{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-7, the G-20, the EU, and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing DE GAULLE's 1966 decision to withdraw French forces from NATO. Since 1958, it has constructed a hybrid presidential-parliamentary governing system resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more purely parliamentary administrations. In recent decades, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of a common currency, the euro, in January 1999. In the early 21st century, five French overseas entities - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion - became French regions and were made part of France proper.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "<p><strong>metropolitan France:</strong> Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain; </p><p><strong>French Guiana:</strong> Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Brazil and Suriname; </p><p><strong>Guadeloupe:</strong> Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Puerto Rico; </p><p><strong>Martinique:</strong> Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago; </p><p><strong>Mayotte:</strong> Southern Indian Ocean, island in the Mozambique Channel, about halfway between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique; </p><p><strong>Reunion:</strong> Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar</p>"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "<p><strong>metropolitan France:</strong> 46 00 N, 2 00 E; </p><p><strong>French Guiana:</strong> 4 00 N, 53 00 W; </p><p><strong>Guadeloupe:</strong> 16 15 N, 61 35 W; </p><p><strong>Martinique:</strong> 14 40 N, 61 00 W; </p><p><strong>Mayotte:</strong> 12 50 S, 45 10 E; </p><p><strong>Reunion:</strong> 21 06 S, 55 36 E</p>"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "<p><strong>metropolitan France:</strong> Europe; </p><p><strong>French Guiana:</strong> South America; </p><p><strong>Guadeloupe:</strong> Central America and the Caribbean; </p><p><strong>Martinique:</strong> Central America and the Caribbean; </p><p><strong>Mayotte:</strong> Africa; </p><p><strong>Reunion:</strong> World</p>"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "643,801 sq km ; 551,500 sq km (metropolitan France)"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "640,427 sq km ; 549,970 sq km (metropolitan France)"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "3,374 sq km ; 1,530 sq km (metropolitan France)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the first numbers include the overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion"
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly more than four times the size of Georgia; slightly less than the size of Texas"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,956 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Andorra 55 km; Belgium 556 km; Germany 418 k; Italy 476 km; Luxembourg 69 km; Monaco 6 km; Spain 646 km; Switzerland 525 km"
      },
      "metropolitan France - total": {
        "text": "2751"
      },
      "French Guiana - total": {
        "text": "1205"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "4,853 km",
      "note": "<strong>metropolitan France: </strong>3,427 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm (does not apply to the Mediterranean Sea)"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "<p><strong>metropolitan France:</strong> generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as the mistral;</p> <p><strong>French Guiana:</strong> tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation;</p> <p><strong>Guadeloupe and Martinique:</strong> subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average;</p> <p><strong>Mayotte:</strong> tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November);</p> <p><strong>Reunion:</strong> tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)</p>"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "<p><strong>metropolitan France:</strong> mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east; </p><p><strong>French Guiana:</strong> low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains; </p><p><strong>Guadeloupe:</strong> Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grande-Terre is low limestone formation; most of the seven other islands are volcanic in origin; </p><p><strong>Martinique:</strong> mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano; </p><p><strong>Mayotte:</strong> generally undulating, with deep ravines and ancient volcanic peaks; </p><p><strong>Reunion:</strong> mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast</p>"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Mont Blanc 4,810"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Rhone River delta -2 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "375 m"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> to assess the possible effects of climate change on the ice and snow cap of Mont Blanc, its surface and peak have been extensively measured in recent years; these new peak measurements have exceeded the traditional height of 4,807 m and have varied between 4,808 m and 4,811 m; the actual rock summit is 4,792 m and is 40 m away from the ice-covered summit"
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "<em>metropolitan France:</em> coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, arable land, fish, French Guiana, gold deposits, petroleum, kaolin, niobium, tantalum, clay"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "52.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 33.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "29.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "18.1% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "26,420 sq km (2012) 26,950 sq km",
      "note": "<strong>metropolitan France: </strong>26,000 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Geneva (shared with Switzerland) - 580 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Rhine  (shared with Switzerland [s], Germany, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 km;  Loire - 1,012 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Loire (115,282 sq km), Seine 78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Paris Basin"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p><strong>metropolitan France:</strong> flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean;</p> <p><strong>overseas departments:</strong> hurricanes (cyclones); flooding;</p> <p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Montagne Pelee (1,394 m) on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean is the most active volcano of the Lesser Antilles arc, it last erupted in 1932; a catastrophic eruption in May 1902 destroyed the city of St. Pierre, killing an estimated 30,000 people; La Soufriere (1,467 m) on the island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean last erupted from July 1976 to March 1977; these volcanoes are part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "largest