{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Kuwait has been ruled by the AL-SABAH dynasty since the 18th century. The threat of Ottoman invasion in 1899 prompted Amir Mubarak AL-SABAH to seek protection from Britain, ceding foreign and defense responsibility to Britain until 1961, when the country attained its independence. Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq in August 1990. Following several weeks of aerial bombardment, a US-led UN coalition began a ground assault in February 1991 that liberated Kuwait in four days. In 1992, the Amir reconstituted the parliament that he had dissolved in 1986. Amid the 2010-11 uprisings and protests across the Arab world, stateless Arabs, known as Bidoon, staged small protests in early 2011 demanding citizenship, jobs, and other benefits available to Kuwaiti nationals. Other demographic groups, notably Islamists and Kuwaitis from tribal backgrounds, soon joined the growing protest movements, which culminated in late 2011 with the resignation of the prime minister amidst allegations of corruption. Demonstrations renewed in late 2012 in response to an amiri decree amending the electoral law that lessened the voting power of the tribal blocs. <br><br>An opposition coalition of Sunni Islamists, tribal populists, and some liberals, largely boycotted legislative elections in 2012 and 2013, which ushered in a legislature more amenable to the government's agenda. Faced with the prospect of painful subsidy cuts, oppositionists and independents actively participated in the November 2016 election, winning nearly half of the seats, but a cohesive opposition alliance largely ceased to exist with the 2016 election and the opposition became increasingly factionalized. Since coming to power in 2006, the Amir has dissolved the National Assembly on seven occasions (the Constitutional Court annulled the Assembly elections in June 2012 and again in June 2013) and shuffled the cabinet over a dozen times, usually citing political stagnation and gridlock between the legislature and the government.<br><br>The current Amir, who assumed his role in 2020, launched a \"National Dialogue\" in September 2021 meant to resolve political gridlock. As part of the \"National Dialogue,\" the Amir pardoned several opposition figures who had been living in exile, and they returned to Kuwait. Legislative challenges remain, and the cabinet was reshuffled in March 2022.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi Arabia"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "29 30 N, 45 45 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Middle East"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17,818 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "17,818 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than New Jersey"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "475 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Iraq 254 km; Saudi Arabia 221 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "499 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "flat to slightly undulating desert plain"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "3.6 km W. of Al-Salmi Border Post 300 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Persian Gulf 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "108 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "8.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 7.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "0.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "91.1% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "105 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: <em>(Persian Gulf)</em> Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Arabian Aquifer System"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "densest settlement is along the Persian Gulf, particularly in Kuwait City and on Bubiyan Island; significant population threads extend south and west along highways that radiate from the capital, particularly in the southern half of the country"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April and bring heavy rain, which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year but are most common between March and August"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "strategic location at head of Persian Gulf"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "3,068,155 (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Kuwait's Public Authority for Civil Information estimates the country's total population to be 4,420,110 for 2019, with non-Kuwaitis accounting for nearly 70% of the population"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Kuwaiti(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Kuwaiti"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Kuwaiti 30.4%, other Arab 27.4%, Asian 40.3%, African 1%, other 0.9% (includes European, North American, South American, and Australian) (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Arabic (official), English widely spoken"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim (official) 74.6%, Christian 18.2%, other and unspecified 7.2% (2013 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent the total population; about 72% of the population consists of immigrants"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "24.29% (male 378,778/female 348,512)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "14.96% (male 245,354/female 202,642)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "52.39% (male 984,813/female 583,632)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "5.43% (male 90,583/female 72,026)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "2.92% (2020 est.) (male 38,614/female 48,752)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "32.4"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "28.4"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "24.9 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29.7 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "30.7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "27.9 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "1.17% (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "17.78 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "2.25 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-3.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "densest settlement is along the Persian Gulf, particularly in Kuwait City and on Bubiyan Island; significant population threads extend south and west along highways that radiate from the capital, particularly in the southern half of the country"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "100% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "3.239 million KUWAIT (capital) (2022)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.09 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.19 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1.66 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "1.21 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.66 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.37 male(s)/female (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "12 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.43 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7.75 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "7.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "79.13 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "77.67 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "80.65 years (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.24 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "5.5% of GDP (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "2.34 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "2 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "(2018 est.) <.1%"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "(2018 est.) <1000"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "(2018 est.) <100"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "37.9% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17.9% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "33.