{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>The Swiss Confederation was founded in 1291 as a defensive alliance among three cantons. In succeeding years, other localities joined the original three. The Swiss Confederation secured its independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499. A constitution of 1848, subsequently modified in 1874 to allow voters to introduce referenda on proposed laws, replaced the confederation with a centralized federal government. Switzerland's sovereignty and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers, and the country was not involved in either of the two World Wars. The political and economic integration of Europe over the past half century, as well as Switzerland's role in many UN and international organizations, has strengthened Switzerland's ties with its neighbors. However, the country did not officially become a UN member until 2002. Switzerland remains active in many UN and international organizations but retains a strong commitment to neutrality.</p> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Central Europe, east of France, north of Italy"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "47 00 N, 8 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "41,277 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "39,997 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "1,280 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,770 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Austria 158 km; France 525 km; Italy 698 km; Liechtenstein 41 km; Germany 348 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Dufourspitze 4,634 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Lake Maggiore 195 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "1,350 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "hydropower potential, timber, salt"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "38.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 10.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 27.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "31.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "29.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "630 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Constance (shared with Germany and Austria) - 540 sq km; Lake Geneva (shared with France) - 580 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Rhine  river source (shared with Germany, France, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population distribution corresponds to elevation with the northern and western areas far more heavily populated; the higher Alps of the south limit settlement"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "avalanches, landslides; flash floods"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe; along with southeastern France, northern Italy, and southwestern Austria, has the highest elevations in the Alps"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "8,508,698 (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Swiss (singular and plural)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Swiss"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Swiss 69.2%, German 4.2%, Italian 3.2%, Portuguese 2.5%, French 2.1%, Kosovo 1.1%, Turkish 1%, other 16.7% (2020 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent permanent and non-permanent resident population by country of birth"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "German (or Swiss German) (official) 62.1%, French (official) 22.8%, Italian (official) 8%, English 5.7%, Portuguese 3.5%, Albanian 3.3%, Serbo-Croatian 2.3%, Spanish 2.3%, Romansh (official) 0.5%, other 7.9%; note - German, French, Italian, and Romansh are all national and official languages; shares sum to more than 100% because respondents could indicate more than one main language (2019 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Das World Factbook, die unverzichtbare Quelle für grundlegende Informationen. (German)<br><br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br><br>L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 34.4%, Protestant 22.5%, other Christian 5.7%, Muslim 5.4%, other 1.5%, none 29.4%, unspecified 1.1% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "15.34% (male 664,255/female 625,252)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "10.39% (male 446,196/female 426,708)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "42.05% (male 1,768,245/female 1,765,941)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "13.48% (male 569,717/female 563,482)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "18.73% (2020 est.) (male 699,750/female 874,448)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "51.6"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "22.7"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "29"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.5 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "42.7 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "41.7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "43.7 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.65% (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "10.36 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "8.4 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "4.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population distribution corresponds to elevation with the northern and western areas far more heavily populated; the higher Alps of the south limit settlement"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "74.1% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.420 million Zurich, 437,000 BERN (capital) (2022)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.64 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "31.1 years (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.58 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "4.08 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3.04 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "83.23 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "80.91 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "85.67 years (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.58 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "71.6% (2017)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "11.3% of GDP (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "4.38 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "4.6 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "0.2% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "17,000 (2020)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "(2020) &lt;200",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "19.5% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.41 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "3.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "4.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "1.76 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "25.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "28.1% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "22.9% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.9% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "17 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16 years (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "9.2%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "8% (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from agricultural fertilizers; chemical contaminants and erosion damage the soil and limit productivity; loss of biodiversity"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "10.21 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "34.48 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "4.98 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "38.