Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of a short-lived Italian occupation from 1936-41. In 1974, a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). A constitution was adopted in 1994, and Ethiopia's first multiparty elections were held in 1995.
A border war with Eritrea in the late 1990s ended with a peace treaty in December 2000. In November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Commission (EEBC) issued specific coordinates as virtually demarcating the border and pronounced its work finished. Alleging that the EEBC acted beyond its mandate in issuing the coordinates, Ethiopia did not accept them and maintained troops in previously contested areas pronounced by the EEBC as belonging to Eritrea. This intransigence resulted in years of heightened tension between the two countries. In August 2012, longtime leader Prime Minister MELES Zenawi died in office and was replaced by his Deputy Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn, marking the first peaceful transition of power in decades. Following a wave of popular dissent and anti-government protest that began in 2015, HAILEMARIAM resigned in February 2018 and ABIY Ahmed Ali took office in April 2018 as Ethiopia's first ethnic Oromo prime minister. In June 2018, ABIY announced Ethiopia would accept the border ruling of 2000, prompting rapprochement between Ethiopia and Eritrea that was marked with a peace agreement in July 2018 and a reopening of the border in September 2018. In November 2019, Ethiopia's nearly 30-year ethnic-based ruling coalition - the EPRDF - merged into a single unity party called the Prosperity Party, however, one of the four constituent parties (the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front or TPLF) refused to join.geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts
volcanism: volcanic activity in the Great Rift Valley; Erta Ale (613 m), which has caused frequent lava flows in recent years, is the country's most active volcano; Dabbahu became active in 2005, forcing evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Alayta, Dalaffilla, Dallol, Dama Ali, Fentale, Kone, Manda Hararo, and Manda-Inakir
" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; Ethiopia is, therefore, the most populous landlocked country in the world; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest EthiopiaEthiopia is a predominantly agricultural country – more than 80% of the population lives in rural areas – that is in the early stages of demographic transition. Infant, child, and maternal mortality have fallen sharply over the past decade, but the total fertility rate has declined more slowly and the population continues to grow. The rising age of marriage and the increasing proportion of women remaining single have contributed to fertility reduction. While the use of modern contraceptive methods among married women has increased significantly from 6 percent in 2000 to 27 percent in 2012, the overall rate is still quite low.
Ethiopia’s rapid population growth is putting increasing pressure on land resources, expanding environmental degradation, and raising vulnerability to food shortages. With more than 40 percent of the population below the age of 15 and a fertility rate of over 5 children per woman (and even higher in rural areas), Ethiopia will have to make further progress in meeting its family planning needs if it is to achieve the age structure necessary for reaping a demographic dividend in the coming decades.
Poverty, drought, political repression, and forced government resettlement have driven Ethiopia’s internal and external migration since the 1960s. Before the 1974 revolution, only small numbers of the Ethiopian elite went abroad to study and then returned home, but under the brutal Derg regime thousands fled the country, primarily as refugees. Between 1982 and 1991 there was a new wave of migration to the West for family reunification. Since the defeat of the Derg in 1991, Ethiopians have migrated to escape violence among some of the country’s myriad ethnic groups or to pursue economic opportunities. Internal and international trafficking of women and children for domestic work and prostitution is a growing problem.
" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "39.81% (male 21,657,152/female 21,381,628)" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "19.47% (male 10,506,144/female 10,542,128)" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "32.92% (male 17,720,540/female 17,867,298)" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "4.42% (male 2,350,606/female 2,433,319)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "3.38% (male 1,676,478/female 1,977,857) (2020 est.)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "76.8" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "70.6" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "6.3" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "16 (2020 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "19.8 years" }, "male": { "text": "19.6 years" }, "female": { "text": "20.1 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "2.5% (2021 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "30.49 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "5.7 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "highest density is found in the highlands of the north and middle areas of the country, particularly around the centrally located capital city of Addis Ababa; the far east and southeast are sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "22.7% of total population (2022)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "4.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "5.228 million ADDIS ABABA (capital) (2022)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.03 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.01 male(s)/female" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "1 male(s)/female" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "0.99 male(s)/female" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "0.97 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.85 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "1 male(s)/female (2020 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "19.3 years (2019 est.)", "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 20-49" }, "Maternal mortality ratio": { "text": "401 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "34.62 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "39.56 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "29.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "67.9 years" }, "male": { "text": "65.79 years" }, "female": { "text": "70.06 years (2021 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "4.07 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "37% (2019)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 98.5% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 70.2% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 76.4% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 1.5% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 29.8% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 23.6% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Current Health Expenditure": { "text": "3.2% (2019)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "0.08 physicians/1,000 population (2018)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "0.3 beds/1,000 population (2016)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 52.5% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 8.1% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 17.7% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 47.5% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 91.9% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 82.3% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "0.9% (2020 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": { "text": "620,000 (2020 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "13,000 (2020 est.)" }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" }, "food or waterborne diseases": { "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" }, "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "malaria and dengue fever" }, "water contact diseases": { "text": "schistosomiasis" }, "animal contact diseases": { "text": "rabies" }, "respiratory diseases": { "text": "meningococcal meningitis" } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "4.5% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "21.1% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5.1% of GDP (2018)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write" }, "total population": { "text": "51.8%" }, "male": { "text": "57.2%" }, "female": { "text": "44.4% (2017)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "9 years" }, "male": { "text": "8 years" }, "female": { "text": "8 years (2012)" } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { "text": "3.5%" }, "male": { "text": "2.7%" }, "female": { "text": "4.5% (2013 est.)" } } }, "Environment": { "Environment - current issues": { "text": "deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; loss of biodiversity; water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor management; industrial pollution and pesticides contribute to air, water, and soil pollution" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban" } }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { "text": "34.36 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "14.87 megatons (2016 est.)" }, "methane emissions": { "text": "114.21 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "36.3% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 15.2% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 20% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "12.2% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "51.5% (2018 est.)" } }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "22.7% of total population (2022)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "4.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "5.81% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Revenue from coal": { "coal revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" }, "food or waterborne diseases": { "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" }, "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "malaria and dengue fever" }, "water contact diseases": { "text": "schistosomiasis" }, "animal contact diseases": { "text": "rabies" }, "respiratory diseases": { "text": "meningococcal meningitis" } }, "Food insecurity": { "widespread lack of access": { "text": "due to civil conflict - more than 16 million people were estimated to be severely food insecure in the May−June 2021 period; particular concerns exist for the Tigray Region and neighboring zones of Amhara and Afar regions, where 5.5 million people (about 60 percent of the population) are estimated to face severe food insecurity due to the conflict which started in November 2020 (2021)" } }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "6,532,787 tons (2015 est.)" } }, "Major lakes (area sq km)": { "Fresh water lake(s)": { "text": "Lake Tana - 3,600 sq km; Abaya Hayk - 1,160 sq km; Ch'amo Hayk - 550 sq km" }, "Salt water lake(s)": { "text": "Lake Turkana (shared with Kenya) - 6,400 sq km; Abhe Bid Hayk/Abhe Bad (shared with Djibouti) - 780 sq km; " } }, "Major rivers (by length in km)": { "text": "Blue Nile river source (shared with Sudan [m]) - 1,600 km" }, "embassy": { "text": "Entoto Street, P.O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa" }, "mailing address": { "text": "2030 Addis Ababa Place, Washington DC 20521-2030" }, "telephone": { "text": "[251] 111-30-60-00" }, "FAX": { "text": "[251] 111-24-24-01" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
Ethiopia - the second most populous country in Africa - is a one-party state with a planned economy. For more than a decade before 2016, GDP grew at a rate between 8% and 11% annually – one of the fastest growing states among the 188 IMF member countries. This growth was driven by government investment in infrastructure, as well as sustained progress in the agricultural and service sectors. More than 70% of Ethiopia’s population is still employed in the agricultural sector, but services have surpassed agriculture as the principal source of GDP.
Ethiopia has the lowest level of income-inequality in Africa and one of the lowest in the world, with a Gini coefficient comparable to that of the Scandinavian countries. Yet despite progress toward eliminating extreme poverty, Ethiopia remains one of the poorest countries in the world, due both to rapid population growth and a low starting base. Changes in rainfall associated with world-wide weather patterns resulted in the worst drought in 30 years in 2015-16, creating food insecurity for millions of Ethiopians.
