{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "Greece achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories, most with Greek-speaking populations. In World War II, Greece was first invaded by Italy (1940) and subsequently occupied by Germany (1941-44); fighting endured in a protracted civil war between supporters of the king and other anti-communist and communist rebels. Following the latter's defeat in 1949, Greece joined NATO in 1952. In 1967, a group of military officers seized power, establishing a military dictatorship that suspended many political liberties and forced the king to flee the country. In 1974 following the collapse of the dictatorship, democratic elections and a referendum created a parliamentary republic and abolished the monarchy. In 1981, Greece joined the EC (now the EU); it became the 12th member of the European Economic and Monetary Union in 2001. Greece has suffered a severe economic crisis since late 2009, due to nearly a decade of chronic overspending and structural rigidities. Beginning in 2010, Greece entered three bailout agreements - the first two with the European Commission, the European Central Bank, and the IMF; and the third in 2015 with the European Stability Mechanism - worth in total about $300 billion. The Greek Government formally exited the third bailout in August 2018." } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "39 00 N, 22 00 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Europe" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "131,957 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "130,647 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "1,310 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than Alabama" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "1,110 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Albania 212 km; Bulgaria 472 km; North Macedonia 234 km; Turkey 192 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "13,676 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "6 nm" }, "continental shelf": { "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation" } }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers" }, "Terrain": { "text": "mountainous with ranges extending into the sea as peninsulas or chains of islands" }, "Elevation": { "highest point": { "text": "Mount Olympus 2,917" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" }, "mean elevation": { "text": "498 m" }, "note": "note: Mount Olympus actually has 52 peaks but its highest point, Mytikas (meaning \"nose\"), rises to 2,917 meters; in Greek mythology, Olympus' Mytikas peak was the home of the Greek gods" }, "Natural resources": { "text": "lignite, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, lead, zinc, nickel, magnesite, marble, salt, hydropower potential" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "63.4% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 8.9% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 34.8% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "30.5% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "6.1% (2018 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "15,550 sq km (2012)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "one-third of the population lives in and around metropolitan Athens; the remainder of the country has moderate population density mixed with sizeable urban clusters" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "

severe earthquakes

volcanism: Santorini (367 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; although there have been very few eruptions in recent centuries, Methana and Nisyros in the Aegean are classified as historically active

" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about 2,000 islands" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "10,533,871 (2022 est.)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Greek(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Greek" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Greek 91.6%, Albanian 4.4%, other 4% (2011 est.)", "note": "note: data represent citizenship; Greece does not collect data on ethnicity" }, "Languages": { "Languages": { "text": "Greek (official) 99%, other (includes English and French) 1%" }, "major-language sample(s)": { "text": "
Το Παγκόσμιο Βιβλίο Δεδομένων, η απαραίτητη πηγή βασικών πληροφοριών. (Greek)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information." } }, "Religions": { "text": "Greek Orthodox 81-90%, Muslim 2%, other 3%, none 4-15%, unspecified 1% (2015 est.)" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "14.53% (male 794,918/female 745,909)" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "10.34% (male 577,134/female 519,819)" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "39.6% (male 2,080,443/female 2,119,995)" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "13.1% (male 656,404/female 732,936)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "22.43% (2020 est.) (male 1,057,317/female 1,322,176)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "56.1" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "21.3" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "34.8" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "2.9 (2020 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "45.3 years" }, "male": { "text": "43.7 years" }, "female": { "text": "46.8 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "-0.34% (2022 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "7.61 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "12.04 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "one-third of the population lives in and around metropolitan Athens; the remainder of the country has moderate population density mixed with sizeable urban clusters" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "80.4% of total population (2022)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "3.154 million ATHENS (capital), 814,000 Thessaloniki (2022)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.07 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.06 male(s)/female" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "1.14 male(s)/female" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "1 male(s)/female" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "0.89 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.71 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2022 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "30.7 years (2020 est.)" }, "Maternal mortality ratio": { "text": "3 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "3.55 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "3.94 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "3.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "81.49 years" }, "male": { "text": "78.96 years" }, "female": { "text": "84.2 years (2022 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "1.4 children born/woman (2022 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "NA" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 100% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 100% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "Current health expenditure": { "text": "7.8% of GDP (2019)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "6.31 physicians/1,000 population (2019)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "4.2 beds/1,000 population (2018)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 100% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 100% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)" } }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "0.2% (2020 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": { "text": "17,000 (2020 est.)", "note": "note: estimate does not include children" }, "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "(2020 est.) <100", "note": "note: estimate does not include children" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "24.9% (2016)" }, "Alcohol consumption per capita": { "total": { "text": "6.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "beer": { "text": "2.13 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "wine": { "text": "2.66 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "spirits": { "text": "1.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" }, "other alcohols": { "text": "0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)" } }, "Tobacco use": { "total": { "text": "33.5% (2020 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "36.5% (2020 est.)" }, "female": { "text": "30.5% (2020 est.)" } }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "NA" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.6% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write" }, "total population": { "text": "97.9%" }, "male": { "text": "98.5%" }, "female": { "text": "97.4% (2018)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "20 years" }, "male": { "text": "20 years" }, "female": { "text": "20 years (2019)" } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { "text": "35%" }, "male": { "text": "31.4%" }, "female": { "text": "39.3% (2020 est.)" } } }, "Environment": { "Environment - current issues": { "text": "air pollution; air emissions from transport and electricity power stations; water pollution; degradation of coastal zones; loss of biodiversity in terrestrial and marine ecosystems; increasing municipal and industrial waste" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds" } }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { "text": "15.69 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "62.43 megatons (2016 est.)" }, "methane emissions": { "text": "9.8 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "63.4% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 8.9% (2018 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 34.8% (2018 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "30.5% (2018 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "6.1% (2018 est.)" } }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "80.4% of total population (2022)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Revenue from coal": { "coal revenues": { "text": "0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "5,477,424 tons (2014 est.)" }, "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { "text": "1,040,711 tons (2014 est.)" }, "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "19% (2014 est.)" } }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { "text": "1.991 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" }, "industrial": { "text": "208.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" }, "agricultural": { "text": "9.041 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { "text": "68.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "Hellenic Republic" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Greece" }, "local long form": { "text": "Elliniki Dimokratia" }, "local short form": { "text": "Ellas or Ellada" }, "former": { "text": "Hellenic State, Kingdom of Greece" }, "etymology": { "text": "the English name derives from the Roman (Latin) designation \"Graecia,\" meaning \"Land of the Greeks\"; the Greeks call their country \"Hellas\" or \"Ellada\"" } }, "Government type": { "text": "parliamentary republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Athens" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "37 59 N, 23 44 E" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "etymology": { "text": "Athens is the oldest European capital city; according to tradition, the city is named after Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom; in actuality, the appellation probably derives from a lost name in a pre-Hellenic language" } }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "13 regions (perifereies, singular - perifereia) and 1 autonomous monastic state* (aftonomi monastiki politeia); Agion Oros* (Mount Athos), Anatoliki Makedonia kai Thraki (East Macedonia and Thrace), Attiki (Attica), Dytiki Ellada (West Greece), Dytiki Makedonia (West Macedonia), Ionia Nisia (Ionian Islands), Ipeiros (Epirus), Kentriki Makedonia (Central Macedonia), Kriti (Crete), Notio Aigaio (South Aegean), Peloponnisos (Peloponnese), Sterea Ellada (Central Greece), Thessalia (Thessaly), Voreio Aigaio (North Aegean)" }, "Independence": { "text": "3 February 1830 (from the Ottoman Empire); note - 25 March 1821, outbreak of the national revolt against the Ottomans; 3 February 1830, signing of the London Protocol recognizing Greek independence by Great Britain, France, and Russia" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Independence Day, 25 March (1821)" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "many previous; latest entered into force 11 June 1975" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by at least 50 members of Parliament and agreed by three-fifths majority vote in two separate ballots at least 30 days apart; passage requires absolute majority vote by the next elected Parliament; entry into force finalized through a \"special parliamentary resolution\"; articles on human rights and freedoms and the form of government cannot be amended; amended 1986, 2001, 2008, 2019" } }, "Legal system": { "text": "civil legal system based on Roman law" }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "no" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Greece" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "yes" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "10 years" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "17 years of age; universal and compulsory" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President Ekaterini SAKELLAROPOULOU (since 13 March 2020)" }, "head of government": { "text": "Prime Minister Kyriakos MITSOTAKIS (since 8 July 2019)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president elected by Hellenic Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 January 2020 (next to be held by February 2025); president appoints as prime minister the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Hellenic Parliament" }, "election results": { "text": "2020: Katerina SAKELLAROPOULOU (independent) elected president by Parliament - 261 of 300 votes; note - SAKELLAROPOULOU is Greece's first woman president

