{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>A military power during the 17th century, Sweden maintained a policy of military non-alignment until it applied to join NATO in 2022. Sweden has not participated in any war for two centuries. Stockholm preserved an armed neutrality in both World Wars. Since then, Sweden has pursued a successful economic formula consisting of a capitalist system intermixed with substantial welfare elements. Sweden joined the EU in 1995, but the public rejected the introduction of the euro in a 2003 referendum. The share of Sweden’s population born abroad increased from 11.3% in 2000 to 20% in 2022.</p> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "62 00 N, 15 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "450,295 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "410,335 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "39,960 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "almost three times the size of Georgia; slightly larger than California"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,211 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Finland 545 km; Norway 1,666 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "3,218 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm (adjustments made to return a portion of straits to high seas)"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "agreed boundaries or midlines"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Kebnekaise South 2,100 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "reclaimed bay of Lake Hammarsjon, near Kristianstad -2.4 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "320 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, arsenic, feldspar, timber, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "7.4% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 6.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 1.1% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "68.7% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "23.9% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "510 sq km (2016)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Vanern - 5,580 sq km; Vattern - 1,910 sq km; Malaren - 1,140 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most Swedes live in the south where the climate is milder and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the Baltic coast in the east; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas; Sweden has almost 100,000 lakes, the largest of which, Vanern, is the third largest in Europe"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10,589,835 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "5,332,701"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "5,257,134"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Swede(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Swedish"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "<p>Swedish 79.6%, Syrian 1.9%, Iraqi 1.4%, Finnish 1.3%, other 15.8%</p> (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent the population by country of birth; the indigenous Sami people are estimated to number between 20,000 and 40,000"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Swedish (official)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>The World Factbook, den obestridliga källan för grundläggande information. (Swedish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Finnish, Sami, Romani, Yiddish, and Meankieli are official minority languages"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Church of Sweden (Lutheran) 53.9%, other (includes Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish, and Buddhist) 8.9%, none or unspecified 37.2% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> estimates reflect registered members of faith communities eligible for state funding (not all religions are state-funded and not all people who identify with a particular religion are registered members) and the Church of Sweden"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "17.1% (male 934,668/female 880,310)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "62.1% (male 3,365,754/female 3,208,248)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "20.8% (2024 est.) (male 1,032,279/female 1,168,576)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "60.8"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "28.5"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "32.3"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.1 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "41.1 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "40.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "42.1 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.51% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "10.7 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most Swedes live in the south where the climate is milder and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the Baltic coast in the east; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "88.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.700 million STOCKHOLM (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.88 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "29.7 years (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "5 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "2.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "2 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "82.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "81.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "84.7 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.67 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.8 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "70.3% (2017)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 16-49"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 99.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.2% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "10.7% of GDP (2022)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "4.41 physicians/1,000 population (2021)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "2.1 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "20.6% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "2.6 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "3.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "24% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "29.8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "53.4% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "7.2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21 years (2020)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "<p>marine pollution (Baltic Sea and North Sea); acid rain damage to soils and lakes; air pollution; inappropriate timber harvesting practices</p>"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "7.4% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 6.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 1.1% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "68.7% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "23.9% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "88.7% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "5.96 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "43.25 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "4.42 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "4.377 million tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "1,416,835 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "32.4% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Vanern - 5,580 sq km; Vattern - 1,910 sq km; Malaren - 1,140 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "700 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "1.27 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "100 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "174 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Geoparks": {
      "total global geoparks and regional networks": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "global geoparks and regional networks": {
        "text": "Plat&aring;bergens (2023)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Kingdom of Sweden"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Sweden"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Konungariket Sverige"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Sverige"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name ultimately derives from the North Germanic Svear tribe, which inhabited central Sweden and is first mentioned in the first centuries A.D."
