{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Colombia was one of three countries that emerged after the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830 -- the others are Ecuador and Venezuela. A decades-long conflict among government forces, paramilitaries, and antigovernment insurgent groups heavily funded by the drug trade -- principally the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) -- escalated during the 1990s. In the wake of the paramilitary demobilization in the 2000s, new criminal groups arose that included some former paramilitaries. After four years of formal peace negotiations, the Colombian Government signed a final accord with the FARC in 2016 that called for its members to demobilize, disarm, and reincorporate into society and politics. The accord also committed the Colombian Government to create three new institutions to form a 'comprehensive system for truth, justice, reparation, and non-repetition,' including a truth commission, a special unit to coordinate the search for those who disappeared during the conflict, and a 'Special Jurisdiction for Peace' to administer justice for conflict-related crimes. Despite decades of internal conflict and drug-trade-related security challenges, Colombia maintains relatively strong and independent democratic institutions characterized by peaceful, transparent elections and the protection of civil liberties.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Ecuador and Panama"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "4 00 N, 72 00 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "South America"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "1,138,910 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "1,038,700 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "100,210 sq km"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, and Serrana Bank"
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly less than twice the size of Texas"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6,672 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Brazil 1,790 km; Ecuador 708 km; Panama 339 km; Peru 1,494 km; Venezuela 2,341 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains, eastern lowland plains (Llanos)"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Pico Cristobal Colon 5,730 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "593 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "37.6% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 2.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 33.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "52.9% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "9.4% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "6,506 sq km (2013)"
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Rio Negro river source (shared with Venezuela and Brazil [m]) - 2,250 km; Orinoco (shared with Venezuela [s]) - 2,101 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Amazon Basin"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the majority of people live in the north and west where agricultural opportunities and natural resources are found; the vast grasslands of the llanos to the south and east, which make up approximately 60% of the country, are sparsely populated"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Galeras (4,276 m) is one of Colombia's most active volcanoes, having erupted in 2009 and 2010 causing major evacuations; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Nevado del Ruiz (5,321 m), 129 km (80 mi) west of Bogota, erupted in 1985 producing lahars (mudflows) that killed 23,000 people; the volcano last erupted in 1991; additionally, after 500 years of dormancy, Nevado del Huila reawakened in 2007 and has experienced frequent eruptions since then; other historically active volcanoes include Cumbal, Dona Juana, Nevado del Tolima, and Purace</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "only South American country with coastlines on both the North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "49,588,357 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "24,206,371"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "25,381,986"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Colombian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Colombian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Mestizo and White 87.6%, Afro-Colombian (includes Mulatto, Raizal, and Palenquero) 6.8%, Indigenous 4.3%, unspecified 1.4% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Spanish (official) 98.9%, indigenous 1%, Portuguese 0.1%; 65 indigenous languages exist (2023 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 63.6%, Protestant 17.2% (Evangelical 16.7%, Adventist 0.3%, other Protestant 0.2%), Jehovah's Witness 0.6%, Church of Jesus Christ 0.1%, other 0.3%, believer, 0.2%. agnostic 1%, atheist 1%, none 14.2%, unspecified 1.8% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "22.3% (male 5,643,995/female 5,394,147)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "66.5% (male 16,127,377/female 16,859,161)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "11.2% (2024 est.) (male 2,434,999/female 3,128,678)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "43.5"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "31"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "12.5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "8 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "32.7 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "31.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "34 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.48% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "14.9 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "8 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-2.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the majority of people live in the north and west where agricultural opportunities and natural resources are found; the vast grasslands of the llanos to the south and east, which make up approximately 60% of the country, are sparsely populated"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "82.4% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "11.508 million BOGOTA (capital), 4.102 million Medellin, 2.864 million Cali, 2.349 million Barranquilla, 1.381 million Bucaramanga, 1.088 million Cartagena (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.78 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "21.7 years (2015 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "75 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "13.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "10.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "74.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "71.3 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "78.7 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.94 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.95 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "81% (2015/16)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 87.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 97.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 12.