{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Devastating defeats and food shortages in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the ROMANOV Dynasty. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin's rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 led to the dissolution of the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states.</p> <p>Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "60 00 N, 100 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17,098,242 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "16,377,742 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "720,500 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "approximately 1.8 times the size of the US"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "22,407 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Azerbaijan 338 km; Belarus 1,312 km; China (southeast) 4,133 km and China (south) 46 km; Estonia 324 km; Finland 1,309 km; Georgia 894 km; Kazakhstan 7,644 km; North Korea 18 km; Latvia 332 km; Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km; Mongolia 3,452 km; Norway 191 km; Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; Ukraine 1,944 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "37,653 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Gora El'brus (highest point in Europe) 5,642 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Caspian Sea -28 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "600 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber, note, formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "13.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 5.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "49.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "37.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "43,000 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Baikal - 31,500 sq km; Lake Ladoga - 18,130 sq km; Lake Onega - 9,720 sq km; Lake Khanka (shared with China) - 5,010 sq km; Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km; Ozero Vygozero - 1,250 sq km; Ozero Beloye - 1,120 sq km"
      },
      "Salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq km<br>note - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km;  Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnieper river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)<br>Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea) </em>Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)<br>Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)<br>Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: <em>(Caspian Sea basin)</em> Volga (1,410,951 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "<p><strong>note 1:</strong> largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture</p> <p><strong>note 2:</strong> Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire</p> <p><strong>note 3:</strong> Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface water<br><br><strong>note 4:</strong> Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany following World War II (it was formerly part of East Prussia); its capital city of Kaliningrad - formerly Koenigsberg - is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice free in the winter</p>"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "142,320,790 (July 2021 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Russian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Russian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%; note - data represent native language spoken (2010 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country's traditional religions"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "17.24% (male 12,551,611/female 11,881,297)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "9.54% (male 6,920,070/female 6,602,776)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "43.38% (male 30,240,260/female 31,245,104)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "14.31% (male 8,808,330/female 11,467,697)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "15.53% (male 7,033,381/female 14,971,679) (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "51.2"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "27.8"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "23.5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "4.3 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "40.3 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "37.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "43.2 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.2% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "9.45 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "13.36 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "75.1% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "12.641 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.536 million Saint Petersburg, 1.686 million Novosibirsk, 1.521 million Yekaterinburg, 1.286 million Kazan, 1.253 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2022)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.77 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.47 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.86 male(s)/female (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "25.2 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "17 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6.51 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7.38 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "5.58 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "72.16 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "66.61 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "78.05 years (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.6 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "68% (2011)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 15-44"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 93.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 97.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 6.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 2.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current Health Expenditure": {
      "text": "5.7% (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "3.75 physicians/1,000 population (2015)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "7.1 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 95.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 72.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 89.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 4.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 27.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 10.6% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "1.2% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "1 million (2017 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "intermediate (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tickborne encephalitis"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout the Russia; as of 6 October 2021, Russia has reported a total of 7,662,560 cases of COVID-19 or 5,250.69 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 145.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 5 October 2021, 33.4% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "23.1% (2016)"