The state is heavily engaged in the economy. Ongoing infrastructure projects include power production and distribution, roads, rails, airports and industrial parks. Key sectors are state-owned, including telecommunications, banking and insurance, and power distribution. Under Ethiopia's constitution, the state owns all land and provides long-term leases to tenants. Title rights in urban areas, particularly Addis Ababa, are poorly regulated, and subject to corruption.
Ethiopia’s foreign exchange earnings are led by the services sector - primarily the state-run Ethiopian Airlines - followed by exports of several commodities. While coffee remains the largest foreign exchange earner, Ethiopia is diversifying exports, and commodities such as gold, sesame, khat, livestock and horticulture products are becoming increasingly important. Manufacturing represented less than 8% of total exports in 2016, but manufacturing exports should increase in future years due to a growing international presence.
The banking, insurance, telecommunications, and micro-credit industries are restricted to domestic investors, but Ethiopia has attracted roughly $8.5 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI), mostly from China, Turkey, India and the EU; US FDI is $567 million. Investment has been primarily in infrastructure, construction, agriculture/horticulture, agricultural processing, textiles, leather and leather products.
To support industrialization in sectors where Ethiopia has a comparative advantage, such as textiles and garments, leather goods, and processed agricultural products, Ethiopia plans to increase installed power generation capacity by 8,320 MW, up from a capacity of 2,000 MW, by building three more major dams and expanding to other sources of renewable energy. In 2017, the government devalued the birr by 15% to increase exports and alleviate a chronic foreign currency shortage in the country.
" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { "text": "$264.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$248.97 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { "text": "$229.76 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2017": { "text": "10.9% (2017 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2016": { "text": "8% (2016 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2015": { "text": "10.4% (2015 est.)" } }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2020": { "text": "$2,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$2,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { "text": "$2,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$92.154 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "15.7% (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": { "text": "13.9% (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "10.8% (2017 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { "text": "B (2014)" }, "Moody's rating": { "text": "B2 (2020)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "B (2014)" } }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "34.8% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "21.6% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "43.6% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "69.6% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "10% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "43.5% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "-0.1% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "8.1% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-31.2% (2017 est.)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "maize, cereals, wheat, sorghum, milk, barley, sweet potatoes, roots/tubers nes, sugar cane, millet" }, "Industries": { "text": "food processing, beverages, textiles, leather, garments, chemicals, metals processing, cement" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "10.5% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "52.82 million (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "72.7%" }, "industry": { "text": "7.4%" }, "services": { "text": "19.9% (2013 est.)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2012": { "text": "17.5% (2012 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2011": { "text": "18% (2011 est.)" } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { "text": "3.5%" }, "male": { "text": "2.7%" }, "female": { "text": "4.5% (2013 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "23.5% (2015 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { "text": "35 (2015 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2000": { "text": "30 (2000)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "4.1%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "25.6% (2005)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "11.24 billion (2017 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "13.79 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "-3.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "54.2% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt 2016": { "text": "53.2% of GDP (2016 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "13.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "8 July - 7 July" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2017": { "text": "-$6.551 billion (2017 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2016": { "text": "-$6.574 billion (2016 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2018": { "text": "$7.62 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$2.814 billion (2016 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "China 17%, United States 16%, United Arab Emirates 8%, Saudi Arabia 6%, South Korea 5%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "coffee, sesame seeds, gold, cut flowers, zinc (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { "text": "$19.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$14.69 billion (2016 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "China 27%, India 9%, United Arab Emirates 9%, France 9%, United Kingdom 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "aircraft, gas turbines, packaged medicines, electric filament, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$3.013 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$3.022 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2019": { "text": "$27.27 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Debt - external 2018": { "text": "$26.269 billion (2018 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "birr (ETB) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2017": { "text": "25 (2017 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2016": { "text": "21.732 (2016 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2015": { "text": "21.732 (2015 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2014": { "text": "21.55 (2014 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "19.8 (2013 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "47% (2019)" }, "electrification - urban areas": { "text": "96% (2019)" }, "electrification - rural areas": { "text": "34% (2019)" } }, "Electricity - production": { "text": "11.15 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "9.062 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - exports": { "text": "166 million kWh (2015 est.)" }, "Electricity - imports": { "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - installed generating