{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Two centuries of Viking raids into Europe tapered off after King Olav TRYGGVASON adopted Christianity in 994; conversion of the Norwegian kingdom occurred over the next several decades. In 1397, Norway was absorbed into a union with Denmark that lasted more than four centuries. In 1814, Norwegians resisted the cession of their country to Sweden and adopted a new constitution. Sweden then invaded Norway but agreed to let Norway keep its constitution in return for accepting the union under a Swedish king. Rising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence. Norway remained neutral in World War I and proclaimed its neutrality at the outset of World War II, but Nazi Germany nonetheless occupied the country for five years (1940-45). In 1949, Norway abandoned neutrality and became a member of NATO. Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted Norway's economic fortunes. In referenda held in 1972 and 1994, Norway rejected joining the EU. Key domestic issues include immigration and integration of ethnic minorities, maintaining the country's extensive social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Northern Europe, bordering the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Sweden"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "62 00 N, 10 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "323,802 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "304,282 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "19,520 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly larger than twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than New Mexico"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,566 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Finland 709 km; Sweden 1,666 km; Russia 191 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "25,148 km (includes mainland 2,650 km, as well as long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 22,498 km; length of island coastlines 58,133 km)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "10 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Galdhopiggen 2,469 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Norwegian Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "460 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, titanium, pyrites, nickel, fish, timber, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "2.7% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 2.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 0.5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "33.5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "63.8% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "337 sq km (2016)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most Norwegians live in the south where the climate is milder and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the North Sea coast in the southwest, and Skaggerak in the southeast; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>rockslides, avalanches</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Beerenberg (2,227 m) on Jan Mayen Island in the Norwegian Sea is the country's only active volcano</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much-indented coastline; strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of the most rugged and longest coastlines in the world"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5,509,733 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "2,780,972"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "2,728,761"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Norwegian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Norwegian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Norwegian 81.5% (includes about 60,000 Sami), other European 8.9%, other 9.6% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Verdens Faktabok, den essensielle kilden for grunnleggende informasjon. (Norwegian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Sami has three dialects (Lule, North Sami, and South Sami) and is an official language in nine municipalities in the northernmost counties of Finnmark, Nordland, and Troms"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Church of Norway (Evangelical Lutheran - official) 67.5%, Muslim 3.1%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, other Christian 3.8%, other 2.6%, unspecified 19.9% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "16.3% (male 461,979/female 438,243)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "64.5% (male 1,820,692/female 1,734,818)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "19.1% (2024 est.) (male 498,301/female 555,700)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "54"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "26.1"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "27.9"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.6 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands"
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "40.8 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "40.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "41.5 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.59% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "10.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "8.4 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "3.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most Norwegians live in the south where the climate is milder and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the North Sea coast in the southwest, and Skaggerak in the southeast; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "84% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands"
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.086 million OSLO (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.9 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "29.8 years (2020 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data is calculated based on actual age at first births"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "2 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "2.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "82.9 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "81.3 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "84.6 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.57 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.77 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "8.1% of GDP (2022)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "4.98 physicians/1,000 population (2023)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "3.5 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "23.1% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "2.63 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "2.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16.2% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "17% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15.4% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "50.2% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.9% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "19 years (2020)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle emissions"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "2.7% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 2.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 0.5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "33.5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "63.8% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "84% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands"
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "6.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "41.02 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "4.81 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "2.187 million tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "572,119 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "26.2% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "780 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "1.07 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "840 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "393 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Geoparks": {
