4%, Italian 1.3%, Spanish 1.3%, German 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, Tagalog 1.2%, Arabic 1.1%, other 10.5% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)<br><br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)"
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Catholic 39% (includes Roman Catholic 38.8%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 20.3% (includes United Church 6.1%, Anglican 5%, Baptist 1.9%, Lutheran 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.5%, Presbyterian 1.4%, other Protestant 2.9%), Orthodox 1.6%, other Christian 6.3%, Muslim 3.2%, Hindu 1.5%, Sikh 1.4%, Buddhist 1.1%, Jewish 1%, other 0.6%, none 23.9% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "15.99% (male 3,094,008/female 2,931,953)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "11.14% (male 2,167,013/female 2,032,064)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "39.81% (male 7,527,554/female 7,478,737)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "14.08% (male 2,624,474/female 2,682,858)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "18.98% (male 3,274,298/female 3,881,126) (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "51.2"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "23.9"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "27.4"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.7 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "41.8 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "40.6 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "42.9 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.77% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "10.17 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "5.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "81.8% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "6.313 million Toronto, 4.277 million Montreal, 2.632 million Vancouver, 1.611 million Calgary, 1.519 million Edmonton, 1.423 million OTTAWA (capital) (2022)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.84 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "29.4 years (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "10 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.44 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "4.73 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "83.62 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "81.32 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "86.03 years (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.57 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 99.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.8% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current Health Expenditure": {
      "text": "10.8% (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "2.31 physicians/1,000 population (2016)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "2.5 beds/1,000 population (2019)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 98.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 1.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 1% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "29.4% (2016)"
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.3% of GDP (2011)"
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17 years (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.2%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "19.4% (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "6.48 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "544.89 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "101.82 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "6.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 4.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 1.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "34.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "59.1% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "81.8% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "25,103,034 tons (2014 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "5,168,715 tons (2008 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "20.6% (2008 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Huron* - 35,972 sq km; Great Bear Lake - 31,328 sq km; Superior* - 28,754 sq km; Great Slave Lake - 28,568 sq km; Lake Winnipeg - 24,387 sq km; Erie* - 12,776 sq km; Ontario* - 9,790 sq km; Lake Athabasca - 7,935 sq km; Reindeer Lake - 6,650 sq km; Nettilling Lake - 5,542 sq km<br>note - Great Lakes* area shown as Canadian waters"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Mackenzie - 4, 241 km; Yukon river source (shared with the US [m]) - 3,185 km; Saint Lawrence river mouth (shared with US) - 3,058 km; Nelson - 2,570 km; Columbia river source (shared with the US [m]) - 1,953 km; Churchill - 1,600 km; Fraser - 1,368 km; Ottawa - 1,271 km; Athabasca - 1,231 km; North Saskatchewan - 1,220 km; Liard - 1,115 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Mississippi* <em>(Gulf of Mexico)</em> (3,202,185 sq km, Canada only 32,000 sq km), Nelson <em>(Hudson Bay)</em> (1,093,141 sq km), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km, Canada only 839,200 sq km)<br>Arctic Ocean drainage: Mackenzie (1,706,388 sq km)<br>Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 sq km, Canada only 823,800 sq km), Columbia* (657,501 sq km, Canada only 103,000 sq km)<br>note - watersheds shared with the US shown with *"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Northern Great Plains Aquifer"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "4.888 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "28.07 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "2.639 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "2.902 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Canada"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the country name likely derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word \"kanata\" meaning village or settlement"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Ottawa"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "45 25 N, 75 42 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November"
      },
      "time zone note": {
        "text": "Canada has six time zones"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word \"adawe\" meaning \"to trade\" and refers to the indigenous peoples who used the river as a trade highway"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Canada Day, 1 July (1867)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council; amended 11 times, last in 2011 (Fair Representation Act, 2011)"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 6 July 2021)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (Liberal Party) (since 4 November 2015)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the governor general position is largely ceremonial"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br>Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75)<br>House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote with terms up to 4 years)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "Senate - appointed; latest appointments in December 2018<br>House of Commons - last held on 20 September 2021 (next to be held NA)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br>Senate - composition as of December 2018 - men 51, women 54, percent of women 51.4% <br><br>House of Commons - percent of vote by party - CPC 33.7%, Liberal Party 32.6%, NDP 17.8%, Bloc Quebecois 7.7%, Greens 2.3%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Liberal Party 159, CPC 119, NDP 25, Bloc Quebecois 32, Greens 2, independent 1; composition - men 236, women 102, percent of women 29%; note - total Parliament percent of women 30.2%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges); note - in 1949, Canada abolished all appeals beyond its Supreme Court, which prior to that time, were heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts; note -&nbsp; in 1999, the Nunavut Court - a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court, as well as a territorial court - was established to serve isolated settlements"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Bloc Quebecois [Yves-Francois BLANCHET]<br>Conservative Party of Canada or CPC [Candice BERGEN (interim)]<br>Green Party [Amita KUTTNER (interim)]<br>Liberal Party [Justin TRUDEAU]<br>New Democratic Party or NDP [Jagmeet SINGH]<br>People's Party of Canada [Maxime BERNIER]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Kirsten HILLMAN (since 17 July 2020)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (844) 880-6519"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 682-7738"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ccs.scc@international.gc.ca<br><br>https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/us-eu/washington.aspx?lang=eng"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco/Silicon Valley, Seattle"
      },
      "trade office(s)": {