capacity": { "text": "2.784 million kW (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { "text": "3% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": { "text": "86% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from other renewable sources": { "text": "11% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - production": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "Crude oil - exports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - imports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Crude oil - proved reserves": { "text": "428,000 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - consumption": { "text": "74,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "69,970 bbl/day (2015 est.)" }, "Natural gas - production": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - exports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - imports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "24.92 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "1.14 million (2018)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "1.04 (2018 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "39.54 million (2018)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "37.22 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "telecom market challenged by political factionalism and reorganization of ruling party; despite some gains in access, Ethiopia remains one of the least-connected countries in the world; state-owned telecom held a monopoly over services until 2019 when government approved legislation and opened the market to competition and foreign investment; new expansion of LTE services; government reduced tariffs leading to increases in data and voice traffic; government launched mobile app as part of e-government initiative to build smart city; Huawei provides infrastructure to government operator and built data center in Addis Ababa; government disrupted service during political crises; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2020)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line subscriptions at about 1 per 100 while mobile-cellular stands at a little over 37 per 100; the number of mobile telephones is increasing steadily (2019)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 251; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; 2 domestic satellites provide the national trunk service; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean) (2016)" }, "note": "note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "6 public TV stations broadcasting nationally and 10 public radio broadcasters; 7 private radio stations and 19 community radio stations (2017)" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".et" }, "Internet users": { "total": { "text": "23.96 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { "text": "18.62% (2019 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "62,950 (2017 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "less than 1 (2019 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "1 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "75" }, "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "11,501,244 (2018)" }, "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "2,089,280,000 mt-km (2018)" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "ET" }, "Airports": { "total": { "text": "57 (2013)" } }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "total": { "text": "17" }, "over 3,047 m": { "text": "3" }, "2,438 to 3,047 m": { "text": "8" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "4" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "2 (2017)" } }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "total": { "text": "40" }, "2,438 to 3,047 m": { "text": "3" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "9" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "20" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "8 (2013)" } }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "659 km (Ethiopian segment of the 756 km Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad) (2017)" }, "standard gauge": { "text": "659 km 1.435-m gauge (2017)" }, "note": "note: electric railway with redundant power supplies; under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia and managed by a Chinese contractor" }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "120,171 km (2018)" } }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "11" }, "by type": { "text": "general cargo 9, oil tanker 2 (2020)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { "text": "Ethiopia is landlocked and uses the ports of Djibouti in Djibouti and Berbera in Somalia" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF): Ground Forces, Ethiopian Air Force (Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl, ETAF) (2021)", "note": "note(s) - in January 2020 the Ethiopian Government announced it had re-established a navy, which was disbanded in 1996; in March 2019 Ethiopia signed a defense cooperation agreement with France which stipulated that France would support the establishment of an Ethiopian navy, which will reportedly be based out of Djiboutithe military forces of the Tigray regional government are known as the Tigray Defense Force (TDF); the TDF is comprised of state paramilitary forces, local militia, and troops that defected from the ENDF; it reportedly had up to 250,000 fighters at the start of the conflict; in August 2021, the TPLF struck an alliance with the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA)
as of 2021, the Ethiopian military consisted of approximately 22 Army divisions (approximately 14 light infantry, 6 mechanized, and 1 commando/special operations), while the Air Force had 2 fighter/ground attack and 2 mixed attack/transport helicopter squadrons
" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { "text": "al-Shabaab; IRGC/Qods Force", "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; the undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed Islamist courts from Mogadishu in January 2007; \"Somaliland\" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; civil unrest in eastern Sudan has hampered efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia; Ethiopia's construction of a large dam (the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) on the Blue Nile since 2011 has become a focal point of relations with Egypt and Sudan; as of 2020, four years of three-way talks between the three capitals over operating the dam and filling its reservoir had made little progress; Ethiopia began filling the dam in July 2020
" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "390,612 (South Sudan), 228,797 (Somalia), 158,662 (Eritrea), 46,789 (Sudan) (2022)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "1,990,168 (includes conflict- and climate-induced IDPs, excluding unverified estimates from the Amhara region; border war with Eritrea from 1998-2000; ethnic clashes; and ongoing fighting between the Ethiopian military and separatist rebel groups in the Somali and Oromia regions; natural disasters; intercommunal violence; most IDPs live in Sumale state) (2021)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and destined for Europe, as well as cocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat (khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djibouti and Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money laundering center" } } }