      "total global geoparks and regional networks": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "global geoparks and regional networks": {
        "text": "Gea Norvegica; Magma; Sunnhordland; Trollfjell (2023)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Kingdom of Norway"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Norway"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Kongeriket Norge"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Norge"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "derives from the Old Norse words \"nordr\" and \"vegr\" meaning \"northern way\" and refers to the long coastline of western Norway"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary constitutional monarchy"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Oslo"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "59 55 N, 10 45 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the medieval name was spelt \"Aslo\"; the <em>as</em> component refered either to the Ekeberg ridge southeast of the town (\"as\" in modern Norwegian), or to the Aesir (Norse gods); <em>lo</em> refered to \"meadow,\" so the most likely interpretations would have been either \"the meadow beneath the ridge\" or \"the meadow of the gods\"; both explanations are considered equally plausible"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "12 counties (fylker, singular - fylke); Agder, Innlandet, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Oslo, Rogaland, Romsdal, Troms og Finnmark, Trondelag, Vestfold og Telemark, Vestland, Viken (2024)"
    },
    "Dependent areas": {
      "text": "Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard (3)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "7 June 1905 (union with Sweden declared dissolved); 26 October 1905 (Sweden agreed to the repeal of the union); notable earlier dates: ca. 872 (traditional unification of petty Norwegian kingdoms by HARALD Fairhair); 1397 (Kalmar Union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden); 1524 (Denmark-Norway); 17 May 1814 (Norwegian constitution adopted); 4 November 1814 (Sweden-Norway union confirmed)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of civil, common, and customary law; Supreme Court can advise on legislative acts"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "drafted spring 1814, adopted 16 May 1814, signed by Constituent Assembly 17 May 1814"
      },
      "amendment process": {
        "text": "proposals submitted by members of Parliament or by the government within the first three years of Parliament's four-year term; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in the next elected Parliament"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Norway"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "7 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Jonas Gahr STORE (since 14 October 2021)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of State appointed by the monarch, approved by Parliament"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following parliamentary elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch with the approval of the parliament"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Parliament (Stortinget)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "169 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "9/13/2021"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Labour Party (48); Conservative Party (36); Center Party (28); Progress Party (21); Socialist Left Party (13); Other (23)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "44.4%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "September 2025"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Hoyesterett (consists of the chief justice and 18 associate justices)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "justices appointed by the monarch (King in Council) on the recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Board; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Courts of Appeal or Lagmennsrett; regional and district courts; Conciliation Boards; ordinary and special courts"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in addition to professionally trained judges, elected lay judges sit on the bench with professional judges in the Courts of Appeal and district courts"
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "<p>Center Party or Sp <br>Christian Democratic Party or KrF <br>Conservative Party or H <br>Green Party or MDG <br>Labor Party or Ap <br>Liberal Party or V<br>Patient Focus or PF <br>Progress Party or FrP <br>Red Party or R <br>Socialist Left Party or SV </p>"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, EITI (implementing country), ESA, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Anniken Scharning HUITFELDT (since 18 September 2024)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2720 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 333-6000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 469-3990"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>emb.washington@mfa.no<br><br>https://www.norway.no/en/usa/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "New York, San Francisco"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Eric MEYER (since August 2024)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Morgedalsvegen 36, 0378 Oslo"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5460 Oslo Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-5460"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[47] 21-30-85-40"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[47] 22-56-27-51"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>OsloACS@state.gov<br><br>https://no.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors recall Norway's past political unions with Denmark (red and white) and Sweden (blue)"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "lion; national colors: red, white, blue"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Ja, vi elsker dette landet\" (Yes, We Love This Country)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "lyrics/music: Bjornstjerne BJORNSON/Rikard NORDRAAK"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1864; in addition to the national anthem, \"Kongesangen\" (Song of the King), which uses the tune of \"God Save the King,\" serves as the royal anthem"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "8 (7 cultural, 1 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Bryggen (c); Urnes Stave Church (c); Røros Mining Town and the Circumference (c); Rock Art of Alta (c); Vegaøyan – The Vega Archipelago (c); Struve Geodetic Arc (c); West Norwegian Fjords – Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord (n); Rjukan-Notodden Industrial Heritage Site (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "high-income, non-EU economy with trade links via European Economic Area (EEA); key European energy security role as leader in oil, gas, and electricity exports; major fishing, forestry, and extraction industries; oil sovereign fund supports generous welfare system; low unemployment; inflation and response hampering growth in non-energy sectors"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$499.357 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$496.973 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$482.472 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "0.48% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "3.01% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.91% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$90,500 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$91,100 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$89,200 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$485.311 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "5.52% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "5.76% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "3.48% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "AAA (1995)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Aaa (1997)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "AAA (1975)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "39% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "50% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "37.