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary constitutional monarchy"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Stockholm"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "59 20 N, 18 03 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "<em>stock</em> and <em>holm</em> literally mean \"log\" and \"islet\" in Swedish, but there is no consensus as to what the words refer to"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "21 counties (lan, singular and plural); Blekinge, Dalarna, Gavleborg, Gotland, Halland, Jamtland, Jonkoping, Kalmar, Kronoberg, Norrbotten, Orebro, Ostergotland, Skane, Sodermanland, Stockholm, Uppsala, Varmland, Vasterbotten, Vasternorrland, Vastmanland, Vastra Gotaland"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king of Sweden, marking the abolishment of the Kalmar Union between Denmark, Norway, and Sweden)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "National Day, 6 June (1983); note - from 1916 to 1982 this date was celebrated as Swedish Flag Day"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and customary law"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "Sweden has four fundamental laws which together make up the Constitution: The Instrument of Government (several previous; latest 1974); The Act of Succession (enacted 1810; changed in 1937 and 1980); The Freedom of the Press Act (many previous; latest in 1949); The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (adopted 1991)"
      },
      "amendment process": {
        "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires simple majority vote in two consecutive parliamentary terms with an intervening general election; passage also requires approval by simple majority vote in a referendum if Parliament approves a motion for a referendum by one third of its members; the results of such a referendum are only binding if a majority vote against the proposal"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "the father must be a citizen of Sweden; in the case of a child born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen of Sweden and the father unknown"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no, unless the other citizenship was acquired involuntarily"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 15 September 1973)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Ulf KRISTERSSON (since 18 October 2022)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Parliament (Riksdagen)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "349 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "9/11/2022"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Social Democratic Party (SAP) (107); Sweden Democrats (SD) (73); Moderate Party (M) (68); Left Party (VP) (24); Centre Party (CP) (24); Christian Democrats (KD) (19); Green Party (Mpg) (18); Other (16)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "45%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "September 2026"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Sweden (consists of 16 justices, including the court chairman); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 18 justices, including the court president)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court justices nominated by the Judges Proposal Board, a 9-member nominating body consisting of high-level judges, prosecutors, and members of Parliament; justices appointed by the government; after a probationary period, justices' appointments are permanent"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "first instance, appellate, general, and administrative courts; specialized courts that handle cases such as land and environment, immigration, labor, markets, and patents"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Center Party (Centerpartiet) or C <br>Christian Democrats (Kristdemokraterna) or KD <br>Green Party (Miljopartiet de Grona) or MP <br>Left Party (Vansterpartiet) or V <br>Moderate Party (Moderaterna) or M <br>Sweden Democrats (Sverigedemokraterna) or SD <br>Swedish Social Democratic Party (Socialdemokraterna) or S/SAP <br>The Liberals (Liberalerna) or L "
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNSOM, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Urban AHLIN (since 15 September 2023)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2900 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 467-2600"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 467-2699"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ambassaden.washington@gov.se<br><br>https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/usa-washington/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "New York, San Francisco"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador&nbsp;(vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Mark EVANS (since January 2025)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Dag Hammarskjolds Vag 31, SE-115 89 Stockholm"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5750 Stockholm Place, Washington, DC&nbsp; 20521-5750"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[46] (08) 783-53-00"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[46] (08) 661-19-64"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>STKACSinfo@state.gov<br><br>https://se.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors reflect those of the Swedish coat of arms - three gold crowns on a blue field"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "three crowns, lion; national colors: blue, yellow"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Du Gamla, Du Fria\" (Thou Ancient, Thou Free)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Richard DYBECK/traditional"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in use since 1844; also known as \"Sang till Norden\" (Song of the North), is based on a Swedish folk tune; it has never been officially adopted by the government; \"Kungssangen\" (The King's Song) serves as the royal anthem and is played in the presence of the royal family and during certain state ceremonies"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "15 (13 cultural, 1 natural, 1 mixed)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Royal Domain of Drottningholm (c); Laponian Area (m); High Coast/Kvarken Archipelago (n); Birka and Hovg&aring;rden (c); Hanseatic Town of Visby (c); Church Town of Gammelstad, Lule&aring; (c); Naval Port of Karlskrona (c); Rock Carvings in Tanum (c); Engelsberg Ironworks (c); Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain in Falun (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "high-income, largest Nordic economy; EU member but non-euro user; export-oriented led by automotive, electronics, machinery and pharmaceuticals; highly ranked for competitiveness, R&amp;D investments and governance; slowdown triggered by high inflation, weak consumption and financial tightening"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$665.016 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$667.089 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$657.494 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "-0.31% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "1.46% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "6.15% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$63,100 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$63,600 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$63,100 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$584.96 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "8.55% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "8.37% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "2.16% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "AAA (2004)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Aaa (2002)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "AAA (2004)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "23.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "65.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "43.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "26% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "25% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "55.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-51.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "milk, wheat, sugar beets, barley, potatoes, oats, rapeseed, pork, chicken, beef (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-2.56% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "5.837 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "7.59% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "7.39% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "8.72% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "21.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "16.1% (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021": {
        "text": "29.8 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "13% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "3.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.8% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "22.7% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "0.71% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "0.64% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "0.51% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$195.463 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$186.928 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2022": {
        "text": "36.91% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "27.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "$37.748 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "$28.874 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$44.123 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$327.876 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$318.203 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$304.769 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 10%, USA 10%, Denmark 8%, Norway 6%, Netherlands 5% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicine, paper, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$302.398 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$304.101 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$275.348 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 17%, Netherlands 10%, Norway 9%, Denmark 6%, China 6% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, garments (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$60.863 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$64.289 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$62.053 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Swedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "10.61 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "10.114 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "8.577 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "9.21 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "9.458 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "55.307 million kW (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "125.273 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "36.151 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "7.335 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "9.109 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "0.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "28.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "1.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "21% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "40.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "7.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nuclear energy": {
      "Number of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "6 (2025)"
      },
      "Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors": {
        "text": "7.01GW (2025 est.)"