West European nation; most major French rivers - the Meuse, Seine, Loire, Charente, Dordogne, and Garonne - flow northward or westward into the Atlantic Ocean, only the Rhone flows southward into the Mediterranean Sea"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "68,305,148 (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the above figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "French"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African (Algerian, Moroccan, Tunisian), Indochinese, Basque minorities",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> overseas departments: Black, White, Mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "French (official) 100%, declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish, Occitan, Picard); note - overseas departments: French, Creole patois, Mahorian (a Swahili dialect)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 47%, Muslim 4%, Protestant 2%, Buddhists 2%, Orthodox 1%, Jewish 1%, other 1%, none 33%, unspecified 9%",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> France maintains a tradition of secularism and has not officially collected data on religious affiliation since the 1872 national census, which complicates assessments of France's religious composition; an 1872 law prohibiting state authorities from collecting data on individuals' ethnicity or religious beliefs was reaffirmed by a 1978 law emphasizing the prohibition of the collection or exploitation of personal data revealing an individual's race, ethnicity, or political, philosophical, or religious opinions; a 1905 law codified France's separation of church and state"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "18.36% (male 6,368,767/female 6,085,318)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "11.88% (male 4,122,981/female 3,938,938)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "36.83% (male 12,619,649/female 12,366,120)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "12.47% (male 4,085,564/female 4,376,272)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "20.46% (2020 est.) (male 6,029,303/female 7,855,244)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "62.4"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "28.7"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "33.7"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "41.7 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "40 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "43.4 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.32% (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "11.66 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "9.54 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "81.5% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "11.142 million PARIS (capital), 1.748 million Lyon, 1.620 million Marseille-Aix-en-Provence, 1.073 million Lille, 1.049 million Toulouse, 991,000 Bordeaux (2022)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.94 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.64 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "28.9 years (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.15 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "3.53 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "2.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "82.59 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "79.53 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "85.79 years (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.03 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "78.4% (2010/11)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "11.1% of GDP (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "3.27 physicians/1,000 population (2019)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "5.9 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "0.3% (2019 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "190,000 (2019 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "(2019 est.) <500"
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "text": "<strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout France; as of 18 August 2022, France has reported a total of 33,275,006 cases of COVID-19 or 51,161.33 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 149,848 cumulative deaths or a rate 230.39 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 16 August 2022, 80.89% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "21.6% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11.44 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "2.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "6.44 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "2.3 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "33.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "34.9% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "31.9% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.4% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16 years (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.2%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "19.9% (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "some forest damage from acid rain; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, agricultural runoff"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "11.64 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "55.99 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "<p><strong>metropolitan France:</strong> generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as the mistral;</p> <p><strong>French Guiana:</strong> tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation;</p> <p><strong>Guadeloupe and Martinique:</strong> subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average;</p> <p><strong>Mayotte:</strong> tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November);</p> <p><strong>Reunion:</strong> tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)</p>"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "52.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 33.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "29.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "18.1% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "81.5% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "text": "<strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout France; as of 18 August 2022, France has reported a total of 33,275,006 cases of COVID-19 or 51,161.33 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 149,848 cumulative deaths or a rate 230.39 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 16 August 2022, 80.89% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine"