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "21.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "23.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "2.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "47.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-32.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "milk, barley, potatoes, oats, wheat, pork, chicken, beef, eggs, carrots/turnips (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "petroleum and gas, shipping, fishing, aquaculture, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "0.23% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "3.007 million (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "3.58% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "3.23% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "4.37% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "11.3% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "10.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "12.2% (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
        "text": "27.7 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "11.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "3.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.4% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "22.4% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "0.12% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "0.11% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "0.13% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$334.543 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$174.546 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "36.5% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "31.27% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "$84.686 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "$177.149 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$66.254 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$224.336 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$327.706 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$203.228 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 18%, UK 17%, Sweden 9%, Denmark 7%, Netherlands 6% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "natural gas, crude petroleum, fish, refined petroleum, aluminum (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$155.081 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$161.645 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$140.331 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Sweden 11%, Germany 11%, China 11%, USA 7%, Netherlands 5% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars, refined petroleum, ships, nickel, garments (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$80.459 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$72.077 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$84.271 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "10.563 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "9.614 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "8.59 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "9.416 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "8.8 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "41.1 million kW (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "127.335 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "30.978 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "13.232 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "7.025 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "1.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "9.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "89.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "120,000 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "1.096 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "60,000 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1.042 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "2 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "2.02 million bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "229,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "8.122 billion barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "121.637 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "5.082 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "117.597 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "104.744 million cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1.544 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "38.535 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "2.929 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "25.576 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "10.029 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2023": {
        "text": "206.961 million Btu/person (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "145,000 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "3 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "6.09 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "111 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Norway has a sophisticated telecom market with high broadband and mobile penetration rates and a highly developed digital media sector. Although not a member of the European Union, the country&rsquo;s telecoms sector is synchronized with relevant EC legislation; Norway enjoys near comprehensive LTE coverage with upgrades to 5G technologies in the future (2023)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line is 7 per 100 and mobile-cellular nearly 110 per 100 (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 47;&nbsp;landing points for the&nbsp;Svalbard Undersea Cable System, Polar Circle Cable, Bodo-Rost Cable, NOR5KE Viking, Celtic Norse, Tempnet Offshore FOC Network, England Cable, Denmark-Norwary6, Havfrue/AEC-2, Skagerrak 4, and the Skagenfiber West &amp; East&nbsp;submarine cables providing links to other Nordic countries, Europe and the US; satellite earth stations - Eutelsat,&nbsp;Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-owned public radio-TV broadcaster operates 3 nationwide TV stations, 3 nationwide radio stations, and 16 regional radio stations; roughly a dozen privately owned TV stations broadcast nationally and roughly another 25 local TV stations broadcasting; nearly 75% of households have access to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; 2 privately owned radio stations broadcast nationwide and another 240 stations operate locally; Norway is the first country in the world to phase out FM radio in favor of Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), a process scheduled for completion in late 2017 (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".no"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "99% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2.49 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "46 (2022 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "8 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "125"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "LN"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "146 (2025)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "113 (2025)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "8,520 km gas, 1,304 km oil/condensate (2017)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,848 km (2020) 2,482 km electrified"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "95,120 km (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,577 km (2010)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,720 (2022)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 109, container ship 1, general cargo 274, oil tanker 95, other 1,241"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "141 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "10"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "34"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "90"