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.7% of GDP (2018)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "99.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "99.7% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16 years (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic- Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "13.75 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "1,732.03 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "851.52 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "13.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 5.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "49.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "37.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "75.1% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "0.29% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0.53% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "intermediate (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tickborne encephalitis"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout the Russia; as of 6 October 2021, Russia has reported a total of 7,662,560 cases of COVID-19 or 5,250.69 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 145.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 5 October 2021, 33.4% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine"
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "60 million tons (2012 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "2.7 million tons (2012 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "4.5% (2012 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Baikal - 31,500 sq km; Lake Ladoga - 18,130 sq km; Lake Onega - 9,720 sq km; Lake Khanka (shared with China) - 5,010 sq km; Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km; Ozero Vygozero - 1,250 sq km; Ozero Beloye - 1,120 sq km"
      },
      "Salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq km<br>note - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km;  Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnieper river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)<br>Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea) </em>Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)<br>Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)<br>Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: <em>(Caspian Sea basin)</em> Volga (1,410,951 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "17.71 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "28.04 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "18.66 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "4,525,445,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Russian Federation"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Russia"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Rossiyskaya Federatsiya"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Rossiya"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "Russian lands were generally referred to as Muscovy until PETER I officially declared the Russian Empire in 1721; the new name sought to invoke the patrimony of the medieval eastern European Rus state centered on Kyiv in present-day Ukraine; the Rus were a Varangian (eastern Viking) elite that imposed their rule and eventually their name on their Slavic subjects"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "semi-presidential federation"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Moscow"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "55 45 N, 37 36 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "does not observe daylight savings time"
      },
      "time zone note": {
        "text": "Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is obscure but may derive from the appellation \"Mustajoki\" given to the river by the Finno-Ugric people who originally inhabited the area and whose meaning may have been \"dark\" or \"turbid\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "<p>46 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respubliki, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnyye okrugi, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (kraya, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast')</p> <p><strong>oblasts:</strong> Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'</p> <p><strong>republics:</strong> Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)</p> <p><strong>autonomous okrugs:</strong> Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)</p> <p><strong>krays:</strong> Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk [Transbaikal] (Chita)</p> <p><strong>federal cities:</strong> Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]</p> <strong>autonomous oblast:</strong> Yevreyskaya [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)\r\n<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the \"Republic of Crimea\" and the \"Federal City of Sevastopol\""
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Russia Day, 12 June (1990); note - commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet era); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government&rsquo;s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities; amended several times, last in 2020"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "3-5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Premier Mikhail MISHUSTIN (since 16 January 2020); First Deputy Premier Andrey Removich BELOUSOV (since 21 January 2020); Deputy Premiers Yuriy TRUTNEV (since 31 August 2013), Yuriy Ivanovich BORISOV, Tatiana Alekseyevna GOLIKOVA (since 18 May 2018), Dmitriy Yuriyevich GRIGORENKO, Viktoriya Valeriyevna ABRAMCHENKO, Aleksey Logvinovich OVERCHUK, Marat Shakirzyanovich KHUSNULLIN, Dmitriy Nikolayevich CHERNYSHENKO (since 21 January 2020), Aleksandr NOVAK (since 10 November 2020)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "the \"Government\" is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (2020 constitutional amendments allow a second consecutive term); election last held on 18 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2024); note - for the 2024 presidential election, previous presidential terms are discounted; there is no vice president; premier appointed by the president with the approval of the Duma"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2018:</em> Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 5.8%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 0<br><br><em>2012:</em> Vladimir PUTIN elected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (United Russia) 63.6%, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV (CPRF) 17.2%, Mikhail PROKHOROV (CP) 8%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 6.2%, Sergey MIRONOV (A Just Russia) 3.9%, other 1.1%; Dmitriy MEDVEDEV (United Russia) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 299 to 144"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> there is also a Presidential Administration that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of:<br>Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (170 seats; 2 members in each of the 83 federal administrative units (see note below) - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg - appointed by the top executive and legislative officials; members serve 4-year terms)<br>State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats (see note below); as of February 2014, the electoral system reverted to a mixed electoral system for the 2016 election, in which one-half of the members are directly elected by simple majority vote and one-half directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "<br>State Duma - last held 17 - 19 September 2021 (next to be held in September 2026)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br>Federation Council (members appointed); composition (as of October 2021) - men 141, women 29, percent of women 17.1%<br> <p>State Duma - United Russia 50.9%, CPRF 19.3%, LDPR 7.7%, A Just Russia 7.6%, New People 5.3% other minor parties and Independents 9.2%; seats by party - United Russia 324, CPRF 57, LDPR 21, A Just Russia 27, New People 13; Rodina 1, CP 1, Party of Growth 1, independent 5; composition (as of October 2021) - men 377, women 73, percent of women 16.2%; note - total Federation Council percent of women 16.5%</p>"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the State Duma now includes 3 representatives from the \"Republic of Crimea,\" while the Federation Council includes 2 each from the \"Republic of Crimea\" and the \"Federal City of Sevastopol,\" both regions that Russia occupied and attempted to annex from Ukraine and that the US does not recognize as part of Russia"