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "2.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "3% (2014)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "6.6% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "96.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "97.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "95.4% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "13 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16 years (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15.4%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "9.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "30% (2016 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much of the water; air and water pollution; desertification; loss of biodiversity"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Marine Dumping-London Convention"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "57.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "98.73 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "6.21 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "8.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 7.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "0.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "91.1% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "100% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "1.75 million tons (2010 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: <em>(Persian Gulf)</em> Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Arabian Aquifer System"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "448.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "23.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "778.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "20 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "State of Kuwait"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Kuwait"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Dawlat al Kuwayt"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Al Kuwayt"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name derives from the capital city, which is from Arabic \"al-Kuwayt\" a diminutive of \"kut\" meaning \"fortress,\" possibly a reference to a small castle built on the current location of Kuwait City by the Beni Khaled tribe in the 17th century"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "constitutional monarchy (emirate)"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Kuwait City"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "29 22 N, 47 58 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name derives from Arabic \"al-Kuwayt\" a diminutive of \"kut\" meaning \"fortress,\" possibly a reference to a small castle built on the current location of Kuwait City by the Beni Khaled tribe in the 17th century"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "6 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Ahmadi, Al 'Asimah, Al Farwaniyah, Al Jahra', Hawalli, Mubarak al Kabir"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "19 June 1961 (from the UK)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "National Day, 25 February (1950)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "approved and promulgated 11 November 1962; suspended 1976 to 1981 (4 articles); 1986 to 1991; May to July 1999"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the amir or supported by at least one third of the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds consent of the Assembly membership and promulgation by the amir; constitutional articles on the initiation, approval, and promulgation of general legislation cannot be amended"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system consisting of English common law, French civil law, and Islamic sharia law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Kuwait"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "not specified"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "21 years of age and at least 20-year citizenship"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "Ahmad al-NAWAF al-Sabah (since 24 July 2022); Crown Prince Mishal al-AHMAD al-Sabah, born in 1940, is the brother of Amir Nawaf al-AHMAD al-Jabir al-Sabah"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Sheikh Muhammad al-Sabah al-SALIM al-Sabah (since 19 July 2022); First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior Sheikh Ahmed al-NAWAF al-Sabah (since 22 March 2022), Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense Sheikh Talal al-KHALID al-Sabah (since 1 August 2022), and Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Oil and Minister of State for Cabinet Affairs Dr. Mohammed al-FARIS (since 22 March 2022)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister, approved by the amir"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "amir chosen from within the ruling family, confirmed by the National Assembly; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the amir; crown prince appointed by the amir and approved by the National Assembly"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-Umma (65 seats; 50 members directly elected from 5 multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 15 ex-officio members (cabinet ministers)&nbsp;appointed by the amir; members serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 29 September 2022 (next to be held in 2026)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "50 nonpartisans elected, of which 28 were opposition candidates; composition - men 48, women 2, percent of women 4%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Constitutional Court (consists of 5 judges); Supreme Court or Court of Cassation (organized into several circuits, each with 5 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "all Kuwaiti judges appointed by the Amir upon recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council, a consultative body comprised of Kuwaiti judges and Ministry of Justice officials"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "High Court of Appeal; Court of First Instance; Summary Court"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "none; the government does not recognize any political parties or allow their formation, although no formal law bans political parties"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ABEDA, AfDB (nonregional member), AFESD, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, CD, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, Paris Club (associate), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador SALEM Abdallah al-Jaber al-Sabah (since 10 October 2021)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2940 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 966-0702"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 966-8468"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>https://www.kuwaitembassy.us/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Beverly Hills (CA), New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires James HOLTSNIDER (since July 2021)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "P.O. Box 77, Safat 13001"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "6200 Kuwait Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-6200"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[00] (965) 2259-1001"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[00] (965) 2538-0282"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>KuwaitACS@state.gov<br><br>https://kw.