      },
      "size unknown": {
        "text": "6"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "54"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Bergen, Drammen, Hammerfest, Harstad, Horten, Karsto, Mongstad, Oslo, Stavanger, Tromso, Trondheim"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Norwegian Armed Forces (Forsvaret or \"the Defense\"): Norwegian Army (Haeren), Royal Norwegian Navy (Kongelige Norske Sjoeforsvaret; includes Coastal Rangers and Coast Guard (Kystvakt)), Royal Norwegian Air Force (Kongelige Norske Luftforsvaret), Norwegian Special Forces, Norwegian Cyber Defense Force, Home Guard (Heimevernet, HV) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the national police have primary responsibility for internal security; the National Police Directorate, an entity under the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, oversees the police force"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2024": {
        "text": "2.2% of GDP (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "1.8% of GDP (2023)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.5% of GDP (2022)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 27,000 active personnel (9,000 Army; 4,300 Navy; 4,700 Air Force; 9,000 other, including special operations, cyber, joint staff, intelligence, logistics support, active Home Guard, etc.); approximately 40,000 Home Guard (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> active personnel include about 10,000 conscripts"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory includes a mix of modern, imported Western European and US, as well as domestically produced weapons systems and equipment; in 2024, the Norwegian Government announced a new defense plan which would double defense spending over the following 12 years with priorities placed in such areas as the acquisition of air defenses and naval capabilities; Norway has a defense industry with a focus in niche capabilities and participates in joint development and production of weapons systems with other European countries (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "19-35 years of age for selective compulsory military service for men and women; 17 years of age for male volunteers; 18 years of age for women volunteers; 12-19 month service obligation; conscripts first serve 12 months between the ages of 19 and 28, and then up to 4-5 refresher training periods until age 35, 44, 55, or 60 depending on rank and function (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>Norway has had compulsory military service since 1907; individuals conscripted each year are selected from a larger cohort who are evaluated through online assessments and physical tests<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> Norway was the first NATO country to allow women to serve in all combat arms branches of the military (1985); it also has an all-female special operations unit known as Jegertroppen (The Hunter Troop), which was established in 2014; as of 2023, women comprised about 20% of the military's full-time personnel<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> beginning in 1995, the military began offering Icelandic citizens the opportunity to apply for admission to officer schools in Norway with an associated education and service contract under special reasons and based on recommendations from Icelandic authorities; as early as 1996, Norway and Iceland entered into a cooperation agreement on the voluntary participation of Icelandic personnel in Norwegian force contributions in foreign operations"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "up to 200 Lithuania (NATO); Norway also has deployed air and naval assets in support of other NATO operations such as the Iceland Air Policing and the Mine Counter Measures Group missions&nbsp; (2024)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Norwegian Armed Forces (Forsvaret) are responsible for protecting Norway and its allies, including monitoring Norway’s airspace, digital, land, and maritime areas, maintaining the country’s borders and sovereignty, contributing to NATO and UN missions, and providing support to civil society, such as assisting the police, search and rescue, and maritime counterterrorism efforts; the military’s territorial and sovereignty defense missions are complicated by Norway’s vast sea areas, numerous islands, long and winding fjords, and difficult and mountainous terrain; a key area of emphasis is its far northern border with Russia<br><br>Norway is one of the original members of NATO, and the Alliance is a key component of Norway’s defense policy; the Forsvaret participates regularly in NATO exercises, missions, and operations, including air policing of NATO territory, NATO’s Enhanced Forward Presence mission in the Baltic States and Eastern Europe, and standing naval missions, as well as operations in non-NATO areas, such as the Middle East<br><br>the Forsvaret also cooperates closely with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO; established 2009), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; Norway contributes to the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies both in peacetime and in times of crisis or conflict with a focus on the High North, North Atlantic, and Baltic Sea regions; Norway has close military ties with the US, including rotational US military deployments and an agreement allowing for mutual defense activities and US military forces to access some Norwegian facilities<br><br>the Forsvaret's origins go back to the leidangen, defense forces which were established along the coastline in the 10th century to protect the Norwegian coast (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Space": {
    "Space agency/agencies": {
      "text": "the Norwegian Space Agency (NOSA, aka Norsk Romsenter; established 1987) (2024)"
    },
    "Space launch site(s)": {
      "text": "And&oslash;ya Space Center (And&oslash;ya Island; note - first operational spaceport in continental Europe) (2024)"
    },
    "Space program overview": {
      "text": "has a broad and active space program coordinated with the European Space Agency (ESA) and the EU; jointly designs and builds satellites with foreign partners, including communications, remote sensing (RS), scientific, and navigational/positional; operates satellites; develops and launches sounding rockets; researches and produces a range of other space-related technologies, including satellite/space launch vehicle (SLV) and space station components, telescopes, and robotics; conducts solar and telecommunications research; participates in international space programs, such as the International Space Station; hosts training for Mars landing missions on the island of Svalbard; active member of the ESA and cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Canada, ESA/EU member states, Japan, Russia, and the US; has an active and advanced space industry that cooperates with both the NOSA and foreign space programs and produces a variety of space-related products, from terminals for satellite communications and technologies for RS satellites to sensors for gamma radiation in deep space (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "15,901 (Syria), 10,883 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2022); 70,085 (Ukraine) (as of 8 March 2024)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "3,901 (2022)"
      }
    }
  }
}