        "text": "Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador David COHEN (since December 2021)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5480 Ottawa Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-5480"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (613) 238-5335"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (613) 241-7845"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>OttawaNIV@state.gov<br><br>https://ca.usembassy.gov/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver"
      },
      "consulate(s)": {
        "text": "Winnipeg"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "maple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "O Canada"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, \"O Canada\" served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "20 (9 cultural, 10 natural, 1 mixed) (2021)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "L'Anse aux Meadows (c), Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (n), Dinosaur Provincial Park (n), Historic District of Old Quebec (c), Old Town Lunenburg (c), Wood Buffalo National Park (n), Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (c), Gros Morne National Park (n)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. Canada has a large oil and natural gas sector with the majority of crude oil production derived from oil sands in the western provinces, especially Alberta. Canada now ranks third in the world in proved oil reserves behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia and is the world’s seventh-largest oil producer.</p><p></p><p>TThe 1989 Canada-US Free Trade Agreement and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (which includes Mexico) dramatically increased trade and economic integration between the US and Canada. Canada and the US enjoy the world’s most comprehensive bilateral trade and investment relationship, with goods and services trade totaling more than $680 billion in 2017, and two-way investment stocks of more than $800 billion. Over three-fourths of Canada’s merchandise exports are destined for the US each year. Canada is the largest foreign supplier of energy to the US, including oil, natural gas, and electric power, and a top source of US uranium imports.</p><p></p><p>Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital stock, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. The global economic crisis of 2007-08 moved the Canadian economy into sharp recession by late 2008, and Ottawa posted its first fiscal deficit in 2009 after 12 years of surplus. Canada's major banks emerged from the financial crisis of 2008-09 among the strongest in the world, owing to the financial sector's tradition of conservative lending practices and strong capitalization. Canada’s economy posted strong growth in 2017 at 3%, but most analysts are projecting Canada’s economic growth will drop back closer to 2% in 2018.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$1,742,790,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$1,842,330,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$1,808,660,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "1.66% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
        "text": "2.02% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "3.17% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$45,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$49,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$48,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$1,741,865,000,000 (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "1.9% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "2.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "1.5% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "AA+ (2020)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Aaa (2002)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "AAA (2002)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "1.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "28.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "70.2% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "57.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "20.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "23% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "30.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-33.2% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, rapeseed, maize, barley, milk, soybeans, potatoes, oats, peas, pork"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "4.9% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "18.136 million (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "13%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "6%"
      },
      "industry and services": {
        "text": "76%"
      },
      "manufacturing": {
        "text": "3% (2006 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "5.67% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2018": {
        "text": "5.83% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.2%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "19.4% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "9.4% (2008 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
        "text": "33.3 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1994": {
        "text": "31.5 (1994)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.6%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "24.8% (2000)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "649.6 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "665.7 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "89.7% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "91.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "39.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "1 April - 31 March"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$35.425 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2018": {
        "text": "-$42.862 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$477.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$555.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$556.89 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "US 73% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, gold, refined petroleum, natural gas (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$510.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$583.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$589.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "US 57%, China 11%, Mexico 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars and vehicle parts, delivery trucks, crude petroleum, refined petroleum (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$86.68 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$82.72 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$2,124,887,000,000 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$1,949,796,000,000 (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "currency": {
        "text": "Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "1.28035 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "1.3228 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "1.32925 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "1.2788 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "1.0298 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "649.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "522.2 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - exports": {
      "text": "73.35 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - imports": {
      "text": "2.682 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
      "text": "143.5 million kW (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
      "text": "23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
      "text": "9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
      "text": "56% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
      "text": "12% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - production": {
      "text": "4.264 million bbl/day (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - exports": {
      "text": "2.818 million bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - imports": {
      "text": "806,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - proved reserves": {
      "text": "170.5 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "2.009 million bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
      "text": "2.445 million bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "1.115 million bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "405,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - production": {
      "text": "159.1 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - consumption": {
      "text": "124.4 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - exports": {
      "text": "83.96 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - imports": {
      "text": "26.36 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - proved reserves": {