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 2.3% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "9% of GDP (2021)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "2.54 physicians/1,000 population (2023)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "1.7 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 87.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 97% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 12.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 3% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "22.3% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "3.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.92 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4.6% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "3.7% (2015/16)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "55.3% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.9% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "95.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "95.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "95.9% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15 years (2020)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation resulting from timber exploitation in the jungles of the Amazon and the region of Chocó; illicit drug crops grown by peasants in the national parks; soil erosion; soil and water quality damage from overuse of pesticides; air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle emissions"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Law of the Sea"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "37.6% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 2.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 33.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "52.9% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "9.4% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "82.4% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.75% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "14.04 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "97.81 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "81.52 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "12,150,120 tons (2011 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "2,089,821 tons (2013 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "17.2% (2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Rio Negro river source (shared with Venezuela and Brazil [m]) - 2,250 km; Orinoco (shared with Venezuela [s]) - 2,101 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Amazon Basin"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "3.72 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "360 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "25.04 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "2.36 trillion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Colombia"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Colombia"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Rep&uacute;blica de Colombia"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Colombia"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after explorer Christopher COLUMBUS"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Bogot&aacute;"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "4 36 N, 74 05 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "originally referred to as \"Bacata,\" meaning \"enclosure outside of the farm fields,\" by the indigenous Muisca"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "32 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital district* (distrito capital); Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico, Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Quindio, Risaralda, Archipielago de San Andres, Providencia y Santa Catalina (colloquially San Andres y Providencia), Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes, Vichada"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "20 July 1810 (from Spain)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 20 July (1810)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system influenced by the Spanish and French civil codes"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest promulgated 4 July 1991"
      },
      "amendment process": {
        "text": "proposed by the government, by Congress, by a constituent assembly, or by public petition; passage requires a majority vote by Congress in each of two consecutive sessions; passage of amendments to constitutional articles on citizen rights, guarantees, and duties also require approval in a referendum by over one half of voters and participation of over one fourth of citizens registered to vote"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "least one parent must be a citizen or permanent resident of Colombia"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (since 7 August 2022)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (since 7 August 2022)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 29 May 2022 with a runoff held on 19 June 2022 (next to be held on 31 May 2026); note - political reform in 2015 eliminated presidential reelection"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2022:</em> Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (PHxC) 40.3%, Rodolfo HERNÁNDEZ Suárez (LIGA) 28.2%, Federico GUTIÉRREZ Zuluaga (Team for Colombia / CREEMOS) 23.9%, other 7.6%; percent of vote in second round - Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego 50.4%, Rodolfo HERNÁNDEZ Suarez 47.3%, blank 2.3%<br><em><br>2018:</em> Iván DUQUE Márquez elected president in second round; percent of vote - Iván DUQUE Márquez (CD) 54%, Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (Humane Colombia) 41.8%, other/blank/invalid 4.2%"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the president is both chief of state and head of government"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Congress (Congreso)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "bicameral"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - lower chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "House of Representatives (Cámara de Representantes)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "187 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "3/13/2022"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Liberal Party (PL) (32); Historic Pact (27); Conservative Party (CP) (25); Democratic Centre (CD) (16); Radical Change (CR) (16); Union Party for the People “Partido de la U” (15); Green Alliance - Hope Centre coalition (11); Seats reserved for victims of the armed conflict (Citrep) (16); Other (28)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "29.4%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "March 2026"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch - upper chamber": {