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (consists of 170 members organized into the Judicial Panel for Civil Affairs, the Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs, and the Military Panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 11 members, including the chairperson and deputy); note - in February 2014, Russia&rsquo;s Higher Court of Arbitration was abolished and its former authorities transferred to the Supreme Court, which in addition is the country&rsquo;s highest judicial authority for appeals, civil, criminal, administrative, and military cases, and the disciplinary judicial board, which has jurisdiction over economic disputes"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts; note - the 21 Russian Republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV]<br>Civic Platform or CP [Rifat SHAYKHUTDINOV]<br>Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy ZYUGANOV]<br>Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY]<br>New People  [Alexey NECHAYEV]<br>Party of Growth [Irina MIRONOVA]<br>Rodina [Aleksei ZHURAVLYOV]<br>United Russia [Dmitriy MEDVEDEV]",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> 31 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of September 2021); 14 participated in the 2021 election, but only 8 parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Anatoliy Ivanovich ANTONOV (since 8 September 2017)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 298-5700"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 298-5735"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>rusembusa@mid.ru<br><br>https://washington.mid.ru/en/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Houston, New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador John J. SULLIVAN (since 5 February 2021)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Bolshoy Deviatinsky Pereulok No. 8, Moscow 121099"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5430 Moscow Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-5430"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[7] (495) 728-5000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[7] (495) 728-5090"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>MoscowACS@state.gov<br><br>https://ru.usembassy.gov/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Vladivostok (suspended status), Yekaterinburg (suspended status)"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired several other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "bear, double-headed eagle; national colors: white, blue, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii\" (National Anthem of the Russian Federation)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 2000, Russia adopted the tune of the anthem of the former Soviet Union (composed in 1939); the lyrics, also adopted in 2000, were written by the same person who authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "30 (19 cultural, 11 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow (c); Historic Saint Petersburg (c); Novodevichy Convent (c); Historic Monuments of Novgorod (c); Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad (c); Volcanoes of Kamchatka (n); Lake Baikal (n); Central Sikhote-Alin (n); Historic Derbent (c); Kazan Kremlin (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy towards a more market-based system. Both economic growth and reform have stalled in recent years, however, and Russia remains a predominantly statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy, transportation, banking, and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector.</p><p></p><p>Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia is heavily dependent on the movement of world commodity prices as reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during the 1998-2008 period as oil prices rose rapidly, has seen diminishing growth rates since then due to the exhaustion of Russia’s commodity-based growth model.</p><p></p><p>A combination of falling oil prices, international sanctions, and structural limitations pushed Russia into a deep recession in 2015, with GDP falling by close to 2.8%. The downturn continued through 2016, with GDP contracting another 0.2%, but was reversed in 2017 as world demand picked up. Government support for import substitution has increased recently in an effort to diversify the economy away from extractive industries.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$3,875,690,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$3,993,550,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$3,913,980,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "1.34% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
        "text": "2.54% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "1.83% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$26,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$27,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$26,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$1,702,361,000,000 (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "4.4% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "2.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "3.7% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "BBB (2019)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Baa3 (2019)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "BBB- (2018)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "4.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "32.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "62.3% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "52.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "18% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "21.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "2.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "26.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-20.6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, sugar beet, milk, potatoes, barley, sunflower seed, maize, poultry, oats, soybeans"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-1% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "69.923 million (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "9.4%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "27.6%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "63% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "4.6% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2018": {
        "text": "4.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "12.6% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
        "text": "37.5 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": {
        "text": "41.9 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.3%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "32.2% (2012 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "258.6 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "281.4 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-1.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "15.5% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "16.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "16.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "$65.311 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2018": {
