{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>During the late 18th-early 19th centuries, the principality of Gorkha united many of the other principalities and states of the sub-Himalayan region into a Nepali Kingdom. Nepal retained its independence following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16 and the subsequent peace treaty laid the foundations for two centuries of amicable relations between Britain and Nepal. (The Brigade of Gurkhas continues to serve in the British Army to the present day.) In 1951, the Nepali monarch ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system that brought political parties into the government. That arrangement lasted until 1960, when political parties were again banned, but was reinstated in 1990 with the establishment of a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy.</p> <p>An insurgency led by Maoists broke out in 1996. During the ensuing 10-year civil war between Maoist and government forces, the monarchy dissolved the cabinet and parliament and re-assumed absolute power in 2002, after the crown prince massacred the royal family in 2001. A peace accord in 2006 led to the promulgation of an interim constitution in 2007. Following a nationwide Constituent Assembly (CA) election in 2008, the newly formed CA declared Nepal a federal democratic republic, abolished the monarchy, and elected the country's first president. After the CA failed to draft a constitution by a 2012 deadline set by the Supreme Court, then-Prime Minister Baburam BHATTARAI dissolved the CA. Months of negotiations ensued until 2013 when the major political parties agreed to create an interim government headed by then-Chief Justice Khil Raj REGMI with a mandate to hold elections for a new CA. Elections were held in 2013, in which the Nepali Congress (NC) won the largest share of seats in the CA and in 2014 formed a coalition government with the second-place Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist (UML) with NC President Sushil KOIRALA serving as prime minister. Nepal's new constitution came into effect in 2015, at which point the CA became the Parliament. Khagda Prasad Sharma OLI served as the first post-constitution prime minister from 2015 to 2016. OLI resigned ahead of a no-confidence motion against him, and Parliament elected Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN-M) leader Pushpa Kamal DAHAL (aka \"Prachanda\") prime minister. The constitution provided for a transitional period during which three sets of elections – local, provincial, and national – needed to take place. The first local elections in 20 years occurred in three phases between May and September 2017, and state and federal elections proceeded in two phases in November and December 2017. The parties headed by OLI and DAHAL ran in coalition and swept the parliamentary elections, and OLI, who led the larger of the two parties, was sworn in as prime minister in February 2018. In May 2018, OLI and DAHAL announced the merger of their parties - the UML and CPN-M - to establish the Nepal Communist Party (NCP), which headed the government for roughly two years before infighting led the party to split. OLI from late 2020 sought to dissolve parliament and hold elections. The supreme court in July 2021 declared OLI's efforts unconstitutional and called for an appointment of the opposition-supported NC leader Sher Bahadur DEUBA as prime minister.</p> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southern Asia, between China and India"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "28 00 N, 84 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "147,181 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "143,351 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "3,830 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly larger than New York state"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,159 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "China 1,389 km; India 1,770 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south; central hill region with rugged Himalayas in north"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Mount Everest (highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level) 8,849 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Kanchan Kalan 70 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "2,565 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "28.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 15.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 12.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "25.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "45.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "13,320 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Indus (1,081,718 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of the population is divided nearly equally between a concentration in the southern-most plains of the Tarai region and the central hilly region; overall density is quite low"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "severe thunderstorms; flooding; landslides; drought and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked; strategic location between China and India; contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks, including Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga - the world's tallest and third tallest mountains - on the borders with China and India respectively"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "30,666,598 (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Nepali (singular and plural)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Nepali"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Chhettri 16.6%, Brahman-Hill 12.2%, Magar 7.1%, Tharu 6.6%, Tamang 5.8%, Newar 5%, Kami 4.8%, Muslim 4.4%, Yadav 4%, Rai 2.3%, Gurung 2%, Damai/Dholii 1.8%, Thakuri 1.6%, Limbu 1.5%, Sarki 1.4%, Teli 1.4%, Chamar/Harijan/Ram 1.3%, Koiri/Kushwaha 1.2%, other 19% (2011 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> 125 caste/ethnic groups were reported in the 2011 national census"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Nepali (official) 44.6%, Maithali 11.7%, Bhojpuri 6%, Tharu 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.2%, Bajjika 3%, Magar 3%, Doteli 3%, Urdu 2.6%, Avadhi 1.9%, Limbu 1.3%, Gurung 1.2%, Baitadeli 1%, other 6.4%, unspecified 0.2%; note - 123 languages reported as mother tongue in 2011 national census; many in government and business also speak English (2011 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>विश्व तथ्य पुस्तक,आधारभूत जानकारीको लागि अपरिहार्य स्रोत (Nepali)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Hindu 81.3%, Buddhist 9%, Muslim 4.4%, Kirant 3.1%, Christian 1.4%, other 0.5%, unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "28.36% (male 4,526,786/female 4,073,642)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "20.93% (male 3,276,431/female 3,070,843)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "38.38% (male 5,251,553/female 6,387,365)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "6.64% (male 954,836/female 1,059,360)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "5.69% (2020 est.) (male 852,969/female 874,092)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "53"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "44.1"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "8.9"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "11.2 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "25.3 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "23.9 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "26.9 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.78% (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "17.53 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.58 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-4.