{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "

The site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations - including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec - Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate - Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) - defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PENA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning antiestablishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in December 2018.

The global financial crisis in late 2008 caused a massive economic downturn in Mexico the following year, although growth returned quickly in 2010. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful drug-trafficking organizations have engaged in bloody feuding, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides.

" } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "23 00 N, 102 00 W" }, "Map references": { "text": "North America" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "1,964,375 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "1,943,945 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "20,430 sq km" } }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly less than three times the size of Texas" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "4,389 km" }, "border countries": { "text": "Belize 276 km, Guatemala 958 km, US 3155 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "9,330 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, "contiguous zone": { "text": "24 nm" }, "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, "continental shelf": { "text": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin" } }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from tropical to desert" }, "Terrain": { "text": "high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert" }, "Elevation": { "mean elevation": { "text": "1,111 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Laguna Salada -10 m" }, "highest point": { "text": "Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "54.9% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 11.8% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 41.7% (2011 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "33.3% (2011 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "11.8% (2011 est.)" } }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "65,000 sq km (2012)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "

tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts

volcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"

" }, "Environment - current issues": { "text": "scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urban migration; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion", "note": "

note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issues

" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "party to": { "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" }, "signed, but not ratified": { "text": "none of the selected agreements" } }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 2: the \"Three Sisters\" companion plants - winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans - served as the main agricultural crops for various North American Indian groups; all three apparently originated in Mexico but then were widely disseminated through much of North America; vanilla, the world's most popular aroma and flavor spice, also emanates from Mexico

note 3: the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see \"Geography - note\" under United States)

note 4: the prominent Yucatan Peninsula that divides the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; just on the northern coast of Yucatan, near the town of Chicxulub (pronounce cheek-sha-loob), lie the remnants of a massive crater (some 150 km in diameter and extending well out into the Gulf of Mexico); formed by an asteroid or comet when it struck the earth 66 million years ago, the impact is now widely accepted as initiating a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of all the earth's plant and animal species - including the non-avian dinosaurs

" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "130,207,371 (July 2021 est.)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { "text": "Mexican(s)" }, "adjective": { "text": "Mexican" } }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Amerindian 21%, Amerindian 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.)", "note": "

note: Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity

" }, "Languages": { "text": "Spanish only 92.7%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5.7%, indigenous only 0.8%, unspecified 0.8% (2005)", "note": "

note: indigenous languages include various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional languages

" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 82.7%, Pentecostal 1.6%, Jehovah's Witness 1.4%, other Evangelical Churches 5%, other 1.9%, none 4.7%, unspecified 2.7% (2010 est.)" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "26.01% (male 17,111,199/female 16,349,767)" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "16.97% (male 11,069,260/female 10,762,784)" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "41.06% (male 25,604,223/female 27,223,720)" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "8.29% (male 4,879,048/female 5,784,176)" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "7.67% (male 4,373,807/female 5,491,581) (2020 est.)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { "text": "50.3" }, "youth dependency ratio": { "text": "38.8" }, "elderly dependency ratio": { "text": "11.4" }, "potential support ratio": { "text": "8.7 (2020 est.)" } }, "Median age": { "total": { "text": "29.3 years" }, "male": { "text": "28.2 years" }, "female": { "text": "30.4 years (2020 est.)" } }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "1.04% (2021 est.)" }, "Birth rate": { "text": "17.29 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "5.41 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-1.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "80.7% of total population (2020)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "1.59% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "21.782 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.179 million Guadalajara, 4.874 million Monterrey, 3.195 million Puebla, 2.467 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.140 million Tijuana (2020)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "0-14 years": { "text": "1.05 male(s)/female" }, "15-24 years": { "text": "1.03 male(s)/female" }, "25-54 years": { "text": "0.94 male(s)/female" }, "55-64 years": { "text": "0.84 male(s)/female" }, "65 years and over": { "text": "0.8 male(s)/female" }, "total population": { "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2020 est.)" } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { "text": "21.3 years (2008 est.)" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "33 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "11.64 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "male": { "text": "13.18 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { "text": "10.02 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "76.94 years" }, "male": { "text": "74.15 years" }, "female": { "text": "79.87 years (2021 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "2.17 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { "text": "73.1% (2018)" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 100% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 96.6% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 100% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 3.4% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "Current Health Expenditure": { "text": "5.5% (2017)" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "2.38 physicians/1,000 population (2017)" }, "Hospital bed density": { "text": "1.5 beds/1,000 population (2015)" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { "text": "urban: 99.3% of population" }, "improved: rural": { "text": "rural: 91.9% of population" }, "improved: total": { "text": "total: 97.8% of population" }, "unimproved: urban": { "text": "urban: 0.7% of population" }, "unimproved: rural": { "text": "rural: 8.1% of population" }, "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 2.2% of population (2017 est.)" } }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "0.2% (2018 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": { "text": "230,000 (2018 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "4,000 (2017 est.)" }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" }, "food or waterborne diseases": { "text": "bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A" }, "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "dengue fever" }, "note": "