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "33.399 million tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "7,434,617 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "22.3% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Geneva (shared with Switzerland) - 580 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Rhine  (shared with Switzerland [s], Germany, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 km;  Loire - 1,012 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Loire (115,282 sq km), Seine 78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Paris Basin"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "5.175 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "18.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "3.113 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "211 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "French Republic"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "France"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republique francaise"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "France"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derives from the Latin \"Francia\" meaning \"Land of the Franks\"; the Franks were a group of Germanic tribes located along the middle and lower Rhine River in the 3rd century A.D. who merged with Gallic-Roman populations in succeeding centuries and to whom they passed on their name"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "semi-presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Paris"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "48 52 N, 2 20 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "time zone note": {
        "text": "applies to metropolitan France only; for its overseas regions the time difference is UTC-4 for Guadeloupe and Martinique, UTC-3 for French Guiana, UTC+3 for Mayotte, and UTC+4 for Reunion"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derives from the Parisii, a Celtic tribe that inhabited the area from the 3rd century B.C., but who were conquered by the Romans in the 1st century B.C.; the Celtic settlement became the Roman town of Lutetia Parisiorum (Lutetia of the Parisii); over subsequent centuries it became Parisium and then just Paris"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "18 regions (regions, singular - region); Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte (Burgundy-Free County), Bretagne (Brittany), Centre-Val de Loire (Center-Loire Valley), Corse (Corsica), Grand Est (Grand East), Guadeloupe, Guyane (French Guiana), Hauts-de-France (Upper France), Ile-de-France, Martinique, Mayotte, Normandie (Normandy), Nouvelle-Aquitaine (New Aquitaine), Occitanie (Occitania), Pays de la Loire (Lands of the Loire), Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Reunion",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> France is divided into 13 metropolitan regions (including the \"collectivity\" of Corse or Corsica) and 5 overseas regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion) and is subdivided into 96 metropolitan departments and 5 overseas departments (which are the same as the overseas regions)"
    },
    "Dependent areas": {
      "text": "Clipperton Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the US Government does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia has been considered a \"sui generis\" collectivity of France since 1998, a unique status falling between that of an independent country and a French overseas department"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "no official date of independence: 486 (Frankish tribes unified under Merovingian kingship); 10 August 843 (Western Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 14 July 1789 (French monarchy overthrown); 22 September 1792 (First French Republic founded); 4 October 1958 (Fifth French Republic established)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Fete de la Federation, 14 July (1790); note - although often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, the celebration actually commemorates the holiday held on the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille (on 14 July 1789) and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; other names for the holiday are Fete Nationale (National Holiday) and quatorze juillet (14th of July)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "many previous; latest effective 4 October 1958"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic (upon recommendation of the prime minister and Parliament) or by Parliament; proposals submitted by Parliament members require passage by both houses followed by approval in a referendum; passage of proposals submitted by the government can bypass a referendum if submitted by the president to Parliament and passed by at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament&rsquo;s National Assembly; amended many times, last in 2008"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law; review of administrative but not legislative acts"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of France"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister &Eacute;lisabeth BORNE (since 16 May 2022)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president at the suggestion of the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 April 2022 with a runoff held on 24 April 2022 (next to be held in April 2027); prime minister appointed by the president"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2022: </em>Emmanuel MACRON reelected in second round; percent of vote in first round - Emmanuel MACRON (LREM) 27.8%, Marine LE PEN (RN) 23.2%, Jean-Luc MELENCHON (LFI) 22%, Eric ZEMMOUR (Reconquete) 7.1%, Valerie PECRESSE (LR) 4.8%, Yannick JADOT (EELV) 4.6%, Jean LASSALLE (Resistons!) 3.1%, Fabien ROUSSEL (PCF) 2.3%, Nicolas DUPONT-AIGNAN (DLF) 2.1%, Anne HIDALGO 1.8%, other 1.2%; percent of vote in second round - MACRON 58.5%, LE PEN 41.5%<em><br></em><br><em>2017:</em> Emmanuel MACRON elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Emmanuel MACRON (EM) 24%, Marine LE PEN (FN) 21.3%, Francois FILLON (LR) 20%, Jean-Luc MELENCHON (FI) 19.6%, Benoit HAMON (PS) 6.4%, other 8.7%; percent of vote in second round - MACRON 66.1%, LE PEN 33.9%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br>Senate or Senat (348 seats - 328 for metropolitan France and overseas departments and regions of Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Reunion, and Mayotte, 2 for New Caledonia, 2 for French Polynesia, 1 for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, 1 for Saint-Barthelemy, 1 for Saint-Martin, 1 for Wallis and Futuna, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members indirectly elected by departmental electoral colleges using absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for departments with 1-3 members, and proportional representation vote in departments with 4 or more members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)<br>National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats - 556 for metropolitan France, 10 for overseas departments, and 11 for citizens abroad; members directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed to serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "<br>Senate - last held on 24 and 27 September 2020 (next to be held in September 