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of the population is divided nearly equally between a concentration in the southern-most plains of the Tarai region and the central hilly region; overall density is quite low"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "21.5% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.521 million KATHMANDU (capital) (2022)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "0.87 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.88 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.91 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "20.4 years (2016 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "186 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "25.13 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "26.47 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "23.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "72.4 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "71.66 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "73.17 years (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.9 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "46.7% (2019)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 92.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 94.4% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 94.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 7.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 5.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 5.9% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "4.5% of GDP (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.85 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "0.3 beds/1,000 population (2012)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 95.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 85.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 87.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 4.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 14.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 12.3% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "0.1% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "30,000 (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "(2020 est.) <1000"
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "high (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "Japanese encephalitis, malaria, and dengue fever"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "4.1% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0.36 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.13 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "30.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "47.9% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "12.8% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "24.4% (2019)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "7.9%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "32.8%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "9% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.4% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "67.9%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "78.6%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "59.7% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "13 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "13 years (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21.4%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "19.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "23.9% (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of alternatives); forest degradation; soil erosion; contaminated water (with human and animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); unmanaged solid-waste; wildlife conservation; vehicular emissions"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Marine Life Conservation"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "94.33 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "9.11 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "41.15 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "28.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 15.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 12.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "25.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "45.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "21.5% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "0.45% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "high (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "Japanese encephalitis, malaria, and dengue fever"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "1,768,977 tons (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Indus (1,081,718 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "147.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "29.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "9.32 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "210.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Nepal"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Nepal"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the Newar people of the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding areas apparently gave their name to the country; the terms \"Nepal,\" \"Newar,\" \"Nepar,\" and \"Newal\" are phonetically different forms of the same word"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "federal parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Kathmandu"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "27 43 N, 85 19 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+5.75 (10.75 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derives from the Kasthamandap temple that stood in Durbar Square; in Sanskrit, <em>kastha</em> means \"wood\" and <em>mandapa</em> means \"pavilion\"; the three-story structure was made entirely of wood, without iron nails or supports, and dated to the late 16th century; it collapsed during a 2015 earthquake"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "7 provinces (pradesh, singular - pradesh); Bagmati, Gandaki, Karnali, Lumbini, Madhesh, Province No. One, Sudurpashchim"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan SHAH)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Constitution Day, 20 September (2015); note - marks the promulgation of Nepal’s constitution in 2015 and replaces the previous 28 May Republic Day as the official national day in Nepal; the Gregorian day fluctuates based on Nepal’s Hindu calendar"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest approved by the Second Constituent Assembly 16 September 2015, signed by the president and effective 20 September 2015"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed as a bill by either house of the Federal Parliament; bills affecting a state border or powers delegated to a state must be submitted to the affected state assembly; passage of such bills requires a majority vote of that state assembly membership; bills not requiring state assembly consent require at least two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both houses of the Federal Parliament; parts of the constitution on the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence, and sovereignty vested in the people cannot be amended; amended 2016, 