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 10.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 27.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "31.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "29.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "74.1% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "6.056 million tons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "1,937,920 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "32% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Constance (shared with Germany and Austria) - 540 sq km; Lake Geneva (shared with France) - 580 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Rhine  river source (shared with Germany, France, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "931 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "642.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "160.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "53.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Swiss Confederation"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Switzerland"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German)/ Confederation Suisse (French)/ Confederazione Svizzera (Italian)/ Confederaziun Svizra (Romansh)"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Schweiz (German)/ Suisse (French)/ Svizzera (Italian)/ Svizra (Romansh)"
      },
      "abbreviation": {
        "text": "CH"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derives from the canton of Schwyz, one of the founding cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy that formed in the 14th century"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "federal republic (formally a confederation)"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Bern"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "46 55 N, 7 28 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "origin of the name is uncertain, but may derive from a 2nd century B.C. Celtic place name, possibly \"berna\" meaning \"cleft,\" that was subsequently adopted by a Roman settlement"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular - cantone in Italian; Kantone, singular - Kanton in German); Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Berne/Bern, Fribourg/Freiburg, Geneve (Geneva), Glarus, Graubuenden/Grigioni/Grischun, Jura, Luzern (Lucerne), Neuchatel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Valais/Wallis, Vaud, Zug, Zuerich",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the canton names are in the official language(s) of the canton with the exception of Geneve and Luzern, where the conventional names (Geneva and Lucerne) have been added in parentheses; 6 of the cantons - Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Nidwalden, Obwalden - are referred to as half cantons because they elect only one member (instead of two) to the Council of States and, in popular referendums where a majority of popular votes and a majority of cantonal votes are required, these 6 cantons only have a half vote"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1 August 1291 (founding of the Swiss Confederation)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Founding of the Swiss Confederation in 1291; note - since 1 August 1891 celebrated as Swiss National Day"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1848, 1874; latest adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, effective 1 January 2000"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the two houses of the Federal Assembly or by petition of at least one&nbsp;hundred thousand&nbsp;voters (called the \"federal popular initiative\"); passage of proposals requires majority vote in a referendum; following drafting of an amendment by the Assembly, its passage requires approval by majority vote in a referendum and approval by the majority of cantons; amended many times, last in 2018"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts, except for federal decrees of a general obligatory character"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Switzerland"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "12 years including at least 3 of the last 5 years prior to application"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President of the Swiss Confederation Ignazio CASSIS (since 1 January 2022); Vice President Alain BERSET (since 1 January 2022); note - the Federal Council, comprised of 7 federal councillors, constitutes the federal government of Switzerland; council members rotate the 1-year term of federal president"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President of the Swiss Confederation Ignazio CASSIS (since 1 January 2022); Vice President Alain BERSET (since 1 January 2022)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal (in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) indirectly elected by the Federal Assembly for a 4-year term"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president and vice president elected by the Federal Assembly from among members of the Federal Council for a 1-year, non-consecutive term; election last held on 8 December 2021 (next to be held in December 2022)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2021:</em> Ignazio CASSIS elected president for 2022; Federal Assembly vote - Ignazio CASSIS (FDP.The Liberals) 156 of 197 votes; Alain BERSET (SP) elected vice president; Federal Assembly vote - 158 of 204<br><br><em>2020:</em> Guy PARMELIN elected president for 2021; Federal Assembly vote - Guy PARMELIN (SVP) 188 of 202 votes; Ignazio CASSIS (FDP.The Liberals) elected vice president; Federal Assembly vote - 162 of 191"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "description: bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung (in German), Assemblée Fédérale (in French), Assemblea Federale (in Italian) consists of:<br>Council of States or Ständerat (in German), Conseil des États (in French), Consiglio degli Stati (in Italian) (46 seats; members in multi-seat constituencies representing cantons and single-seat constituencies representing half cantons directly elected by simple majority vote except Jura and Neuchatel cantons which use list proportional representation vote; member term governed by cantonal law)<br>National Council or Nationalrat (in German), Conseil National (in French), Consiglio Nazionale (in Italian) (200 seats; 195 members in cantons directly elected by proportional representation vote and 6 in half cantons directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "<br>Council of States - last held in most cantons on 20 October 2019 (each canton determines when the next election will be held)<br>National Council - last held on 20 October 2019 (next to be held on 31 October 2023)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br>Council of States - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - The Center 13, FDP.The Liberals 12, SDP 9, Green Party 5, SVP 6, other 1; composition (as of mid-2022) - men 33, women 13, percent of women 28.3% <br>National Council - percent of vote by party - SDP 26.5%, SP 19.5%, FDP.The Liberals 15.1%, Green Party 14%, The Center 14%, GLP 7.8%, other 