2015: Prokopis PAVLOPOULOS (ND) elected president by Parliament - 233 of 300 votes" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "unicameral Hellenic Parliament or Vouli ton Ellinon (300 seats; 280 members in multi-seat constituencies and 12 members in a single nationwide constituency directly elected by open party-list proportional representation vote; 8 members in single-seat constituencies elected by simple majority vote; members serve up to 4 years);  note - only parties surpassing a 3% threshold are entitled to parliamentary seats; parties need 10 seats to become formal parliamentary groups but can retain that status if the party participated in the last election and received the minimum 3% threshold" }, "elections": { "text": "last held on 7 July 2019 (next to be held by July 2023)" }, "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party - ND 39.9%, SYRIZA 31.5%, KINAL 8.1%, KKE 5.3%, Greek Solution 3.7%, MeRA25 3.4%, other 8.1%; seats by party - ND 158, SYRIZA 86, KINAL 22, KKE 15, Greek Solution 10, MeRA25 9; composition - men 244, women 56, percent of women 18.7%" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest court(s)": { "text": "Supreme Civil and Criminal Court or Areios Pagos (consists of 56 judges, including the court presidents); Council of State (supreme administrative court) (consists of the president, 7 vice presidents, 42 privy councilors, 48 associate councilors and 50 reporting judges, organized into six 5- and 7-member chambers; Court of Audit (government audit and enforcement) consists of the president, 5 vice presidents, 20 councilors, and 90 associate and reporting judges" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by presidential decree on the advice of the Supreme Judicial Council (SJC), which includes the president of the Supreme Court, other judges, and the prosecutor of the Supreme Court; judges appointed for life following a 2-year probationary period; Council of State president appointed by the Greek Cabinet to serve a 4-year term; other judge appointments and tenure NA; Court of Audit president appointed by decree of the president of the republic on the advice of the SJC; court president serves a 4-year term or until age 67; tenure of vice presidents, councilors, and judges NA" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "Courts of Appeal and Courts of First Instance (district courts)" } }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Anticapitalist Left Cooperation for the Overthrow or ANTARSYA [collective leadership]
Coalition of the Radical Left or SYRIZA [Alexios (Alexis) TSIPRAS]
Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Dimitrios KOUTSOUMBAS]
Democratic Left or DIMAR [Athanasios (Thanasis) THEOCHAROPOULOS]
European Realistic Disobedience Front or MeRA25 [Ioannis (Yanis) VAROUFAKIS]
Greek Solution [Kyriakos VELOPOULOS]
Independent Greeks or ANEL [Panagiotis (Panos) KAMMENOS]
New Democracy or ND [Kyriakos MITSOTAKIS]
PASOK - Movement for Change or PASOK-KINAL [Nikos ANDROULAKIS]
Popular Unity or LAE [Nikolaos CHOUNTIS]
Union of Centrists or EK [Vasileios (Vasilis) LEVENTIS]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Alexandra PAPADOPOULOU (since 6 February 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2217 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 939-1300" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 939-1324" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
gremb.was@mfa.gr

https://www.mfa.gr/usa/en/the-embassy/" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Tampa (FL), San Francisco" }, "consulate(s)": { "text": "Atlanta, Houston" } }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador George James TSUNIS (since 10 May 2022)" }, "embassy": { "text": "91 Vasillisis Sophias Avenue, 10160 Athens" }, "mailing address": { "text": "7100 Athens Place, Washington DC  20521-7100" }, "telephone": { "text": "[30] (210) 721-2951" }, "FAX": { "text": "[30] (210) 724-5313" }, "email address and website": { "text": "
athensamericancitizenservices@state.gov