      },
      "Percent of total electricity production": {
        "text": "28.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down": {
        "text": "7 (2025)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "1.042 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "3.17 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "23,000 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "2.078 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "5 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "11,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "270,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "896.109 million cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "10.625 million cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "897.487 million cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "43.96 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "5.324 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "36.768 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "1.868 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2023": {
        "text": "142.102 million Btu/person (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "898,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "9 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "14.8 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "125 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Sweden&rsquo;s telecom market includes mature mobile and broadband sectors which have been stimulated by the progressive investment of the main telcos in developing new technologies; the country retains one of the best developed LTE infrastructures in the region, while its MNOs have benefited from the January 2021 auction of spectrum in the 3.5GHz band which will enable them to expand services nationally; the country also has one of the highest fiber broadband penetration rates in Europe; the focus of FttP is aimed at fulfilling the government&rsquo;s target of providing a 1Gb/s service to 98% of the population by 2025; the methodology to achieve this has rested on regulatory measures supported by public funds, as well as on the auction of spectrum in different bands; in the fixed-line broadband segment, the number of DSL subscribers is falling steadily as customers continue to migrate to fiber networks; there is also competition from HFC infrastructure, offering fiber-based broadband and investing in services based on the DOCSIS3.1 standard; this report assesses key aspects of the Swedish telecom market, providing data on fixed network services and profiling the main players; it also reviews the key regulatory issues, including interconnection, local loop unbundling, number portability, carrier preselection and NGN open access; the report also analyses the mobile market, providing data on network operators and their strategies in a highly competitive environment; in addition, the report considers the fixed and fixed-wireless broadband markets, including analyses of market dynamics and the main operators, as well as providing subscriber forecasts (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line is 12 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 125 per 100 (2022)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 46; landing points for Botina, SFL, SFS-4, Baltic Sea Submarine Cable, Eastern Light, Sweden-Latvia, BCS North-Phase1, EE-S1, LV-SE1,&nbsp;BCS East-West Interlink, NordBalt, Baltica, Denmark-Sweden-15,-17,-18, Scandinavian Ring -North,-South, IP-Only Denmark-Sweden, Donica North,&nbsp;Kattegate-1,-2, Energinet Laeso-Varberg and GC2 submarine cables providing links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "publicly owned TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial networks plus regional stations; multiple privately owned TV broadcasters operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 50 local TV stations; widespread access to pan-Nordic and international broadcasters through multi-channel cable and satellite TV; publicly owned radio broadcaster operates 3 national stations and a network of 25 regional channels; roughly 100 privately owned local radio stations with some consolidating into near national networks; an estimated 900 community and neighborhood radio stations broadcast intermittently"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".se"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "96% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.3 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "41 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "11 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "316"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "SE"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "206 (2025)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "11 (2025)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "1626 km gas (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10,910 km (2020) 8,184 km electrified"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "65 km"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "197,964 km (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "2,052 km (2010)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "361 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 44, oil tanker 18, other 299"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "92 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "10"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "30"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "49"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "49"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Falkenberg, Goteborg, Helsingborg, Karlsborg, Karlshamn, Lulea, Malmo, Norrkoping, Stockholm, Sundsvall, Uddevalla, Varberg, Vasteras"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Swedish Armed Forces (F&ouml;rsvarsmakten or \"the Defense Force\"): Army, Navy, Air Force, Home Guard (2024)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2024": {