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "Senate (Senado de la República)"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "108 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "3/13/2022"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Historic Pact (20); Conservative Party (CP) (15); Liberal Party (PL) (14); Green Alliance - Hope Centre coalition (13); Democratic Centre (CD) (13); Radical Change (CR) (11); Union Party for the People “Partido de la U” (10); Other (4)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "31.4%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "March 2026"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of the Civil-Agrarian and Labor Chambers each with 7 judges, and the Penal Chamber with 9 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 magistrates); Council of State (consists of 27 judges); Superior Judiciary Council (consists of 13 magistrates)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the Supreme Court members from candidates submitted by the Superior Judiciary Council; judges elected for individual 8-year terms; Constitutional Court magistrates - nominated by the president, by the Supreme Court, and elected by the Senate; judges elected for individual 8-year terms; Council of State members appointed by the State Council plenary from lists nominated by the Superior Judiciary Council"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Superior Tribunals (appellate courts for each of the judicial districts); regional courts; civil municipal courts; Superior Military Tribunal; first instance administrative courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Alternative Democratic Pole or PDA<br>Citizens Option (Opcion Ciudadana) or OC (formerly known as the National Integration Party or PIN)<br>The Commons (formerly People's Alternative Revolutionary Force or FARC)<br>Conservative Party or PC<br>Democratic Center Party or CD<br>Fair and Free Colombia (Colombia Justa Libres)<br>Green Alliance <br>Historic Pact for Colombia or PHxC (coalition composed of several left-leaning political parties and social movements)<br>Humane Colombia<br>Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation or MIRA<br>League of Anti-Corruption Rulers or LIGA<br>Liberal Party or PL<br>People's Alternative Revolutionary Force or FARC<br>Radical Change or CR<br>Team for Colombia - also known as the Experience Coalition or Coalition of the Regions (coalition composed of center-right and right-wing parties)<br>Union Party for the People or U Party<br>We Believe Colombia or CREEMOS",
      "note": "<strong>note:  </strong>Colombia has numerous smaller political parties and movements"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACS, BCIE, BIS, CABEI, CAN, Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CELAC, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-3, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Daniel GARC&Iacute;A-PE&Ntilde;A JARAMILLO (since 18 September 2024)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1724 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 387-8338"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 232-8643"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>eestadosunidos@cancilleria.gov.co<br><br>https://www.colombiaemb.org/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Newark (NJ), Orlando, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires John McNAMARA (since 1 February 2025)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Carrera 45, No. 24B-27, Bogota"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "3030 Bogota Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-3030"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[57] (601) 275-2000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[57] (601) 275-4600"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ACSBogota@state.gov<br><br>https://co.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the short-lived South American republic that broke up in 1830; various interpretations of the colors exist and include: yellow for the gold in Colombia's land, blue for the seas on its shores, and red for the blood spilled in attaining freedom; alternatively, the colors have been described as representing more elemental concepts such as sovereignty and justice (yellow), loyalty and vigilance (blue), and valor and generosity (red); or simply the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "Andean condor; national colors: yellow, blue, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Himno Nacional de la Republica de Colombia\" (National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Rafael NUNEZ/Oreste SINDICI"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1920; the anthem was created from an inspirational poem written by President Rafael NUNEZ"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "9 (6 cultural, 2 natural, 1 mixed)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Chiribiquete National Park (m); Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia (c); Historic Center of Santa Cruz de Mompox (c); Los Katíos National Park (n); Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary (n); Tierradentro National Archeological Park (c); San Agustín Archaeological Park (c); Colonial Cartagena (c); Qhapaq Ñan/Andean Road System (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "prior to COVID-19, one of the most consistent growth economies; declining poverty; large stimulus package has mitigated economic fallout, but delayed key infrastructure investments; successful inflation management; sound flexible exchange rate regime; domestic economy suffers from lack of trade integration and infrastructure"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$978.007 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$972.073 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$906.034 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "0.61% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "7.29% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "10.8% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$18,700 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$18,800 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$17,700 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$363.494 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "11.74% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "10.18% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "3.5% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "BBB- (2020)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Baa2 (2014)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "BBB- (2017)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "8.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "24.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "56.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "76.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "14.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "17.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "-3.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "17.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-22.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "sugarcane, oil palm fruit, milk, rice, plantains, potatoes, bananas, maize, chicken, avocados (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, cement; gold, coal, emeralds"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-1.95% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "26.294 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "9.57% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "10.55% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "13.9% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "19.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "23.7% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "36.6% (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022": {