        "text": "$115.68 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$379.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$481.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$508.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 14%, Netherlands 10%, Belarus 5%, Germany 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, wheat, iron (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$304.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$353.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$343.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 20%, Germany 13%, Belarus 6% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, aircraft, computers (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$432.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$377.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$479.844 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$484.355 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "currency": {
        "text": "Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "73.7569 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "63.66754 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "66.2 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "60.938 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "38.378 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "1.031 trillion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "909.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - exports": {
      "text": "13.13 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - imports": {
      "text": "3.194 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
      "text": "244.9 million kW (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
      "text": "68% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
      "text": "11% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
      "text": "21% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
      "text": "1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - production": {
      "text": "10.759 million bbl/day (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - exports": {
      "text": "4.921 million bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - imports": {
      "text": "76,220 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - proved reserves": {
      "text": "80 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "6.076 million bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
      "text": "3.65 million bbl/day (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "2.671 million bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "41,920 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - production": {
      "text": "665.6 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - consumption": {
      "text": "467.5 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - exports": {
      "text": "210.2 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - imports": {
      "text": "15.77 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - proved reserves": {
      "text": "47.8 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "27,674,128 (2019)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "18.97 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "238,733,217 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "163.6 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "telecom market is largest in Europe, centered in large cities; competition active in Moscow and St Petersburg; most users access Internet through mobile platforms; fiber broadband sector is growing, supported by government in aim to extend reach to outlying regions; tests of 5G with Moscow adopting smart city technology; government justifies censorship and website blocks under a range of laws and regulations; government program aims to provide 97% of households with fixed broadband by 2024; publicly accessible Internet connections in institutions such as hospitals, libraries, schools, and mass transit available in cities; in rural areas, the availability of public Internet connections remains limited; major importer of broadcasting equipment and computers from China (2020)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low-density; nearly 19 per 100 for fixed-line and mobile-cellular a bit over 164 per 100 persons (2020)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 7; landing points for the Far East Submarine Cable System, HSCS, Sakhalin-Kuril Island Cable, RSCN, BCS North-Phase 2, Kerch Strait Cable and the Georgia-Russian submarine cable system connecting Russia, Japan, Finland, Georgia and Ukraine; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain \".su\" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "124 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "84.99% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "33,872,758 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "23.21 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "32 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "958"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "99,327,311 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "6,810,610,000 mt-km (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "RA"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,218 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "594"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "54"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "197"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "123"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "95"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "125 (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "624"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "13"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "69"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "81"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "457 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "49 (2013)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "177700 km gas, 54800 km oil, 19300 km refined products (2016)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "87,157 km (2014)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "957 km 1.067-m gauge (on Sakhalin Island) (2014)"
      },
      "broad gauge": {
        "text": "86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified) (2014)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,283,387 km (2012)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "927,721 km (includes 39,143 km of expressways) (2012)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "355,666 km (2012)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "102,000 km (including 48,000 km with guaranteed depth; the 72,000-km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea) (2009)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,873"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 13, container ship 17, general cargo 946, oil tanker 406, other 1,491 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "<em><br>Arctic Ocean: </em>Arkhangelsk, Murmansk<em><br>Baltic Sea:</em> Kaliningrad, Primorsk, Saint Petersburg<br><em>Black Sea:</em> Novorossiysk<br><em>Pacific Ocean:</em> Nakhodka, Vladivostok, Vostochnyy"
      },
      "oil terminal(s)": {
        "text": "Kavkaz oil terminal, Primorsk"
      },
      "container port(s) (TEUs)": {
        "text": "Saint Petersburg (2,221,724) (2019)"
      },
      "LNG terminal(s) (export)": {
        "text": "Sabetta, Sakhalin Island"
      },
      "river port(s)": {