3.5%; seats by party - SVP 53, SP 39, FDP.The Liberals 29, Green Party 28, The Center 28, GLP 16, other 7; composition (as of mid-2022) - men 115, women 85, percent of women 42.5%; note - overall Federal Assembly percent of women 39.8%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Federal Supreme Court (consists of 38 justices and 19 deputy justices organized into 7 divisions)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "judges elected by the Federal Assembly for 6-year terms; note - judges are affiliated with political parties and are elected according to linguistic and regional criteria in approximate proportion to the level of party representation in the Federal Assembly"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Federal Criminal Court (established in 2004); Federal Administrative Court (established in 2007); note - each of Switzerland's 26 cantons has its own courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Green Liberal Party (Gruenliberale Partei or GLP, Parti vert liberale or PVL, Partito Verde-Liberale or PVL, Partida Verde Liberale or PVL) [Juerg GROSSEN]<br>Green Party (Gruene Partei der Schweiz or Gruene, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Balthasar GLATTLI]<br>Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SP, Parti Socialiste Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Cedric WERMUTH and Mattea MEYER]<br>Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica di Centro or UDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Marco CHIESA]<br>The Center (Die Mitte, Alleanza del Centro, Le Centre, Allianza dal Center) [Gerhard PFISTER] (merger of the Christian Democratic People's Party and the Conservative Democratic Party)<br>The Liberals or FDP.The Liberals (FDP.Die Liberalen, PLR.Les Liberaux-Radicaux, PLR.I Liberali, Ils Liberals) [Petra GOESSI]<br>other minor parties"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, EITI (implementing country), ESA, FAO, FATF, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Jacques Henri PITTELOUD (since 16 September 2019)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20007-4105"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 745-7900"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 387-2564"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>washington@eda.admin.ch<br><br>https://www.eda.admin.ch/washington"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Atlanta, Chicago, New York, San Francisco"
      },
      "consulate(s)": {
        "text": "Boston"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Scott MILLER (since 11 January 2022) note - also accredited to Liechtenstein"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Sulgeneckstrasse 19, CH-3007 Bern"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5110 Bern Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-5110"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[41] (031) 357-70-11"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[41] (031) 357-73-20"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>https://ch.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag; various medieval legends purport to describe the origin of the flag; a white cross used as identification for troops of the Swiss Confederation is first attested at the Battle of Laupen (1339)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 1863, a newly formed international relief organization convening in Geneva, Switzerland sought to come up with an identifying flag or logo, they chose the inverse of the Swiss flag - a red cross on a white field - as their symbol; today that organization is known throughout the world as the International Red Cross"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "Swiss cross (white cross on red field, arms equal length); national colors: red, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "the Swiss anthem has four names: \"Schweizerpsalm\" [German] \"Cantique Suisse\" [French] \"Salmo svizzero,\" [Italian] \"Psalm svizzer\" [Romansch] (Swiss Psalm)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Leonhard WIDMER [German], Charles CHATELANAT [French], Camillo VALSANGIACOMO [Italian], and Flurin CAMATHIAS [Romansch]/Alberik ZWYSSIG"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unofficially adopted 1961, officially 1981; the anthem has been popular in a number of Swiss cantons since its composition (in German) in 1841; translated into the other three official languages of the country (French, Italian, and Romansch), it is official in each of those languages"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "13 (9 cultural, 4 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Old City of Berne (c); Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch (n); Monte San Giorgio (n); Abbey of St Gall (c); Three Castles, Defensive Wall, and Ramparts of the Market-Town of Bellinzona (c); Rhaetian Railway in the Albula/Bernina Landscapes (c); La Chaux-de-Fonds/Le Locle, Watchmaking Town Planning (c); Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps (c); Benedictine Convent of St John at M&uuml;stair (c); Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Switzerland, a country that espouses neutrality, is a prosperous and modern market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a per capita GDP among the highest in the world. Switzerland's economy benefits from a highly developed service sector, led by financial services, and a manufacturing industry that specializes in high-technology, knowledge-based production. Its economic and political stability, transparent legal system, exceptional infrastructure, efficient capital markets, and low corporate tax rates also make Switzerland one of the world's most competitive economies.</p> <p> </p> <p>The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with the EU's to gain access to the Union’s Single Market and enhance the country’s international competitiveness. Some trade protectionism remains, however, particularly for its small agricultural sector. The fate of the Swiss economy is tightly linked to that of its neighbors in the euro zone, which purchases half of Swiss exports. The global financial crisis of 2008 and resulting economic downturn in 2009 stalled demand for Swiss exports and put Switzerland into a recession. During this period, the Swiss National Bank (SNB) implemented a zero-interest rate policy to boost the economy, as well as to prevent appreciation of the franc, and Switzerland's economy began to recover in 2010.</p> <p> </p> <p>The sovereign debt crises unfolding in neighboring euro-zone countries, however, coupled with economic instability in Russia and other Eastern European economies drove up demand for the Swiss franc by investors seeking a safehaven currency. In January 2015, the SNB abandoned the Swiss franc’s peg to the euro, roiling global currency markets and making active SNB intervention a necessary hallmark of present-day Swiss monetary policy. The independent SNB has upheld its zero interest rate policy and conducted major market interventions to prevent further appreciation of the Swiss franc, but parliamentarians have urged it to do more to weaken the currency. The franc's strength has made Swiss exports less competitive and weakened the country's growth outlook; GDP growth fell below 2% per year from 2011 through 2017.</p> <p> </p> <p>In recent years, Switzerland has responded to increasing pressure from neighboring countries and trading partners to reform its banking secrecy laws, by agreeing to conform to OECD regulations on administrative assistance in tax matters, including tax evasion. The Swiss Government has also renegotiated its double taxation agreements with numerous countries, including the US, to incorporate OECD standards.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$590.71 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$608.16 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$601.65 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "1.11% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