        "text": "2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2023)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2022)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.2% of GDP (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "the SAF has about 25,000 active-duty personnel: approximately 14,000 continuous service/full-time and approximately 11,000 temporary service; approximately 21,000 Home Guard (some on active duty) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>SAF personnel are divided into continuously serving (full-time) and temporary service troops (part-timers who serve periodically and have another main employer or attend school); additional personnel have signed service agreements with the SAF and mostly serve in the Home Guard; the SAF also has about 9,000 civilian employees<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> in 2021, Sweden announced plans that increase the total size of the armed forces to about 100,000 personnel by 2030"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the SAF's inventory is comprised of domestically produced and imported Western weapons systems, including from Finland, Germany, and the US; Sweden has a defense industry that produces a range of air, land, and naval systems, including armored vehicles, combat aircraft, and submarines; it also produces weapons systems jointly with other countries&nbsp; (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-47 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; service obligation: 7-15 months (Army), 7-15 months (Navy), 8-12 months (Air Force); after completing initial service, soldiers have a reserve commitment until age 47; compulsory military service, abolished in 2010, was reinstated in January 2018; conscription is selective, includes both men and women (age 18), and requires 6-15 months of service (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>Sweden conscripts about 5,500 men and women each year; it plans to increase this number to 8,000 by 2025; conscientious objectors in Sweden have the right to apply for alternative service (called vapenfri tjänst); after completing alternative service, the conscript then belongs to the civilian reserve<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>as of 2023, women made over 20% of the military's personnel"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "approximately 600 Latvia (NATO) (2025)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Swedish military is responsible for the defense of the country and its territories against armed attack, supporting Sweden’s national security interests, providing societal support, such as humanitarian aid, and contributing to international peacekeeping and peacemaking operations<br><br>the military has a relatively small active duty force that is designed to be rapidly mobilized in a crisis; it is equipped with modern, mostly Swedish-made weapons, exercises regularly, and is backed up by a trained reserve and a Home Guard; the military’s main focus is maintaining itself as a credible and visible deterrent through training and exercises, sustaining high levels of readiness, cooperating and collaborating with both domestic and foreign partners<br><br>Sweden maintained a policy of military non-alignment for over 200 years before applying for NATO membership in May 2022 following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine; it became a NATO member in March 2024; prior to membership, Stockholm joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and contributed to NATO-led missions, including those in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kosovo; the military cooperates closely with the forces of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO; established 2009), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; Sweden is a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) and contributes to CSDP missions and operations, including EU battlegroups; it also participates in UN-led missions; Sweden has close bilateral security relations with some NATO member states, particularly Finland, Germany, the UK, and the US (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Space": {
    "Space agency/agencies": {
      "text": "Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA; established 1972; known until 2018 as the Swedish National Space Board) (2024)"
    },
    "Space launch site(s)": {
      "text": "Esrange Space Center (Kiruna) (2024)"
    },
    "Space program overview": {
      "text": "member of the European Space Agency (ESA) and program is integrated within the framework of the ESA; produces and operates satellites; builds and launches sounding rockets; involved in the research, development, production, and operations of a wide variety of other space-related areas and capabilities, including astronomy, atmospheric monitoring, geographic information systems, infrared imaging, meteorology, propulsion systems, remote sensing, satellite subsystems, spacecraft systems and structures, space physics, scientific research, stratospheric balloons, and telecommunications; conducts extensive bilateral and multilateral international cooperation, in particular through the ESA and EU and their member states, as well as with the US; has a robust commercial space industry involved in a broad range of space-related capabilities (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "113,213 (Syria), 26,857 (Afghanistan), 25,849 (Eritrea), 10,464 (Iraq), 9,315 (Somalia), 7,146 (Iran) (mid-year 2022); 43,710 (Ukraine) (as of 28 February 2024)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "46,515 (2022); note - the majority of stateless people are from the Middle East and Somalia"
      }
    }
  }
}