        "text": "Astrakhan, Kazan (Volga River); Rostov-on-Don (Don River); Saint Petersburg (Neva River)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Troops (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Aerospace Forces (Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily, VKS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV), and Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) referred to commonly as Strategic Rocket Forces, are independent \"combat arms,\" not subordinate to any of the three branches<br><br>Federal National Guard Troops Service of the Russian Federation (National Guard (FSVNG), Russian Guard, or Rosgvardiya): created in 2016 as an independent agency for internal/regime security, combating terrorism and narcotics trafficking, protecting important state facilities and government personnel, and supporting border security; forces under the National Guard include the Special Purpose Mobile Units (OMON), Special Rapid Response Detachment (SOBR), and Interior Troops (VV); these troops were originally under the command of the Interior Ministry (MVD)<br><br>Federal Security Services Border Troops (includes land and maritime forces) (2021)",
      "note": "note - the Air Force and Aerospace Defense Forces were merged into the VKS in 2015; VKS responsibilities also include launching military and dual‐use satellites, maintaining military satellites, and monitoring and defending against space threats"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "3.8% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "3.7% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "4.2% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2016": {
        "text": "5.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "information varies; approximately 850,000 total active duty troops (300,000 Ground Troops; 40,000 Airborne Troops; 150,000 Navy; 160,000 Aerospace Forces; 70,000 Strategic Rocket Forces; approximately 20,000 special operations forces; approximately 100,000 other uniformed personnel (command and control, cyber, support, logistics, security, etc.); estimated 200-250,000 Federal National Guard Troops (2021)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Russian Federation's military and paramilitary services are equipped with domestically-produced weapons systems, although since 2010 Russia has imported limited amounts of military hardware from several countries, including Czechia, France, Israel, Italy, Turkey, and Ukraine; the Russian defense industry is capable of designing, developing, and producing a full range of advanced air, land, missile, and naval systems; Russia is the world's second largest exporter of military hardware (2021)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory (men only) or voluntary (men and women) military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; one-year service obligation (Russia offers the option of serving on a two-year contract instead of completing a one-year conscription period); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50; enrollment in military schools from the age of 16, cadets classified as members of the armed forces (2021)",
      "note": "note(s) - as of 2021, conscripts reportedly comprised about 30% of the Russian military's active duty personnel; in April of 2019, the Russian Government pledged its intent to end conscription as part of a decade-long effort to shift from a large, conscript-based military to a smaller, more professional force; as of 2020, women made up about 5% of the active duty military"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "information varies; est. 3,000-5,000 Armenia; est. 1,500 Belarus; est. 7,000-10,000 Georgia; est. 100 Central African Republic; est. 500 Kyrgyzstan; est. 1,500-2,000 Moldova (Transnistria); est. 3,000-5,000 Syria; est. 5,000-7,000 Tajikistan; est. 30,000 Ukraine (including Crimea) (2021)",
      "note": "note(s) - since November 2020, Russia has deployed about 2,000 peacekeeping troops to the area in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a truce agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; fighting erupted between the two countries over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in September of 2020<br><br>as of late 2021, Russia was assessed to have deployed a considerable number of private military contractors to the Central African Republic (1-2,000), Libya (1-2,000), and Mali (more than 400)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "as of 2022, Russian military forces continued to conduct active combat operations in Syria; Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war at the request of the ASAD government in September 2015; Russian assistance included air support, special operations forces, military advisors, private military contractors, training, arms, and equipment<br><br>Russia is the leading member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and contributes approximately 8,000 troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force (2021)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Aum Shimrikyo (AUM/Aleph); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Caucasus Province",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the \"Northern Territories\" and in Russia as the \"Southern Kurils,\" occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in June 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia; Russia remains involved in the conflict in eastern Ukraine while also occupying Ukraine’s territory of Crimea; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "142,994 (Ukraine) (2022)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "56,960 (mid-year 2021); note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "current situation": {
        "text": "Russia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking, although labor trafficking is the predominant problem; people from Russia and other countries in Europe, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and Asia, including Vietnam and North Korea, are subjected to conditions of forced labor in Russia&rsquo;s construction, manufacturing, agriculture, repair shop, and domestic services industries, as well as forced begging and narcotics cultivation; North Koreans contracted under bilateral government arrangements to work in the timber industry in the Russian Far East reportedly are subjected to forced labor; Russian women and children were reported to be victims of sex trafficking in Russia, Northeast Asia, Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East, while women from European, African, and Central Asian countries were reportedly forced into prostitution in Russia"
      },
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 3 &mdash; Russia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, is not making significant efforts to do, and remains in Tier 3; the government took some steps to address trafficking by convicting some traffickers, facilitating the return of Russian children from Iraq and Syria, and identifying some victims, including foreign nationals; however, there was a government policy of forced labor, the number of victims identified was negligible, and authorities penalized potential victims without screening for signs of trafficking; the government offered no funding or programs for trafficking victims&rsquo; rehabilitation, prosecutions remained low compared with the scope of Russia&rsquo;s trafficking problem, no national anti-trafficking strategy has been drafted, and government agencies have not been assigned roles or responsibilities (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>a destination country for Afghan opium and heroin; a transit country for cocaine from South America, especially Ecuador to Europe, Belgium and Netherlands; synthetic drugs are produced in clandestine drug laboratories throughout the country; cannabis cultivated in Russian Far East and the North Caucasus; the majority of hashish is smuggled in from Northern Africa</p>"
    }
  }
}