https://gr.usembassy.gov/" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Thessaloniki" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; a blue square bearing a white cross appears in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country; there is no agreed upon meaning for the nine stripes or for the colors", "note": "note: Greek legislation states that the flag colors are cyan and white, but cyan can mean \"blue\" in Greek, so the exact shade of blue has never been set and has varied from a light to a dark blue over time; in general, the hue of blue normally encountered is a form of azure" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Greek cross (white cross on blue field, arms equal length); national colors: blue, white" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"Ymnos eis tin Eleftherian\" (Hymn to Liberty)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Dionysios SOLOMOS/Nikolaos MANTZAROS" }, "note": "note: adopted 1864; the anthem is based on a 158-stanza poem by the same name, which was inspired by the Greek Revolution of 1821 against the Ottomans (only the first two stanzas are used); Cyprus also uses \"Hymn to Liberty\" as its anthem" }, "National heritage": { "total World Heritage Sites": { "text": "18 (16 cultural, 2 mixed)" }, "selected World Heritage Site locales": { "text": "Acropolis, Athens (c); Archaeological site of Delphi (c); Meteora (m); Medieval City of Rhodes (c); Archaeological site of Olympia (c); Archaeological site of Mycenae and Tiryns (c); Old Town of Corfu (c); Mount Athos (m); Delos (c); Archaeological Site of Philippi (c)" } } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "

Greece has a capitalist economy with a public sector accounting for about 40% of GDP and with per capita GDP about two-thirds that of the leading euro-zone economies. Tourism provides 18% of GDP. Immigrants make up nearly one-fifth of the work force, mainly in agricultural and unskilled jobs. Greece is a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 3.3% of annual GDP.

 

The Greek economy averaged growth of about 4% per year between 2003 and 2007, but the economy went into recession in 2009 as a result of the world financial crisis, tightening credit conditions, and Athens' failure to address a growing budget deficit. By 2013, the economy had contracted 26%, compared with the pre-crisis level of 2007. Greece met the EU's Growth and Stability Pact budget deficit criterion of no more than 3% of GDP in 2007-08, but violated it in 2009, when the deficit reached 15% of GDP. Deteriorating public finances, inaccurate and misreported statistics, and consistent underperformance on reforms prompted major credit rating agencies to downgrade Greece's international debt rating in late 2009 and led the country into a financial crisis. Under intense pressure from the EU and international market participants, the government accepted a bailout program that called on Athens to cut government spending, decrease tax evasion, overhaul the civil-service, health-care, and pension systems, and reform the labor and product markets. Austerity measures reduced the deficit to 1.3% in 2017. Successive Greek governments, however, failed to push through many of the most unpopular reforms in the face of widespread political opposition, including from the country's powerful labor unions and the general public.

 

In April 2010, a leading credit agency assigned Greek debt its lowest possible credit rating, and in May 2010, the IMF and euro-zone governments provided Greece emergency short- and medium-term loans worth $147 billion so that the country could make debt repayments to creditors. Greece, however, struggled to meet the targets set by the EU and the IMF, especially after Eurostat - the EU's statistical office - revised upward Greece's deficit and debt numbers for 2009 and 2010. European leaders and the IMF agreed in October 2011 to provide Athens a second bailout package of $169 billion. The second deal called for holders of Greek government bonds to write down a significant portion of their holdings to try to alleviate Greece’s government debt burden. However, Greek banks, saddled with a significant portion of sovereign debt, were adversely affected by the write down and $60 billion of the second bailout package was set aside to ensure the banking system was adequately capitalized.

 

In 2014, the Greek economy began to turn the corner on the recession. Greece achieved three significant milestones: balancing the budget - not including debt repayments; issuing government debt in financial markets for the first time since 2010; and generating 0.7% GDP growth — the first economic expansion since 2007.