2023)<br>National Assembly - last held on 12 and 19 June 2022 (next to be held in June 2027)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties)  - NA ; composition - men 226, women 122, percent of women 35.1%<br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party/coalition in the first round - ENS 25.8%, NUPES 25.7%, RN 18.7%, UDC 11.3%, other 18.5%; seats by party/coalition in the first round - NUPES 4, ENS 1; percent of vote in the second round - ENS 38.6%, NUPES 31.6%, RN 17.3%, UDC 7.3%, other 5.2%, seats by party/coalition in the second round - ENS 244, NUPES 127, RN 89, UDC 64, other 48"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (consists of the court president, 6 divisional presiding judges, 120 trial judges, and 70 deputy judges organized into 6 divisions - 3 civil, 1 commercial, 1 labor, and 1 criminal); Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Court of Cassation judges appointed by the president of the republic from nominations from the High Council of the Judiciary, presided over by the Court of Cassation and 15 appointed members; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council members - 3 appointed by the president of the republic and 3 each by the National Assembly and Senate presidents; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "appellate courts or Cour d'Appel; regional courts or Tribunal de Grande Instance; first instance courts or Tribunal d'instance; administrative courts"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in April 2021, the French Government submitted a bill on judicial reform to Parliament"
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Citizen and Republican Movement or MRC [Jean-Luc LAURENT]<br>Debout la France or DLF [Nicolas DUPONT-AIGNAN]<br>Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU]<br>Ecologist Pole or PE<br>Europe Ecology - the Greens or EELV [vacant]<br>French Communist Party or PCF [Fabien ROUSSEL]<br>Horizons [Hubert VALADE]<br>La France Insoumise or FI [Jean-Luc MELENCHON]<br>La Republique en Marche! or LREM [Stanislas GUERINI]<br>Movement of Progressives or MDP  [Robert HUE]<br>National Rally or RN [Jordan BARDELLA, acting president] (formerly National Front or FN)<br>New Democrats or LND [Aurelien TACHE, Emilie CARIOU] (formerly Ecology Democracy Solidarity or EDS)<br>New Ecological and Social People's Union or NUPES [collective leadership] (electoral coalition including FI, PE, PS, PCF)<br>Radical Party of the Left or PRV [Laurent HENART]<br>Reconquete [Eric ZEMMOUR]<br>Resistons! [Jean LASSALLE]<br>Socialist Party or PS [Olivier FAURE]<br>The Patriots or LP [Florian PHILIPPOT]<br>The Republicans or LR [Christian JACOB]<br>Together or ENS [Richard Ferrand] (electoral coalition including LREM, MoDem, Horizons, PRV)<br>Union of Democrats and Independents or UDI [Jean-Christophe LAGARDE]<br>Union of Right and Center or UDC [Christian JACOB] (electoral coalition including LR, UDI)"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, FZ, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNRWA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Philippe Noel Marie Marc ETIENNE (since 8 July 2019)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 944-6000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 944-6166"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info@ambafrance-us.org<br><br>https://franceintheus.org/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Washington, DC"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Denise Campbell BAUER (since 5 February 2022); note - also accredited to Monaco"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "2 avenue Gabriel, 75008 Paris"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "9200 Paris Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-9200"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[33] (1) 43-12-22-22, [33] (1) 42-66-97-83"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[33] (1) 42-66-97-83"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>Citizeninfo@state.gov<br><br>https://fr.usembassy.gov/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Marseille, Strasbourg"
      },
      "consulate(s)": {
        "text": "Bordeaux, Lyon, Rennes"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the \"Le drapeau tricolore\" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the \"ancient French color\" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French dependent areas",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> for the first four years, 1790-94, the order of colors was reversed, red-white-blue, instead of the current blue-white-red; the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "Gallic rooster, fleur-de-lis, Marianne (female personification); national colors: blue, white, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"La Marseillaise\" (The Song of Marseille)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lisle"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1795, restored 1870; originally known as \"Chant de Guerre pour l'Armee du Rhin\" (War Song for the Army of the Rhine), the National Guard of Marseille made the song famous by singing it while marching into Paris in 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "49 (43 cultural, 5 natural, 1 mixed); note - includes one site in New Caledonia and one site in French Polynesia"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Chartres Cathedral (c); Palace and Park of Versailles (c); Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley (c); Pyrénées - Mont Perdu (m); Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay (c); Paris, Banks of the Seine (c); The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes (c); Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) (c); Amiens Cathedral (c); Palace and Park of Fontainebleau (c); Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne (c); Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Scandola Reserve (n)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>The French economy is diversified across all sectors. The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. However, the government maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. France is the most visited country in the world with 89 million foreign tourists in 2017. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality.</p> <p> </p> <p>France's real GDP grew by 1.9% in 2017, up from 1.2% the year before. The unemployment rate (including overseas territories) increased from 7.8% in 2008 to 10.2% in 2015, before falling to 9.0% in 2017. Youth unemployment in metropolitan France decreased from 24.6% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to 20.6% in the fourth quarter of 2017.</p> <p> </p> <p>France’s public finances have historically been strained by high spending and low growth. In 2017, the budget deficit improved to 2.7% of GDP, bringing it in compliance with the EU-mandated 3% deficit target. Meanwhile, France's public debt rose from 89.5% of GDP in 2012 to 97% in 2017.</p> <p> </p> <p>Since entering office in May 2017, President Emmanuel MACRON launched a series of economic reforms to improve competitiveness and boost economic growth. President MACRON campaigned on reforming France’s labor code and in late 2017 implemented a range of reforms to increase flexibility in the labor market by making it easier for firms to hire and fire and simplifying negotiations between employers and employees. In addition to labor reforms, President MACRON’s 2018 budget cuts public spending, taxes, and social security contributions to spur private investment and increase purchasing power. The government plans to gradually reduce corporate tax rate for businesses from 33.3% to 25% by 2022.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$2,832,170,000,000 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$3,082,300,000,000 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$3,036,490,000,000 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "1.49% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