        "text": "54.8 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "20.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "3.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "1% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "43.5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "2.78% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "2.74% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "2.7% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$98.462 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$113.035 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2022": {
        "text": "70.14% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "15.28% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$9.13 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$21.185 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$17.949 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$68.273 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$73.205 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$50.913 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "USA 27%, Panama 9%, India 5%, China 5%, Netherlands 4% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, coal, gold, coffee, refined petroleum (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$76.23 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$89.606 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$70.914 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "USA 26%, China 22%, Brazil 6%, Mexico 5%, Germany 4% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, aircraft, packaged medicine (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$59.041 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$56.704 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$58.019 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$110.471 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Colombian pesos (COP) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "4,325.955 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "4,256.194 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "3,744.244 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "3,693.276 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "3,281.622 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "21.053 million kW (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "82.309 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "1.293 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "407.788 million kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "7.232 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "34% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "1.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "62.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "2.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "52.376 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "9.72 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "46.425 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1,000 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "4.554 billion metric tons (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "800,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "374,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "2.036 billion barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "10.927 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "11.885 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "958.724 million cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "87.782 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "85.878 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "15.463 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "49.727 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "20.688 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2023": {
        "text": "29.305 million Btu/person (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "7.277 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "14 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "87.4 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "156 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "the telecom sector had a solid year thanks to positive performances in the fixed-line broadband, mobile broadband, and mobile voice and data markets; the fixed-line penetration remained stable by the end of 2020, though began to increase into 2021 as a result of the particular demands on households resulting from government measures associated with addressing the pandemic; the mobile market reached a penetration rate of 136% (an increase of over three percentage points on 2019) and managed to keep the same upward growth trajectory that it has sustained over the last ten years; the fixed-line broadband market also expanded, with the number of subscribers increasing 11.4%, and with revenue increasing 9.9% thanks to increased data usage as many customers were forced to work or study from home during the year; the mobile broadband market was the standout performer in 2020, with a 13% increase in the number of subscribers year-on-year, the penetration rate is relatively low compared to other Latin American countries; most significant of all was the surge in mobile broadband traffic a 51% increase over the previous year (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line connections stand at about 15 per 100 persons; mobile cellular telephone subscribership is 150 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 57; landing points for the SAC, Maya-1, SAIT, ACROS, AMX-1, CFX-1, PCCS, Deep Blue Cable, Globe Net, PAN-AM, SAm-1&nbsp;submarine cable systems providing links to the US, parts of the Caribbean, and Central and South America; satellite earth stations - 10 (6 Intelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 3 fully digitalized international switching centers) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "combination of state-owned and privately owned broadcast media provide service; more than 500 radio stations and many national, regional, and local TV stations (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".co"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "73% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8.91 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "17 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "12 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "157"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "33,704,037 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,349,450,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "HJ, HK"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "661 (2025)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "57 (2025)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "4,991 