 

Despite the nascent recovery, widespread discontent with austerity measures helped propel the far-left Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) party into government in national legislative elections in January 2015. Between January and July 2015, frustrations grew between the SYRIZA-led government and Greece’s EU and IMF creditors over the implementation of bailout measures and disbursement of funds. The Greek government began running up significant arrears to suppliers, while Greek banks relied on emergency lending, and Greece’s future in the euro zone was called into question. To stave off a collapse of the banking system, Greece imposed capital controls in June 2015, then became the first developed nation to miss a loan payment to the IMF, rattling international financial markets. Unable to reach an agreement with creditors, Prime Minister Alexios TSIPRAS held a nationwide referendum on 5 July on whether to accept the terms of Greece’s bailout, campaigning for the ultimately successful \"no\" vote. The TSIPRAS government subsequently agreed, however, to a new $96 billion bailout in order to avert Greece’s exit from the monetary bloc. On 20 August 2015, Greece signed its third bailout, allowing it to cover significant debt payments to its EU and IMF creditors and to ensure the banking sector retained access to emergency liquidity. The TSIPRAS government — which retook office on 20 September 2015 after calling new elections in late August — successfully secured disbursal of two delayed tranches of bailout funds. Despite the economic turmoil, Greek GDP did not contract as sharply as feared, boosted in part by a strong tourist season.

 