note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Mexico; sustained community spread means that people have been infected with the virus, but how or where they became infected is not known, and the spread is ongoing; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 5 August 2020, Mexico has reported 443,813 confirmed cases of COVID19 with 48,012 deaths" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "28.9% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { "text": "4.2% (2016)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.5% of GDP (2017)" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { "text": "age 15 and over can read and write" }, "total population": { "text": "95.4%" }, "male": { "text": "95.8%" }, "female": { "text": "94.6% (2018)" } }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { "text": "15 years" }, "male": { "text": "15 years" }, "female": { "text": "15 years (2018)" } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { "text": "6.9%" }, "male": { "text": "6.5%" }, "female": { "text": "7.6% (2018 est.)" } } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "United Mexican States" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Mexico" }, "local long form": { "text": "Estados Unidos Mexicanos" }, "local short form": { "text": "Mexico" }, "etymology": { "text": "named after the capital city, whose name stems from the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain" } }, "Government type": { "text": "federal presidential republic" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico)" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "19 26 N, 99 08 W" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in October" }, "note": "

note: Mexico has four time zones

etymology: named after the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain

" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "32 states (estados, singular - estado); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Cuidad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas" }, "Independence": { "text": "16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Independence Day, 16 September (1810)" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { "text": "civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts" }, "International law organization participation": { "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" }, "Citizenship": { "citizenship by birth": { "text": "yes" }, "citizenship by descent only": { "text": "yes" }, "dual citizenship recognized": { "text": "not specified" }, "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "5 years" } }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal and compulsory" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "President Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR (since 1 December 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government" }, "head of government": { "text": "President Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR (since 1 December 2018)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of attorney general, the head of the Bank of Mexico, and senior treasury officials require consent of the Senate " }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a single 6-year term; election last held on 1 July 2018 (next to be held in July 2024)" }, "election results": { "text": "Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR elected president; percent of vote - Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR (MORENA) 53.2%, Ricardo ANAYA (PAN) 22.3%, Jose Antonio MEADE Kuribrena (PRI) 16.4%, Jaime RODRIGUEZ Calderon 5.2% (independent), other 2.9%" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Union consists of:
Senate or Camara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 32 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms)
Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 200 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 3-year terms)" }, "elections": { "text": "
Senate - last held on 1 July 2018 (next to be held on 1 July 2024)
Chamber of Deputies - last held on 1 July 2018 (next to be held on 1 July 2021)" }, "election results": { "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MORENA 58, PAN 22, PRI 14, PRD 9, MC 7, PT 7, PES 5, PVEM 5, PNA/PANAL 1; composition - men 65, women 63, percent of women 49.3%
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MORENA 193, PAN 79, PT 61, PES 58, PRI 42, MC 26, PRD 23, PVEM 17, PNA/PANAL 1; composition - men 259, women 241, percent of women 48.2%; note - total National Congress percent of women 48.4%" }, "note": "

note: for the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { "text": "Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nacion (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president, and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve 15-year terms; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, 9-year terms" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts" }, "note": "

Note: in mid-February 2020, the Mexican president endorsed a bill on judicial reform, which proposes changes to 7 articles of the constitution and the issuance of a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation" }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC [Clemente CASTANEDA]
Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI [Claudia RUIZ Massieu]
Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]
Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de Mexico) or PVEM [Carlos Alberto PUENTE Salas]
Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneracion Nacional) or MORENA [Andres Manuel LOPEZ Obrador]
National Action Party (Partido Accion Nacional) or PAN [Damian ZEPEDA Vidales]
Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolucion Democratica) or PRD [Manuel GRANADOS]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Martha BARCENA Coqui (since 11 January 2019); note - Ambassador BARCENA Coqui is Mexico'a first-ever female ambassador to the US