        "text": "3.04% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "1.65% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$68,400 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$70,900 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$70,700 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$731.502 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "0.3% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "0.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "0.5% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "AAA (2000)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Aaa (1982)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "AAA (1988)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "0.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "25.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "73.7% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "53.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "12% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "24.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "-1.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "65.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-54% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "milk, sugar beet, wheat, potatoes, pork, barley, apples, maize, beef, grapes"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments, tourism, banking, insurance, pharmaceuticals"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "3.4% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "5.067 million (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3.3%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "19.8%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "76.9% (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "2.31% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2018": {
        "text": "2.55% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "9.2%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "8% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "16% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
        "text": "32.7 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1992": {
        "text": "33.1 (1992)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "7.5%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "19% (2007)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "242.1 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "234.4 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes federal, cantonal, and municipal budgets"
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "1.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "41.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "41.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> general government gross debt; gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future; includes debt liabilities in the form of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable; all liabilities in the GFSM (Government Financial Systems Manual) 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "35.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "$79.937 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2018": {
        "text": "$63.273 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$470.91 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$478.34 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$482.58 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> trade data exclude trade with Switzerland"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 16%, United States 14%, United Kingdom 8%, China 7%, France 6%, India 6%, Italy 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, watches, jewelry (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$401.91 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$394 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$395.86 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 21%, Italy 8%, United States 6%, France 6%, United Kingdom 5%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, packaged medicines, jewelry, cars, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$811.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$679.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$1,909,446,000,000 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$1,930,819,000,000 (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "0.88995 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "0.98835 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "0.99195 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "0.9627 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "0.9152 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "22.921 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "56,406,647,000 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "32.549 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "26.988 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "4.19 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "0.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "34.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "3.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "56.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "4.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "150,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "139,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "300 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "220,000 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "60,900 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "61,550 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "7,345 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "165,100 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "3,616,169,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "3,577,884,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "38.739 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "319,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "31.494 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "6.926 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "137.918 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "3,071,296 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "35 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "10.829 million (2019)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "126.05 (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Switzerland has one of the highest broadband penetration rates within Europe, with a focus on services of at least 1Gb/s; this has been supported by sympathetic regulatory measures as well as by cooperative agreements between the main telcos Swisscom, Swiss Net Fire, and Sunrise UPC, and with local utilities; fast fiber is complemented by 5G services reaching about 97% of the population by early 2021; together, these networks will soon enable the telcos