2020"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "English common law and Hindu legal concepts; note - new criminal and civil codes&nbsp;came into&nbsp;effect on 17 August 2018"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "15 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Bidhya Devi BHANDARI (since 29 October 2015); Vice President Nanda Bahadar PUN (since 31 October 2015)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Sher Bahadur DEUBA (since 13 July 2021); deputy prime ministers Ishwar POKHREL, Upendra YADAV (since 1 June 2018) (an)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister; cabinet dominated by the Nepal Communist Party"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president indirectly elected by an electoral college of the Federal Parliament and of the state assemblies for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 13 March 2018 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister indirectly elected by the Federal Parliament"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Bidhya Devi BHANDARI reelected president; electoral vote - Bidhya Devi BHANDARI (CPN-UML) 39,275, Kumari Laxmi RAI (NC) 11,730"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral Federal Parliament consists of:<br>National Assembly (59 seats; 56 members, including at least 3 women, 1 Dalit, 1 member with disabilities, or 1 minority indirectly elected by an electoral college of state and municipal government leaders, and 3 members, including 1 woman, nominated by the president of Nepal on the recommendation of the government; members serve 5-year terms with renewal of one-third of the membership every 2 years)<br>House of Representatives (275 seats statutory, current 271 with 4 vacant; 165 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 110 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by closed-list proportional representation vote, with a threshold of 3% overall valid vote to be allocated a seat; members serve 5-year terms); note - the House of Representatives was dissolved on 22 May 2021, but on 13 July, the Supreme Court directed its reinstatement"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "<br>National Assembly - last held on 26 January 2022 (next to be held in 2024)<br>first election for House of Representatives held on 26 November and 7 December 2017 (next to be held on 20 November 2022)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NCP 42, NC 13, FSFN 2, RJPN 2; composition - men 37, women 22, percent of women 37.3%<br>House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NCP 174, NC 63, RJPN 17, FSFN 16, vacant 4, independent 1; composition - men 180, women 91, percent of women 33.6%; note - total Federal Parliament percent of women 33.8%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and up to 20 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, a 5-member, high-level advisory body headed by the prime minister; other judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the Judicial Council, a 5-member advisory body headed by the chief justice; the chief justice serves a 6-year term; judges serve until age 65"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "High Court; district courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "<p>the Election Commission of Nepal granted ballot access under the proportional system to 88 political parties for the November-December 2017 House of Representatives election to the Federal Parliament; of these, the following 8 parties won seats:<br>Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal or FSFN [Upendra YADAV]<br>Naya Shakti Party, Nepal [Baburam BHATTARAI]<br>Nepal Communist Party or NCP [Khadga Prasad OLI, Pushpa Kamal DAHAL]<br>Nepali Congress or NC [Sher Bahadur DEUBA]<br>Nepal Mazdoor Kisan Party (Nepal Workers' and Peasants' Party) or NWPP [Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE]<br>Rastriya Janamorcha (National People's Front) [Chitra Bahadur K.C.]<br>Rastriya Janata Party (National People's Party, Nepal) or RJPN [Mahanta THAKUR]<br>Rastriya Prajatantra Party (National Democratic Party) or RPP [Rajendra Prasad LINGDEN]</p>"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB, BIMSTEC, CD, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNSOM, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Sridhar KHATRI (since 19 April 2022)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2730 34th Place NW, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 667-4550"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 667-5534"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info@nepalembassyusa.org<br><br>https://us.nepalembassy.gov.np/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Chicago, New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Randy BERRY (since 25 October 2018)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Maharajgunj, Kathmandu"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "6190 Kathmandu Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-6190"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[977] (1) 423-4000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[977] (1) 400-7272"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>usembktm@state.gov<br><br>https://np.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "crimson red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle displays a white 12-pointed sun; the color red represents the rhododendron (Nepal's national flower) and is a sign of victory and bravery, the blue border signifies peace and harmony; the two right triangles are a combination of two single pennons (pennants) that originally symbolized the Himalaya Mountains while their charges represented the families of the king (upper) and the prime minister, but today they are understood to denote Hinduism and Buddhism, the country's two main religions; the moon represents the serenity of the Nepalese people and the shade and cool weather in the Himalayas, while the sun depicts the heat and higher temperatures of the lower parts of Nepal; the moon and the sun are also said to express the hope that the nation will endure as long as these heavenly bodies",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Nepal is the only country in the world whose flag is not rectangular or square"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "rhododendron blossom; national color: red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka\" (Hundreds of Flowers)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Pradeep Kumar RAI/Ambar GURUNG"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2007; after the abolition of the monarchy in 2006, a new anthem was required because of the previous anthem's praise for the king"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "4 (2 cultural, 2 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Kathmandu Valley (c); Sagarmatha National Park (n); Chitwan National Park (n); Lumbini, Buddha Birthplace (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Nepal is among the least developed countries in the world, with about one-quarter of its population living below the poverty line. Nepal is heavily dependent on remittances, which amount to as much as 30% of GDP. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for almost two-thirds of the population but accounting for less than a third of GDP. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural products, including pulses, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain.</p> <p> </p> <p>Nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower, with an estimated 42,000 MW of commercially feasible capacity. Nepal has signed trade and investment agreements with India, China, and other countries, but political uncertainty and a difficult business climate have hampered foreign investment. The United States and Nepal signed a $500 million Millennium Challenge Corporation Compact in September 2017 which will expand Nepal’s electricity infrastructure and help maintain transportation infrastructure.</p> <p> </p> <p>Massive earthquakes struck Nepal in early 2015, which damaged or destroyed infrastructure and homes and set back economic development. Although political gridlock and lack of capacity have hindered post-earthquake recovery, government-led reconstruction efforts have progressively picked up speed, although many hard hit areas still have seen little assistance. Additional challenges to Nepal's growth include its landlocked geographic location, inconsistent electricity supply, and underdeveloped transportation infrastructure.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$110.72 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$113.08 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$106.03 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "7.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
        "text": "0.6% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
        "text": "3.3% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$3,800 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$4,000 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$3,800 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$24.88 billion (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "4.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": {
        "text": "9.9% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "27% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "13.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "59.5% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "78% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "11.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "33.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "8.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "9.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-42% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "rice, vegetables, sugar cane, potatoes, maize, wheat, buffalo milk, milk, fruit, mangoes/guavas"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "tourism, carpets, textiles; small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarettes, cement and brick production"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "12.4% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "16.81 million (2017 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> severe lack of skilled labor"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "69%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "12%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "19% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2017": {
        "text": "3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2016": {
        "text": "3.2% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21.4%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "19.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "23.9% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "25.2% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2010": {
        "text": "32.8 (2010 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2008": {
        "text": "47.2 (2008 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.2%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "29.5% (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "5.925 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "5.945 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-0.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "26.4% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "27.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "23.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "16 July - 15 July"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2017": {
        "text": "-$93 million (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2016": {
        "text": "$1.339 billion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$1.79 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$2.73 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$2.68 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "India 68%, United States 10% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "palm oil, clothing and apparel, carpets, soybean oil, flavored water (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$10.68 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$13.83 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$14.65 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "India 70%, China 15% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, iron, broadcasting equipment, natural gas, rice (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$9.091 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$8.506 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$5.849 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$4.321 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Nepalese rupees (NPR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "104 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2016": {
        "text": "107.38 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2015": {
        "text": "107.38 (2015 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "102.41 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "99.53 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "93% (2019)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "94% (2019)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "93% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "1.392 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "4.676 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "107 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1.729 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "1.183 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "2.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "97.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "28,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "839,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "811,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1 million metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "49,400 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "26,120 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "7.708 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "1.051 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "6.657 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "5.219 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "726,000 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "2 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "38.213 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "131 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "in relation to its telecom sector, Nepal has several topographical and economic constraints which have impeded efforts to expand network infrastructure and improve the quality of service for end-users; the fixed line market remains underdeveloped, and as a result most traffic is channeled via mobile networks; fixed broadband penetration remains very low, though to address this the government has initiated several programs as part of the Digital