        "text": "1.81% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "2.42% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$42,000 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$45,800 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$45,300 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$2,715,574,000,000 (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "1.1% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "1.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "AA (2014)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Aa2 (2015)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "AA (2013)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "1.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "19.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "78.8% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "54.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "23.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "22.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "30.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-32% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, sugar beet, milk, barley, maize, potatoes, grapes, rapeseed, pork, apples"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics; textiles, food processing; tourism"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "2% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "27.742 million (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2.8% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "20% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "77.2% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "8.12% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2018": {
        "text": "8.69% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes overseas territories"
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.2%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "19.9% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "13.6% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
        "text": "31.6 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": {
        "text": "29.2 (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.6%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "25.4% (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "1.392 trillion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "1.459 trillion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-2.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "96.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "96.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "53.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$18.102 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2018": {
        "text": "-$16.02 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$746.91 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$891.18 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$918.97 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 14%, United States 8%, Italy 7%, Spain 7%, Belgium 7%, United Kingdom 7% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "aircraft, packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, gas turbines, wine (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$803.66 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$919.63 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$947.31 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 18%, Belgium 9%, Italy 9%, Spain 7%, China 7%, Netherlands 6%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, aircraft machinery (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$156.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
        "text": "$138.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$6,356,459,000,000 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$6,058,438,000,000 (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "138.611 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "472.699 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "64.425 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "19.613 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "36.203 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "68.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "2.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "7.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "11.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "2.312 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "10.712 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "35,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "7.891 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "81,500 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "1,688,500 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "1,064,700 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "61.7 million barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "1.311 million bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "440,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "886,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "16.226 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "38,192,256,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "9,103,795,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "46,105,385,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "7.787 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "338.425 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "26.971 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "225.865 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "85.589 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "151.053 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "37.759 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "58 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "72.751 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "111 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "France's