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side; colors and design are based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I; green represents fertile fields, white stands for purity, red denotes blood on Kuwaiti swords, black signifies the defeat of the enemy"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "golden falcon; national colors: green, white, red, black"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Al-Nasheed Al-Watani\" (National Anthem)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Ahmad MUSHARI al-Adwani/Ibrahim Nasir al-SOULA"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1978; the anthem is only used on formal occasions"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Kuwait has a geographically small, but wealthy, relatively open economy with crude oil reserves of about 102 billion barrels - more than 6% of world reserves. Kuwaiti officials plan to increase production to 4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day by 2020. Petroleum accounts for over half of GDP, 92% of export revenues, and 90% of government income.</p> <p> </p> <p>With world oil prices declining, Kuwait realized a budget deficit in 2015 for the first time more than a decade; in 2016, the deficit grew to 16.5% of GDP. Kuwaiti authorities announced cuts to fuel subsidies in August 2016, provoking outrage among the public and National Assembly, and the Amir dissolved the government for the seventh time in ten years. In 2017 the deficit was reduced to 7.2% of GDP, and the government raised $8 billion by issuing international bonds. Despite Kuwait’s dependence on oil, the government has cushioned itself against the impact of lower oil prices, by saving annually at least 10% of government revenue in the Fund for Future Generations.</p> <p> </p> <p>Kuwait has failed to diversify its economy or bolster the private sector, because of a poor business climate, a large public sector that employs about 74% of citizens, and an acrimonious relationship between the National Assembly and the executive branch that has stymied most economic reforms. The Kuwaiti Government has made little progress on its long-term economic development plan first passed in 2010. While the government planned to spend up to $104 billion over four years to diversify the economy, attract more investment, and boost private sector participation in the economy, many of the projects did not materialize because of an uncertain political situation or delays in awarding contracts. To increase non-oil revenues, the Kuwaiti Government in August 2017 approved draft bills supporting a Gulf Cooperation Council-wide value added tax scheduled to take effect in 2018.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$209.74 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$208.85 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
        "text": "$206.274 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "-3.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
        "text": "2.2% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
        "text": "-1% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$49,900 (2019 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$50,500 (2018 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2017": {
        "text": "$50,856 (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$134.638 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "1.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": {
        "text": "3.5% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "AA (2008)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "A1 (2020)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "AA- (2020)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "0.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "58.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "40.9% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "43.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "24.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "26.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "3.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "49.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-47% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "eggs, dates, tomatoes, cucumbers, poultry, milk, mutton, potatoes, vegetables, eggplants"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "petroleum, petrochemicals, cement, shipbuilding and repair, water desalination, food processing, construction materials"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "2.8% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "2.695 million (2017 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> non-Kuwaitis represent about 60% of the labor force"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2017": {
        "text": "1.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2016": {
        "text": "1.1% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15.4%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "9.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "30% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "50.5 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "62.6 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-10% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "20.6% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "9.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "41.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "1 April - 31 March"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2017": {
        "text": "$7.127 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2016": {
        "text": "-$5.056 billion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$72.83 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$85.2 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 20%, South Korea 16%, India 15%, Japan 10%, Taiwan 6%, Vietnam 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, aircraft, natural gas, industrial hydrocarbon products (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$59.65 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$68.2 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 14%, United Arab Emirates 12%, United States 10%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Japan 6%, Germany 5%, India 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars, broadcasting equipment, natural gas, packaged medicines, jewelry (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$33.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$31.13 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$47.24 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$38.34 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "0.3049 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "0.3037 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "0.304 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "0.3009 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "0.2845 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "19.371 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "63,802,360,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "6.701 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "99.