km gas, 6,796 km oil, 3,429 km refined products (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,141 km (2019)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "150 km (2019) 1.435-m gauge"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "1,991 km (2019) 0.914-m gauge"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "206,102 km (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "24,725 km (2019) (18,225 km navigable; the most important waterway, the River Magdalena, of which 1,092 km is navigable, is dredged regularly to ensure safe passage of cargo vessels and container barges)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "153 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 28, oil tanker 13, other 112"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "14 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "8"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "size unknown": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "10"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, El Bosque, Mamonal, Pozos Colorados, Puerto Bolivar, Puerto Prodeco, Santa Marta"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Military Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Militares de Colombia<em lang=\"es\">)</em>: National Army (Ejercito Nacional), Colombian Aerospace Force (Fuerza Aeroespacial Colombiana, FAC), Colombian Navy (Armada de Colombia; includes Coast Guard); National Police of Colombia (Policia Nacional de Colombia, PNC) (2025)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the PNC is a civilian force under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "2.9% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "3% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "3% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "3% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "3.1% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "information varies; approximately 260,000 active troops (200,000 Army; 45,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines; 15,000 Air Force); approximately 175,000 National Police (2023)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory includes a wide mix of equipment from a variety of suppliers, including Canada, Germany, Israel, South Korea, and especially the US; Colombia's defense industry is active in producing air, land, and naval platforms (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-24 years of age for compulsory (men) and voluntary (men and women) military (and police) service; conscript service obligation is 18 months or 12 months for those with a college degree; conscripted soldiers reportedly include regular soldiers (conscripts without a high school degree), drafted high school graduates (bachilleres), and rural (campesino) soldiers who serve in their home regions (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Colombian military first incorporated women in 1976 in administrative positions; women were incorporated as non-commissioned officers in 1983 and officers in 2009; as of 2023, about 6,000 women served in the uniformed military while more than 30,000 served in the National Police"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "275 Egypt (MFO) (2024)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Colombian military is responsible for defending and maintaining the country’s independence, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity but also has a considerable internal security role, which includes protecting the civilian population, as well as private and state-owned assets, and ensuring a secure environment; the military’s primary focus is the conduct of operations against domestic illegal armed groups, including drug traffickers, several factions of the former Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) terrorist group, and the insurgent/terrorist group National Liberation Army (ELN); these operations are challenged by difficult topography and long and porous land borders<br><br>the Colombian Government signed a peace agreement with the FARC in 2016, but some former members (known as dissidents) have returned to fighting (note - these dissident groups include the US-designated foreign terrorist groups Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People's Army or FARC-EP and Segunda Marquetalia); since 2017, the Colombian Government has had periodic cease-fire and peace discussions with ELN and the FARC dissidents, including a 6-month cease-fire with the ELN in 2023-2024<br><br>the military is also focused on the security challenges posed by its neighbor, Venezuela, where instability has attracted narcotics traffickers, and both the ELN and FARC dissidents operate openly; Colombia shares a 1,370-mile (2,200 km) border with Venezuela; ELN and FARC insurgents have also used neighboring Ecuador to rest, resupply, and shelter<br><br>Colombia has close security ties with the US, including joint training, military assistance, and designation in 2022 as a Major Non-NATO Ally, which provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense, trade, and security cooperation; it also has close ties with some regional neighbors, such as Argentina, Chile, and Peru; Colombian military and security forces have training programs with their counterparts from a variety of countries, mostly those from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Space": {
    "Space agency/agencies": {
      "text": "Colombian Space Commission (Comision Colombiana Del Espacio, CCE; established 2006); Air and Space Operations Command (Colombian military); note &ndash; the Colombian Space Agency (Agencia Espacial Del Colombia, AEC) is a private, non-profit agency established in 2017 (2024)"
    },
    "Space program overview": {
      "text": "has a small program focused on acquiring satellites, particularly remote sensing (RS) satellites; operates satellites and produces nanosatellites; researches other space technologies, including telecommunications, satellite navigation, and astronautics; has relations with a variety of foreign space agencies or commercial space industries, including those of Denmark, India, Russia, Sweden, the US, and some members of the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency (ALCE) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "National Liberation Army (ELN); Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People's Army (FARC-EP); Segunda Marquetalia (SM)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "2,875,743 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or received alternative legal stay) (2023)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "6,863,334 (conflict between government and illegal armed groups and drug traffickers since 1985) (2023)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "11 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>Colombia is the world’s top cocaine producer and exporter; is a source of heroin and marijuana; coca cultivation estimated at 234,000 hectares (ha) in 2021; pure cocaine production decreased to 972 metric tons in 2021; a major source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics</p> <p> </p>"
    }
  }
}