telecom market is one of the largest in Europe; telecom revenue, at about &euro;30 billion annually, has declined in recent years and came under particular pressure during 2020 when a sequence of local and national lock downs, as well as restrictions on international travel, resulted in a sharp drop in revenue from roaming and device sales; this was partly offset by growth in data traffic and the migration of subscribers to faster fixed-line broadband packages, mostly based on fiber; there is a multi-year Engage 2025 plan which is focused on growth in the developing markets, and on the greater use of artificial intelligence and data; the mobile phone market, worth about &euro;13 billion annually; there are many MVNOs in the market, though their share of subscribers fell at the end of 2020 when one of the largest of them was acquired by its host network operator; LTE networks provide near universal coverage, and carry about 95% of mobile data traffic; operators have launched 5G services, and these have been supported by the late-2020 auction of spectrum in the 3.5GHz range; France&rsquo;s fixed broadband market is increasingly focused on fiber, which accounted for 71% of all fixed lines at the beginning of 2021; growth in the fiber sector has been stimulated by households securing faster data packages during the pandemic; the number of DSL lines has fallen sharply as customers migrate to fiber infrastructure (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "nearly 58 per 100 persons for fixed-line and over 111 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2020)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 33;&nbsp;landing points for Circe South, TAT-14, INGRID, FLAG Atlantic-1, Apollo, HUGO, IFC-1, ACE, SeaMeWe-3 &amp; 4, Dunant, Africa-1, AAE-1, Atlas Offshore, Hawk, IMEWE, Med Cable, PEACE Cable, and TE&nbsp;North/TGN-Eurasia/SEACOM/Alexandros/Medex&nbsp;submarine cables providing links throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East,&nbsp;Southeast Asia, Africa&nbsp;and US; satellite earth stations - more than 3 (2 Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat - Atlantic Ocean region); HF radiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries (2019)"
      },
      "overseas departments": {
        "text": "country codes: French Guiana - 594; landing points for Ella Link, Kanawa, Americas II to South America, Europe, Caribbean and US; Guadeloupe - 590; landing points for GCN, Southern Caribbean Fiber, and&nbsp;ECFS&nbsp;around the Caribbean and&nbsp;US;&nbsp;Martinique - 596; landing points for Americas II, ECFS, and Southern Caribbean Fiber to South America, US and around the Caribbean; &nbsp;Mayotte - 262; landing points for FLY-LION3 and LION2 to&nbsp;East Africa and East African Islands in Indian Ocean;&nbsp;Reunion - 262; landing points for SAFE, METISS, and LION submarine cables to Asia, South and East Africa, Southeast Asia and nearby Indian Ocean Island countries of Mauritius, and Madagascar (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "a mix of both publicly operated and privately owned TV stations; state-owned France television stations operate 4 networks, one of which is a network of regional stations, and has part-interest in several thematic cable/satellite channels and international channels; a large number of privately owned regional and local TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable services provide a large number of channels; public broadcaster Radio France operates 7 national networks, a series of regional networks, and operates services for overseas territories and foreign audiences; Radio France Internationale, under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is a leading international broadcaster; a large number of commercial FM stations, with many of them consolidating into commercial networks"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": "metropolitan France - .fr; French Guiana - .gf; Guadeloupe - .gp; Martinique - .mq; Mayotte - .yt; Reunion - .re"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "57,272,921 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "85% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "30.627 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "47 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "19 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "553"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "70,188,028 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "4,443,790,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "F"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "464 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "294"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "14"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "25"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "97"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "83"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "75 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "170"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "64"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "105 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "15,322 km gas, 2,939 km oil, 5,084 km refined products (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29,640 km (2014)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "29,473 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (15,561 km electrified)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "167 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge (63 km electrified)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,053,215 km (2011)"
      },
      "urban": {
        "text": "654,201 km (2011)"
      },
      "non-urban": {
        "text": "399,014 km (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "<strong>metropolitan France:</strong> 8,501 km (1,621 km navigable by craft up to 3,000 metric tons) (2010)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "548"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "container ship 29, general cargo 50, oil tanker 28, other 441 (2021)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes Monaco"
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "<br><em>Atlantic Ocean:</em> Brest, Calais, Dunkerque, Le Havre, Nantes<br><em>Mediterranean Sea:</em> Marseille"
      },
      "container port(s) (TEUs)": {
        "text": "Le Havre (2,822,910) (2019)"
      },
      "LNG terminal(s) (import)": {
        "text": "Dunkerque, Fos Cavaou, Fos Tonkin, Montoir de Bretagne"
      },
      "river port(s)": {
        "text": "Bordeaux (Garronne); Nantes - Saint Nazaire (Loire); Paris, Rouen (Seine); Strasbourg (Rhine)"
      },
      "cruise/ferry port(s)": {
        "text": "Calais, Cherbourg, Le Havre"
      }
    },
    "Transportation - note": {
      "text": "begun in 1988 and completed in 1994, the Channel Tunnel (nicknamed the Chunnel) is a 50.5-km (31.4-mi) rail tunnel&nbsp;beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover that runs from Folkestone, Kent, England to Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais in northern France; it is the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and mainland Europe"