      "text": "2.056 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "13.926 million (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "36.9 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "36,093,021 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "95.63 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Canada has highly developed, technologically advanced telecom services; LTE and broadband are nearly universal; competition between the DSL and cable platforms with investment in fiber networks; regulatory efforts ensure operators have spectrum available to develop 5G services; policy to improve service speeds and enable digital economy and e-services; operator&rsquo;s 5G network facilitates smart-city vehicle and pedestrian traffic; high value in e-commerce transactions; international connections through submarine, terrestrial, and satellite systems; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2020)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "Nearly 37 per 100 fixed-line and 96 per 100 mobile-cellular teledensity; domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations (2020)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 1; landing points for the Nunavut Undersea Fiber Optic Network System, Greenland Connect, Persona, GTT Atlantic, and Express, KetchCan 1 Submarine Fiber Cable system, St Pierre and Miquelon Cable submarine cables providing links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean, and 2 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private-commercial networks also with multiple network affiliates; overall, about 150 TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable systems provide access to a wide range of stations including US stations; mix of public and commercial radio broadcasters with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the public radio broadcaster, operating 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to indigenous populations in the north; roughly 1,119 licensed radio stations (2016)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ca"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "35.63 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "91% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15,776,602 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "41.8 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "51 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "879"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "89.38 million (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "3,434,070,000 mt-km (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "C"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,467 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "523"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "21"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "19"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "147"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "257"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "79 (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "944"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "75"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "385"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "484 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "26 (2013)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "840,000 km oil and gas&nbsp; (2017)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "77,932 km note: 129 km electrified (2021) (2014)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "77,932 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,042,300 km (2011)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "415,600 km (includes 17,000 km of expressways) (2011)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "626,700 km (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "636 km (Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States) (2011)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "679"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 22, container ship 1, general cargo 66, oil tanker 15, other 575 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Halifax, Saint John (New Brunswick), Vancouver"
      },
      "oil terminal(s)": {
        "text": "Lower Lakes terminal"
      },
      "container port(s) (TEUs)": {
        "text": "Montreal (1,745,244), Vancouver (3,398,860) (2019)"
      },
      "LNG terminal(s) (import)": {
        "text": "Saint John"
      },
      "river and lake port(s)": {
        "text": "Montreal, Quebec City, Sept-Isles (St. Lawrence)"
      },
      "dry bulk cargo port(s)": {
        "text": "Port-Cartier (iron ore and grain),"
      },
      "note": "Fraser River Port (Fraser) Hamilton (Lake Ontario)"
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command, Canadian Special Operations Forces Command; Primary Reserve (army, air, naval reserves); Coast Guard (Department of Fisheries and Oceans) (2021)",
      "note": "note - the Army reserves include the Canadian Rangers, which provides a limited presence in Canada's northern, coastal, and isolated areas for sovereignty, public safety, and surveillance roles"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.39% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.42% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.29% of GDP (2019)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "1.31% of GDP (2018)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "1.44% of GDP (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 70,000 total active personnel (23,000 Army; 12,000 Navy; 12,000 Air Force; 23,000 other) (2021)",
      "note": "note - the Army also has 19,000 part-time, volunteer soldiers in the Reserve Force, including about 5,500 Rangers"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the CAF's inventory is a mix of domestically-produced equipment and imported weapons systems from Australia, Europe, Israel, and the US; since 2010, the leading supplier is the US; Canada's defense industry develops, maintains, and produces a range of equipment, including aircraft, combat vehicles, naval vessels, and associated components (2021)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2021)",
      "note": "note(s) - Canada opened up all military occupations to women in 2001; in 2020, women comprised about 16% of the CAF"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "up to 530 Latvia (NATO); up to 200 Ukraine; up to 850 Middle East (multiple missions, including support to the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS and NATO assistance mission Iraq) (2021)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "<p>Canada is a member of NATO and was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949</p> <p>Canada is part of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD; established 1958); NORAD is a Canada-US bi-national military command responsible for monitoring and defending North American airspace; traditionally, a Canadian Armed Forces officer has served as the deputy commander of NORAD</p> <p>Canada’s defense relationship with the US extends back to the Ogdensburg Declaration of 1940, when the two countries formally agreed on military cooperation, including the establishment of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense (PJBD), which continued to be the highest-level bilateral defense forum between Canada and the US as of 2021</p> <p>British troops withdrew from Canada in 1871 as part of the UK-US Treaty of Washington; following the withdrawal, the first Canadian militia, known as the Royal Canadian Regiment, was organized in 1883 to protect Canadian territory and defend British interests abroad, which it did in the South African War (1899-1902), Canada’s first overseas conflict; militia units formed the backbone of the more than 425,000 Canadian soldiers that went to Europe during World War I in what was called the Canadian Expeditionary Force; the Royal Canadian Navy was created in 1910, while the Canadian Air Force was established in 1920 and became the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1924; the Canadian Army was officially founded in 1942; a unified Canadian Armed Forces was created in 1968</p>"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine, including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; Canada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland; commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nm from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "22,400 (Venezuela) (refugees and migrants) (2020); 9,883 (Nigeria), 7,571 (Turkey), 7,385 (Iran), 6,965 (Pakistan), 6,287 (China), 5,244 (Colombia) (mid-year 2021)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "3,823 (mid-year 2021)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "illicit production of fentanyl primarily for Canada's domestic drug market with at least small quantities smuggled to the US; complex laboratories setup for fentanyl production have been found and Mexican traffickers present in the country; Canada legalized marijuana in 2018"
    }
  }
}