In 2017, Greece saw improvements in GDP and unemployment. Unfinished economic reforms, a massive non-performing loan problem, and ongoing uncertainty regarding the political direction of the country hold the economy back. Some estimates put Greece’s black market at 20- to 25% of GDP, as more people have stopped reporting their income to avoid paying taxes that, in some cases, have risen to 70% of an individual’s gross income.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { "text": "$292.4 billion (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$318.68 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { "text": "$312.87 billion (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { "text": "1.87% (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2018": { "text": "1.91% (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2017": { "text": "1.44% (2017 est.)" } }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2020": { "text": "$27,300 (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$29,700 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { "text": "$29,200 (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$209.79 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "0.2% (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": { "text": "0.6% (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "1.1% (2017 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { "text": "BB (2020)" }, "Moody's rating": { "text": "Ba3 (2020)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "BB- (2019)" } }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "4.1% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "16.9% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "79.1% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "69.6% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "20.1% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "12.5% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "-1% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "33.4% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-34.7% (2017 est.)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "maize, olives, wheat, milk, peaches/nectarines, oranges, tomatoes, grapes, milk, potatoes" }, "Industries": { "text": "tourism, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products; mining, petroleum" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "3.5% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "4 million (2020 est.)" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "12.6%" }, "industry": { "text": "15%" }, "services": { "text": "72.4% (30 October 2015 est.)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2019": { "text": "17.3% (2019 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "19.34% (2018 est.)" } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { "text": "35%" }, "male": { "text": "31.4%" }, "female": { "text": "39.3% (2020 est.)" } }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "17.9% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { "text": "34.4 (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2011": { "text": "35.7 (2011)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "1.7%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "26.7% (2015 est.)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "97.99 billion (2017 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "96.35 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "0.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "181.8% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt 2016": { "text": "183.5% of GDP (2016 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "48.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2019": { "text": "-$3.114 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2018": { "text": "-$6.245 billion (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2020": { "text": "$59.02 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Exports 2019": { "text": "$81.18 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Exports 2018": { "text": "$81.87 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "Italy 10%, Germany 7%, Turkey 5%, Cyprus 5%, Bulgaria 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, aluminum plating, computers, cotton (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2020": { "text": "$71.76 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Imports 2019": { "text": "$83.19 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" }, "Imports 2018": { "text": "$85.8 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "Germany 11%, China 9%, Italy 8%, Iraq 7%, Russia 6%, Netherlands 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cars, ships (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$7.807 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": { "text": "$6.026 billion (31 December 2015 est.)" } }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2019": { "text": "$484.888 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Debt - external 2018": { "text": "$478.646 billion (2018 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "Currency": { "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2018": { "text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2014": { "text": "0.885 (2014 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2020)" } }, "Electricity": { "installed generating capacity": { "text": "21.545 million kW (2020 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "46.18 billion kWh (2020 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "967 million kWh (2020 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "9.831 billion kWh (2020 est.)" }, "transmission/distribution losses": { "text": "3.256 billion kWh (2020 est.)" } }, "Electricity generation sources": { "fossil fuels": { "text": "56.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "nuclear": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "solar": { "text": "10.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "wind": { "text": "23% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "hydroelectricity": { "text": "8.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "tide and wave": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "geothermal": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" }, "biomass and waste": { "text": "1.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)" } }, "Coal": { "production": { "text": "13.851 million metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "13.828 million metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "7,000 metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "305,000 metric tons (2020 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "2.876 billion metric tons (2019 est.)" } }, "Petroleum": { "total petroleum production": { "text": "4,800 bbl/day (2021 est.)" }, "refined petroleum consumption": { "text": "309,600 bbl/day (2019 est.)" }, "crude oil and lease condensate exports": { "text": "4,100 barrels/day (2018 est.)" }, "crude oil and lease condensate imports": { "text": "491,300 barrels/day (2018 est.)" }, "crude oil estimated reserves": { "text": "10 million barrels (2021 est.)" } }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "655,400 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "371,900 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "192,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas": { "production": { "text": "5.748 million cubic meters (2019 est.)" }, "consumption": { "text": "5,831,987,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "exports": { "text": "33.244 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "imports": { "text": "5,219,409,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)" }, "proven reserves": { "text": "991 million cubic meters (2021 est.)" } }, "Carbon dioxide emissions": { "total emissions": { "text": "70.163 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from coal and metallurgical coke": { "text": "13.404 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from petroleum and other liquids": { "text": "46.401 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" }, "from consumed natural gas": { "text": "10.358 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)" } }, "Energy consumption per capita": { "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": { "text": "108.022 million Btu/person (2019 est.)" } } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "5,028,332 (2020 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "48 (2020 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "11,412,995 (2020 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "109 (2020 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "Greece’s