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "French Armed Forces (Forces Armées Françaises): Army (l'Armee de Terre; includes Foreign Legion), Navy (Marine Nationale), Air and Space Force (l'Armee de l’Air et de l’Espace); includes Air Defense), National Guard (Reserves), National Gendarmerie (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the National Gendarmerie is a paramilitary police force that is a branch of the Armed Forces and therefore part of the Ministry of Defense but under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior; it also has additional duties to the Ministry of Justice"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.8% of GDP (2019) (approximately $59.1 billion)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "1.8% of GDP (2018) (approximately $57 billion)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 205,000 active duty troops (115,000 Army; 35,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force; 15,000 other, such as joint staffs, administration, logistics, procurement, medical service, etc.); approximately 100,000 National Gendarmerie; approximately 75,000 National Guard (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the French military's inventory consists mostly of domestically-produced weapons systems, including some jointly-produced with other European countries; there is a limited mix of armaments from other Western countries, particularly the US; France has a defense industry capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (abolished 2001); 12-month service obligation; women serve in noncombat posts (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>in 2019, women comprised approximately approximately 16% of the uniformed armed forces  <br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>men between the ages of 17.5 and 39.5 years of age, of any nationality, may join the French Foreign Legion; those volunteers selected for service sign five-year contracts<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> in 2018, Parliament passed a law that would require military service for all genders beginning in 2024; Prime Minister MACRON included the measure in his platform hoping that it would reinvigorate a sense of civic duty; the service would include two components: the first would take place around age 16 and include one month of training and civic service, while the second component would last between three months and a year and be more geared towards defense and security duties; France began a pilot for the program in 2019"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "approximately 4,000 Burkina Faso/Chad/Niger (Operation Barkhane, Operation Sabre; note - in 2021, France announced that it would cut the number of troops in this force to about 2,500 by 2023); approximately 300 Central African Republic; 300 Comoros; approximately 900 Cote D'Ivoire; approximately 1,450 Djibouti; 220 Estonia (NATO); approximately 2,000 French Guyana; approximately 900 French Polynesia; approximately 1,000 French West Indies; 350 Gabon; approximately 500 Middle East (Iraq/Jordan/Syria); 600 Lebanon (UNIFIL); approximately 1,400 New Caledonia; approximately 1,700 Reunion Island; approximately 800 Romania (NATO); approximately 350 Senegal; approximately 650 United Arab Emirates (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> France has been a contributing member of the EuroCorps since 1992 <br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries, including France, have sent additional troops to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "France was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty), which created NATO in 1949; in 1966, President Charles DE GAULLE decided to withdraw France from NATO’s integrated military structure, reflecting his desire for greater military independence, particularly vis-à-vis the US, and the refusal to integrate France’s nuclear deterrent or accept any form of control over its armed forces; it did, however, sign agreements with NATO setting out procedures in the event of Soviet aggression; beginning with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, France distanced itself from the 1966 decision and has regularly contributed troops to NATO’s military operations, being one of the largest troop-contributing states; in 2009 it officially announced its decision to fully participate in NATO structures<br><br> <p>in 2010, France and the UK signed a declaration on defense and security cooperation that included greater military interoperability and a Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), a deployable, combined Anglo-French military force for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up to and including high intensity combat operations; the CJEF has no standing forces, but would be available at short notice for French-UK bilateral, NATO, EU, UN, or other operations; combined training exercises began in 2011; as of 2020, the CJEF was assessed as having full operating capacity with the ability to rapidly deploy over 10,000 personnel capable of high intensity operations, peacekeeping, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance</p> <p>the French Foreign Legion, established in 1831, is a military force that is open to foreign recruits willing to serve in the French Armed Forces for service in France and abroad; the Foreign Legion is an integrated part of the French Army and is comprised of approximately 8,000 personnel in eight regiments, a regiment-sized demi-brigade, a battalion-sized overseas detachment, a battalion-sized recruiting group, and a command staff; the combat units are a mix of armored cavalry and airborne, light, mechanized, and motorized infantry</p> (2022)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa'ida",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "37,744 (Afghanistan), 23,980 (Sri Lanka), 23,510 (Syria), 21,070 (Sudan), 19,007 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 16,995 (Russia), 15,090 (Guinea), 14,296 (Serbia and Kosovo), 13,180 (Turkey), 10,849 (Cambodia), 9,328 (Iraq) 8,519 (China), 8,338 (Cote d'Ivoire), 8,218 (Eritrea), 7,628 (Vietnam), 6,947 (Bangladesh), 6,649 (Somalia), 6,642 (Albania), 6,371 (Laos), 6,074 (Mauritania), 5,908 (Mali) (mid-year 2021); 105,000 (Ukraine) (as of 26 September 2022)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "2,094 (mid-year 2021)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p><strong>metropolitan France:</strong> transshipment point for South American cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics;</p> <p><strong>French Guiana:</strong> small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption; minor transshipment point to Europe;</p> <p><strong>Martinique:</strong> transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for the US and Europe</p>"
    }
  }
}