to provide ultra-fast broadband services nationally, ahead of most other countries in the region; the competitive mobile market is served by three network operators and a small number of MVNOs. Liberty Global acquired the MNO Sunrise in November 2020 and merged the business with its own unit UPC Switzerland, creating Sunrise UPC to contend effectively against Swisscom across the sector; 5G services offered by the MNOs offer data rates of up to 2Gb/s, and although various cantons have called a halt to extensions of 5G, citing health concerns, the regulator and environment ministry have put in place measures aimed at ensuring that network rollouts can continue without disruption; with the migration of subscribers to LTE and 5G networks, the MNOs have been able to begin closing down their GSM networks and repurpose physical assets and spectrum; although not a member of the EU, the country&rsquo;s economic integration has meant that its telecom market deregulation has followed the EU&rsquo;s liberalization framework, including the recent regulations on international voice roaming; this report presents an analysis of Switzerland&rsquo;s fixed-line telecom market, including an assessment of network infrastructure; it examines the regulatory environment and evaluates the strategies and performance of service providers including Swisscom and Sunrise UPC; the report also assesses the mobile market, including new technologies and profiles of the main operators; the report reviews the fixed and fixed-wireless broadband segments and the migration to a fiber-abased infrastructure; subscriber forecasts to 2024 are provided covering a range of services. (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line over 34 per 100 and mobile-cellular subscribership roughly 126 per 100 persons; extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks (2020)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 41; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "<p>the publicly owned radio and TV broadcaster, Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG/SSR), operates 8 national TV networks, 3 broadcasting in German, 3 in French, and 2 in Italian; private commercial TV stations broadcast regionally and locally; TV broadcasts from stations in Germany, Italy, and France are widely available via multi-channel cable and satellite TV services; SRG/SSR operates 17 radio stations that, along with private broadcasters, provide national to local coverage )</p> (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ch"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8,118,367 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "94% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,028,238 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "47 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "6 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "179"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "28,857,994 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,841,310,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "HB"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "63 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "40"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "12"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "6"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "17 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "23"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "23 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "2 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "1,800 km gas, 94 km oil (of which 60 are inactive), 17 km refined products (2017)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5,466 km (2015) (includes 19 km in neighboring countries)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "3,836 km (2015) 1.435-m gauge (3,634 km electrified)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "1,630 km (2015) 1.200-m gauge (2 km electrified) (includes 19 km in neighboring countries)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "71,557 km (2017)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "71,557 km (2017) (includes 1,458 of expressways)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,292 km (2010) (there are 1,227 km of waterways on lakes and rivers for public transport and 65 km on the Rhine River between Basel-Rheinfelden and Schaffhausen-Bodensee for commercial goods transport)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 16, general cargo 1, other 3 (includes Liechtenstein) (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "river port(s)": {
        "text": "Basel (Rhine)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Swiss Armed Forces: Land Forces, Swiss Air Force (Schweizer Luftwaffe) (2022)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "0.8% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2019) (approximately $5.26 billion)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2018) (approximately $4.72 billion)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2017) (approximately $4.67 billion)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "the Swiss Armed Forces maintain a full-time professional cadre of about 4,000 personnel along with approximately 18-20,000 conscripts brought in annually for 18-23 weeks of training; approximately 120,000 reserve forces (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons systems; the US has been the leading supplier of military armaments to Switzerland since 2010; the Swiss defense industry produces a range of military land vehicles (2021)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-30 years of age for compulsory military service for men; 18 years of age for voluntary military service; women may volunteer; every Swiss male has to serve at least 245 days in the armed forces; conscripts receive 18 weeks of mandatory training, followed by six 19-day intermittent recalls for training during the next 10 years (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>conscientious objectors can choose 390 days of community service instead of military service"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "up to 165 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "<p>Switzerland has long maintained a policy of military neutrality, but does periodically participate in EU, NATO, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and UN military operations; Swiss law excludes participation in combat operations for peace enforcement, and Swiss units will only participate in operations under the mandate of the UN or OSCE; Switzerland joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1996; it contributed to the NATO-led Kosovo peace-support force (KFOR) in 1999 and as of 2022, continued doing so with up to 165 personnel; Switzerland also provided a small number of staff officers to the NATO mission in Afghanistan from 2004-2007</p>"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>none identified</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "38,219 (Eritrea), 20,043 (Syria), 14,649 (Afghanistan), 6,069 (Sri Lanka), 6,197 (Turkey) (mid-year 2021); 66,812 (Ukraine) (as of 18 October 2022)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "684 (mid-year 2021)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "major source of precursor chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics; a significant importer and exporter of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine"
    }
  }
}