telecom market is susceptible to the country’s volatile economy, and as a result revenue among the key networks has been variable; broadband subscriptions in Greece are developing steadily despite the difficult economic conditions; the main networks are concentrating investment on fiber-based next generation networks, enabling them to reach the European broadband targets for 2025; their work is also supported by government ultra-fast broadband projects, largely funded by the EC and aimed at delivering a service of at least 100Mb/s to under served areas; Greece’s well-developed mobile market is dominated by the three MNOs; Networks continue to invest in LTE infrastructure and technologies to provide networks capable of meeting customer demand for data services; after extensive trials of 5G, the MNOs were able to launch commercial services in early 2021 following the December 2020 allocation of frequencies in a range of bands; the rapid rollout of 5G encouraged the shut down of the 3G network (a process expected to be completed by the end of 2021) and reallocate for LTE and 5G. (2022)" }, "domestic": { "text": "microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open-wire connections; submarine cable to offshore islands; nearly 46 per 100 subscribers for fixed-line and 110 per 100 for mobile-cellular (2020)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 30; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3, Adria-1, Italy-Greece 1, OTEGLOBE, MedNautilus Submarine System, Aphrodite 2, AAE-1 and Silphium optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, Asia and Australia;  tropospheric scatter; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat - Indian Ocean region) (2019)" }, "note": "note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "broadcast media dominated by the private sector; roughly 150 private TV channels, about 10 of which broadcast nationwide; 1 government-owned terrestrial TV channel with national coverage; 3 privately owned satellite channels; multi-channel satellite and cable TV services available; upwards of 1,500 radio stations, all of them privately owned; government-owned broadcaster has 2 national radio stations" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".gr" }, "Internet users": { "total": { "text": "8,346,434 (2020 est.)" }, "percent of population": { "text": "78% (2020 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "4,257,026 (2020 est.)" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "41 (2020 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "11 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "97" }, "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "15,125,933 (2018)" }, "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "21.91 million (2018) mt-km" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "SX" }, "Airports": { "total": { "text": "77 (2021)" } }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "total": { "text": "68" }, "over 3,047 m": { "text": "6" }, "2,438 to 3,047 m": { "text": "15" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "19" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "18" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "10 (2021)" } }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "total": { "text": "9" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "2" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "7 (2021)" } }, "Heliports": { "text": "9 (2021)" }, "Pipelines": { "text": "1,466 km gas, 94 km oil (2013)" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "2,548 km (2014)" }, "standard gauge": { "text": "1,565 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (764 km electrified)" }, "narrow gauge": { "text": "961 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge" }, "note": "220.750 km-mm gauge" }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "117,000 km (2018)" } }, "Waterways": { "text": "6 km (2012) (the 6-km-long Corinth Canal crosses the Isthmus of Corinth; it shortens a sea voyage by 325 km)" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "1,236" }, "by type": { "text": "bulk carrier 158, container ship 5, general cargo 89, oil tanker 337, other 647 (2021)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { "major seaport(s)": { "text": "Aspropyrgos, Pachi, Piraeus, Thessaloniki" }, "oil terminal(s)": { "text": "Agioi Theodoroi" }, "container port(s) (TEUs)": { "text": "Piraeus (5,648,000) (2019)" }, "LNG terminal(s) (import)": { "text": "Revithoussa" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Hellenic Armed Forces: Hellenic Army (Ellinikos Stratos, ES; includes National Guard reserves), Hellenic Navy (Elliniko Polemiko Navtiko, EPN), Hellenic Air Force (Elliniki Polemiki Aeroporia, EPA; includes air defense); Ministry of Shipping Affairs and Island Policy: Coast Guard (2022)", "note": "note: the police (under the Ministry of Citizen Protection) and the armed forces (Ministry of National Defense) share law enforcement duties in certain border areas; border protection is coordinated by a deputy minister for national defense" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2022": { "text": "3.8% of GDP (2022 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2021": { "text": "3.6% of GDP (2021)" }, "Military Expenditures 2020": { "text": "2.9% of GDP (2020)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "2.3% of GDP (2019) (approximately $7.95 billion)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "2.5% of GDP (2018) (approximately $8.31 billion)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "approximately 125,000 active duty personnel (90,000 Army; 15,000 Navy; 20,000 Air Force); approximately 35,000 National Guard (2022)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the inventory of the Hellenic Armed Forces consists of a mix of imported weapons from Europe and the US, as well as a limited number of domestically produced systems, particularly naval vessels; Germany has been the leading supplier of weapons systems to Greece since 2010; Greece's defense industry is capable of producing a range of military hardware, including naval vessels and associated subsystems (2021)", "note": "note: in addition to finalizing an update to the Mutual Defense Cooperation Agreement with the US, Greece also entered into a security agreement with France in 2021 that included the sale of frigates and fighter aircraft to augment its aging weapons systems" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "19-45 years of age for compulsory military service for men; 12-month obligation for all services (note - as an exception, the duration of the full military service is 9 instead of 12 months if conscripts, after the initial training, serve the entire remaining time in certain areas of the eastern borders, in Cyprus, or in certain military units); 18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women (2022)", "note": "note 1: compulsory service applies to any individual whom the Greek authorities consider to be Greek, regardless of whether the individual considers himself Greek, has a foreign citizenship and passport, or was born or lives outside of Greece; Greek citizens living permanently outside of Greece have the right to postpone their conscription; they are permanently exempted from their military obligations when they reach the age of 45 years old

note 2: up to 50% of the Greek military is comprised of conscripts

note 3: as of 2019, women comprised approximately 19% of the military's full-time personnel" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "approximately 1,000 Cyprus; 100 Kosovo (NATO); 100 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2022)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "Greece joined NATO in 1952" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Revolutionary Struggle; Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C)", "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the Aegean Sea; the mass migration of unemployed Albanians still remains a problem for developed countries, chiefly Greece and Italy

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "38,496 (Syria), 25,188 (Afghanistan), 12,657 (Iraq), 5,002 (West Bank and Gaza) (mid-year 2021); 19,752 (Ukraine) (as of 18 October 2022)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "5,552 (mid-year 2021)" }, "note": "note: 1,226,068 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2022); as of the end of February 2022, Greece hosted an estimated 161,419 refugees and asylum seekers" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis products and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and organized crime" } } }