Nepal Framework and the wider Optical Fiber Backbone Network Expansion Project, started in 2012; supported by the Rural Telecommunications Development Fund, the programs include building out fiber backbone infrastructure and using this to provide broadband to schools and community centers nationally; Telcos have also invested in fiber networks, and competition in the market is intensifying; cheap fiber-based services launched by CG Net in mid-2021 prompted responses from other ISPs to provide faster and more competitively priced offers;<br>Nepal’s mobile market is relatively developed, with a focus on LTE; in 2021, the regulator considered a range of spectrum bands which could be used for 5G, while Nepal Telecom was charged with trialing services in five cities. (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "3G coverage is available in 20 major cities (2019); disparity between high coverage in cities and coverage available in underdeveloped rural regions; fixed-line less than 3 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular nearly 131 per 100 persons; fair radiotelephone communication service; 20% of the market share is fixed (wired) broadband, 2% is fixed (wireless) broadband, and 78% is mobile broadband (2019)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 977; Nepal, China and Tibet connected across borders with underground and all-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) fiber-optic cables; radiotelephone communications; microwave and fiber landlines to India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state operates 3 TV stations, as well as national and regional radio stations; 117 television channels are licensed, among those 71 are cable television channels,&nbsp;three are distributed through&nbsp;Direct-To-Home (DTH) system, and four are digital terrestrial;&nbsp;736 FM radio stations are licensed and at least 314 of those radio stations are community radio stations (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".np"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11,071,987 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "38% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.27 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "4 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "6 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "39"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "3,296,953 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "4.66 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "9N"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "47 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "6"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "1 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "36"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "6"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "29 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "59 km (2018)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "59 km (2018) 0.762-m gauge"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "27,990 km (2016)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "11,890 km (2016)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "16,100 km (2016)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Ministry of Defense: Nepali Army (includes Air Wing); Ministry of Home Affairs: Nepal Police, Nepal Armed Police Force (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the Nepal Armed Police Force is paramilitary force that is responsible for border and internal security, including counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism, and assisting the Army in the event of an external invasion"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "2.1% of GDP (2019) (approximately $1.1 billion)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "2.3% of GDP (2018) (approximately $1.11 billion)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "2.6% of GDP (2017) (approximately $1.12 billion)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 95,000 active troops (including a small air wing of about 500 personnel) (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Army's inventory includes a mix of older equipment largely of British, Chinese, Indian, Russian, and South African origin; since 2010, Nepal has received limited amounts of newer hardware from several countries, including China, Italy, and Russia (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service (including women); no conscription (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2020, women comprised about 5% of the active duty military"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "790 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,150 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 400 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 870 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 235 Liberia (UNSMIL); 175 Mali (MINUSMA); 1,750 (plus about 220 police) South Sudan (UNMISS) (May 2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "Nepal became a member of the UN in 1955 and has been an active participant in UN peacekeeping operations since, sending its first military observers to a UN peacekeeping mission in 1958 and its first peacekeeping military contingent to Egypt in 1974 <br><br>the British began to recruit Nepalese citizens (Gurkhas) into the East India Company Army during the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816); the Gurkhas subsequently were brought into the British Indian Army and by 1914, there were 10 Gurkha regiments, collectively known as the Gurkha Brigade; following the partition of India in 1947, an agreement between Nepal, India, and Great Britain allowed for the transfer of the 10 regiments from the British Indian Army to the separate British and Indian armies; four regiments were transferred to the British Army, where they have since served continuously as the Brigade of Gurkhas until merged to form the Royal Gurkha Rifles in 1994; six Gurkha (aka Gorkha in India) regiments went to the new Indian Army; a seventh regiment was later added; Gurkhas are also recruited into the Singaporean Police and a special guard in the Sultanate of Brunei known as the Gurkha Reserve Unit (2022)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Indian Mujahedeen",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Nepal-China</em>: China may have constructed 11 buildings in Nepal’s Humla region in 2021</p> <p><em>Nepal-India</em>: joint border commission continues to work on contested sections of boundary with India, including the 400 sq km dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; the Kalapani issue resurfaced in November 2019 when India issued a new map showing the contested area within India’s borders and then built a new road in the region through Lipulekh pass, an area controlled by India but claimed by Nepal; Nepal countered by amending its constitution and issuing its own map showing the disputed area within its borders; the countries prime ministers briefly discussed the border dispute in April 2022; India has instituted a stricter border regime to restrict transit of illegal cross-border activities</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "12,540 (Tibet/China), 6,365 (Bhutan) (mid-year 2021)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "undetermined (mid-year 2021)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>illicit producer of cannabis and hashish for the domestic and international drug markets; transit point for opiates from Southeast Asia to the West</p>"
    }
  }
}