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "68,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "68,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "2,720,500 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "342,000 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "1,837,900 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "101.5 billion barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "915,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "705,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "19,509,907,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "24,322,970,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "4,805,531,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1,783,958,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "92.582 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "578,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "44.288 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "47.715 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "381.985 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "583,463 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "14 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "6,770,346 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "159 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Kuwait&rsquo;s telecom infrastructure is well developed, with a focus on mobile infrastructure and services; the telecom sector is important to the country&rsquo;s economy, and this will become more pronounced in coming years as the economy is purposefully transitioned away from a dependence on oil and gas to one which is increasingly knowledge-based and focused on ICT and related services; the MNOs have focused investment on 5G networks, which support and promote the growth of data traffic; this in turn has been a catalyst for revenue growth in recent quarters; while Kuwait&rsquo;s mobile sector shows considerable progress; the country&rsquo;s fixed broadband system is the lowest in the region; the government has stepped up efforts to build up fixed broadband networks, and ultimately this sector offers a potential future growth opportunity; improvements to the fixed broadband infrastructure will help develop sectors such as e-commerce, along with smart infrastructure developments, and tech start-ups. (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line subscriptions are nearly 14 per 100 and mobile-cellular stands at nearly 159 per 100 subscriptions (2020)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 965; landing points for the FOG, GBICS, MENA, Kuwait-Iran, and FALCON submarine cables&nbsp;linking Africa, the Middle East, and Asia; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 6 (3 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean, 1 Inmarsat - Atlantic Ocean, and 2 Arabsat) (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-owned TV broadcaster operates 4 networks and a satellite channel; several private TV broadcasters have emerged; satellite TV available&nbsp;and pan-Arab TV stations are especially popular; state-owned Radio Kuwait broadcasts on a number of channels in Arabic and English; first private radio station emerged in 2005; transmissions of at least 2 international radio broadcasters are available (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".kw"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,227,857 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "99% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "73,948 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "2 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "44"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "6,464,847 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "392.36 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "9K"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "1 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "2 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "4 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "261 km gas, 540 km oil, 57 km refined products (2013)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5,749 km (2018)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "4,887 km (2018)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "862 km (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "165"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 15, oil tanker 28, other 122 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Ash Shu'aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Az Zawr (Mina' Sa'ud), Mina' 'Abd Allah, Mina' al Ahmadi"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Kuwaiti Armed Forces (KAF): Kuwaiti Land Forces (KLF), Kuwaiti Navy, Kuwaiti Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Kuwaitiya; includes Kuwaiti Air Defense Force, KADF), 25th Commando Brigade, and the Kuwait Emiri Guard Brigade; Kuwaiti National Guard (KNG); Coast Guard (Ministry of Interior) (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the Kuwait Amiri Guard Authority and the 25th Commando Brigade exercise independent command authority within the Kuwaiti Armed Forces, although activities such as training and equipment procurement are often coordinated with the other services<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Kuwaiti National Guard reports directly to the prime minister and the amir and possesses an independent command structure, equipment inventory, and logistics corps separate from the Ministry of Defense, the regular armed services, and the Ministry of Interior; it is responsible for protecting critical infrastructure and providing support for the Ministries of Interior and Defense as required"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "6.8% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "6.3% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "5.6% of GDP (2019) (approximately $10.2 billion)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "5.1% of GDP (2018) (approximately $9.25 billion)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "5.6% of GDP (2017) (approximately $10 billion)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 17,000 active duty armed forces personnel (12,500 Army, including the Amiri Guard and 25th Commando Brigade; 2,000 Navy; 2,500 Air Force); approximately 6,500 National Guard (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory consists of weapons from a wide variety of sources, including Western Europe, Russia, the United Arab Emirates, and the US; the US has been the leading supplier of arms to Kuwait since 2010 (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service; Kuwait reintroduced 12-month mandatory service for men aged 18-35 in May 2017 after having suspended conscription in 2001; mandatory service is divided in two phases – 4 months for training and 8 months for military service; women were allowed to volunteer in 2021 (2022)<br><br> ",
      "note": "&nbsp;"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "as of 2022, the US had approximately 13,000 military personnel based in Kuwait as part of a 1991 Defense Cooperation Agreement and a 2013 Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement<br><br>Kuwait has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US; MNNA is a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation; while MNNA status provides military and economic privileges, it does not entail any security commitments (2022)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Kuwait-Iraq</em>: no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the Persian Gulf</p> <p><em>Kuwait-Saudi Arabia</em>: their maritime boundary was established in 2000 and has a neutral zone but its extension to Iran’s maritime boundary has not been negotiated</p> <p> </p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "92,020 (mid-year 2021); note - Kuwait's 1959 Nationality Law defined citizens as persons who settled in the country before 1920 and who had maintained normal residence since then; one-third of the population, descendants of Bedouin tribes, missed the window of opportunity to register for nationality rights after Kuwait became independent in 1961 and were classified as bidun (meaning \"without\"); since the 1980s Kuwait's bidun have progressively lost their rights, including opportunities for employment and education, amid official claims that they are nationals of other countries who have destroyed their identification documents in hopes of gaining Kuwaiti citizenship; Kuwaiti authorities have delayed processing citizenship applications and labeled biduns as \"illegal residents,\" denying them access to civil documentation, such as birth and marriage certificates"
      }
    }
  }
}