 

" }, "chancery": { "text": "1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006" }, "telephone": { "text": "[1] (202) 728-1600" }, "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 728-1698" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso (TX), Houston, Laredo (TX), Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Nogales (AZ), Phoenix, Sacramento (CA), San Antonio (TX), San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Saint Paul (MN)" }, "consulate(s)": { "text": "Albuquerque (NM), Anchorage (AK), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit, Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas, Little Rock (AR), McAllen (TX), Minneapolis (MN), New Orleans, Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia, Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Raleigh (NC), Salt Lake City, San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle, Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ); note - Washington DC Consular Section is located in a separate building from the Mexican Embassy and has jurisdiction over DC, parts of Virginia, Maryland, and West Virginia" }, "note": "

 " }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { "text": "Ambassador Christopher LANDAU (since 26 August 2019)" }, "telephone": { "text": "(011) [52]-55-5080-2000" }, "embassy": { "text": "Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico, Distrito Federal" }, "mailing address": { "text": "P. O. Box 9000, Brownsville, TX 78520-9000" }, "FAX": { "text": "(011) 52-55-5080-2005" }, "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, Merida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana" } }, "Flag description": { "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a cactus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City", "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of green and red, and does not display anything in its white band

" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "golden eagle; national colors: green, white, red" }, "National anthem": { "name": { "text": "\"Himno Nacional Mexicano\" (National Anthem of Mexico)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA" }, "note": "

note: adopted 1943, in use since 1854; also known as \"Mexicanos, al grito de Guerra\" (Mexicans, to the War Cry); according to tradition, Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA, an accomplished poet, was uninterested in submitting lyrics to a national anthem contest; his fiancee locked him in a room and refused to release him until the lyrics were completed

" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "

Mexico's $2.4 trillion economy – 11th largest in the world - has become increasingly oriented toward manufacturing since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into force in 1994. Per capita income is roughly one-third that of the US; income distribution remains highly unequal.

Mexico has become the US' second-largest export market and third-largest source of imports. In 2017, two-way trade in goods and services exceeded $623 billion. Mexico has free trade agreements with 46 countries, putting more than 90% of its trade under free trade agreements. In 2012, Mexico formed the Pacific Alliance with Peru, Colombia, and Chile.

Mexico's current government, led by President Enrique PENA NIETO, has emphasized economic reforms, passing and implementing sweeping energy, financial, fiscal, and telecommunications reform legislation, among others, with the long-term aim to improve competitiveness and economic growth across the Mexican economy. Since 2015, Mexico has held public auctions of oil and gas exploration and development rights and for long-term electric power generation contracts. Mexico has also issued permits for private sector import, distribution, and retail sales of refined petroleum products in an effort to attract private investment into the energy sector and boost production.

Since 2013, Mexico’s economic growth has averaged 2% annually, falling short of private-sector expectations that President PENA NIETO’s sweeping reforms would bolster economic prospects. Growth is predicted to remain below potential given falling oil production, weak oil prices, structural issues such as low productivity, high inequality, a large informal sector employing over half of the workforce, weak rule of law, and corruption. Mexico’s economy remains vulnerable to uncertainty surrounding the future of NAFTA — because the United States is its top trading partner and the two countries share integrated supply chains — and to potential shifts in domestic policies following the inauguration of a new a president in December 2018.

" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { "text": "-0.3% (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2018": { "text": "2.19% (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP growth rate 2017": { "text": "2.34% (2017 est.)" } }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { "text": "3.6% (2019 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": { "text": "4.9% (2018 est.)" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "6% (2017 est.)" } }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { "text": "BBB- (2020)" }, "Moody's rating": { "text": "Baa1 (2020)" }, "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "BBB (2020)" } }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { "text": "$2,156,946,000,000 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { "text": "$2,157,978,000,000 (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$2,112,031,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1,269,956,000,000 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { "text": "$10,275 (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { "text": "$10,393 (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$10,287 (2017 est.)" }, "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { "text": "21.4% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2016": { "text": "21.6% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "Gross national saving 2015": { "text": "20.7% of GDP (2015 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { "text": "3.6% (2017 est.)" }, "industry": { "text": "31.9% (2017 est.)" }, "services": { "text": "64.5% (2017 est.)" } }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { "text": "67% (2017 est.)" }, "government consumption": { "text": "11.8% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in fixed capital": { "text": "22.3% (2017 est.)" }, "investment in inventories": { "text": "0.8% (2017 est.)" }, "exports of goods and services": { "text": "37.8% (2017 est.)" }, "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-39.7% (2017 est.)" } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { "text": "86.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "sugar cane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, poultry, wheat, green chillies/peppers, eggs" }, "Industries": { "text": "food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "-0.6% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { "text": "50.914 million (2020 est.)" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { "text": "13.4%" }, "industry": { "text": "24.1%" }, "services": { "text": "61.9% (2011)" } }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2019": { "text": "3.49% (2019 est.)" }, "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "3.33% (2018 est.)" }, "note": "

note: underemployment may be as high as 25%

" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "46.2% (2014 est.)", "note": "

note: from a food-based definition of poverty; asset-based poverty amounted to more than 47%

" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { "text": "36.8 (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2008": { "text": "48.3 (2008)" } }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { "text": "2%" }, "highest 10%": { "text": "40% (2014)" } }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "261.4 billion (2017 est.)" }, "expenditures": { "text": "273.8 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "22.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "-1.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { "text": "54.3% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Public debt 2016": { "text": "56.8% of GDP (2016 est.)" } }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2019": { "text": "-$4.351 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Current account balance 2018": { "text": "-$25.415 billion (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { "text": "$491.593 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { "text": "$484.595 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$457.693 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "US 79.9% (2017)" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "manufactured goods, electronics, vehicles and auto parts, oil and oil products, silver, plastics, fruits, vegetables, coffee, cotton; Mexico is the world's leading producer of silver" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { "text": "$480.886 billion (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { "text": "$485.211 billion (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$458.381 billion (2017 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "US 46.4%, China 17.7%, Japan 4.3% (2017)" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "metalworking machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, automobile parts for assembly and repair, aircraft, aircraft parts, plastics, natural gas and oil products" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$175.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$178.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" }, "note": "

note: Mexico also maintains access to an $88 million Flexible Credit Line with the IMF

" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2017": { "text": "$445.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" }, "Debt - external 31 December 2016": { "text": "$450.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" } }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2020": { "text": "19.8 (2020 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2019": { "text": "19.22824 (2019 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2018": { "text": "20.21674 (2018 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2014": { "text": "15.848 (2014 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "13.292 (2013 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Electricity access": { "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2020)" } }, "Electricity - production": { "text": "302.7 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "258.7 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - exports": { "text": "7.308 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - imports": { "text": "3.532 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - installed generating capacity": { "text": "72.56 million kW (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { "text": "71% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": { "text": "2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": { "text": "17% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from other renewable sources": { "text": "9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - production": { "text": "1.852 million bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "Crude oil - exports": { "text": "1.214 million bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - imports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Crude oil - proved reserves": { "text": "6.63 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - production": { "text": "844,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - consumption": { "text": "1.984 million bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "155,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "867,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - production": { "text": "31.57 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { "text": "81.61 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - exports": { "text": "36.81 million cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - imports": { "text": "50.12 billion cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "279.8 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" }, "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { "text": "454.1 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { "Telephones - fixed lines": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "22,471,647" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "17.65 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telephones - mobile cellular": { "total subscriptions": { "text": "121,117,720" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "95.13 (2019 est.)" } }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "adequate telephone service for business and government; improving quality and increasing mobile cellular availability, with mobile subscribers far outnumbering fixed-line subscribers; relatively low broadband and mobile penetration, potential for growth; extensive microwave radio relay network; considerable use of fiber-optic cable and coaxial cable; two main MNOs despite efforts for competition; 5G development slow given the existing capabilities of LTE; Mexico’s first local Internet Exchange Point opens in Mexico City; regulator strives to bring competition and foreign investment to Mexico; regulator brings back SIM card registration program (2020)" }, "domestic": { "text": "competition has spurred the mobile-cellular market; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 18 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is about 95 per 100 persons; domestic satellite system with 120 earth stations (2019)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 52; Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Spain, and Italy; the ARCOS-1 and the MAYA-1 submarine cable system together provide access to Central America, parts of South America and the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth stations - 120 (32 Intelsat, 2 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domestic communications), 1 Panamsat, numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations); linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections (2016)" }, "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable, and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "telecom reform in 2013 enabled the creation of new broadcast television channels after decades of a quasi-monopoly; Mexico has 821 TV stations and 1,745 radio stations and most are privately owned; the Televisa group once had a virtual monopoly in TV broadcasting, but new broadcasting groups and foreign satellite and cable operators are now available; in 2016, Mexico became the first country in Latin America to complete the transition from analog to digital transmissions, allowing for better image and audio quality and a wider selection of programming from networks" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".mx" }, "Internet users": { "total": { "text": "82,843,369" }, "percent of population": { "text": "65.77% (July 2018 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { "text": "18,359,028" }, "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "15 (2018 est.)" } } }, "Transportation": { "National air transport system": { "number of registered air carriers": { "text": "16 (2020)" }, "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": { "text": "370" }, "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "64,569,640 (2018)" }, "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": { "text": "1,090,380,000 mt-km (2018)" } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { "text": "XA (2016)" }, "Airports": { "total": { "text": "1,714 (2013)" } }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "total": { "text": "243 (2017)" }, "over 3,047 m": { "text": "12 (2017)" }, "2,438 to 3,047 m": { "text": "32 (2017)" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "80 (2017)" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "86 (2017)" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "33 (2017)" } }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "total": { "text": "1,471 (2013)" }, "over 3,047 m": { "text": "1 (2013)" }, "2,438 to 3,047 m": { "text": "1 (2013)" }, "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "42 (2013)" }, "914 to 1,523 m": { "text": "281 (2013)" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "1,146 (2013)" } }, "Heliports": { "text": "1 (2013)" }, "Pipelines": { "text": "15,986 km natural gas (2019), 10,365 km oil (2017), 8,946 km refined products (2016)" }, "Railways": { "total": { "text": "20,825 km (2017)" }, "standard gauge": { "text": "20,825 km 1.435-m gauge (27 km electrified) (2017)" } }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "398,148 km (2017)" }, "paved": { "text": "174,911 km (includes 10,362 km of expressways) (2017)" }, "unpaved": { "text": "223,237 km (2017)" } }, "Waterways": { "text": "2,900 km (navigable rivers and coastal canals mostly connected with ports on the country's east coast) (2012)" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { "text": "668" }, "by type": { "text": "bulk carrier 6, general cargo 10, oil tanker 34, other 618 (2020)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { "major seaport(s)": { "text": "Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Lazaro Cardenas, Manzanillo, Veracruz" }, "oil terminal(s)": { "text": "Cayo Arcas terminal, Dos Bocas terminal" }, "cruise port(s)": { "text": "Cancun, Cozumel, Ensenada" }, "container port(s) (TEUs)": { "text": "Manzanillo (2,830,370), Lazaro Cardenas (1,149,079) (2017)" }, "LNG terminal(s) (import)": { "text": "Altamira, Ensenada" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, SEMAR): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM), includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM)); Ministry of Security and Citizen Protection: Federal Police (includes Gendarmerie), National Guard (2020)", "note": "

note: the National Guard was formed in 2019 and consists of personnel from the Federal Police and military police units of the Army and Navy; while the Guard is part of the civilian-led Ministry of Security and Citizen Protection, the Defense Ministry has day-to-day operational control; in addition, the armed forces provide the commanders and the training" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "0.5% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "0.5% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "0.5% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "0.6% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { "text": "0.7% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "the Mexican armed forces have approximately 270,000 active personnel (200,000 Army; 60,000 Navy; 8,000 Air Force); approximately 100,000 National Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the Mexican military inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and imported equipment from a variety of mostly Western suppliers; since 2010, France, Spain, and the US are the leading suppliers of military hardware to Mexico; Mexico's defense industry produces naval vessels and light armored vehicles (2019 est.)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for compulsory military service (selection for service determined by lottery), conscript service obligation is 12 months; 16 years of age with consent for voluntary enlistment; cadets enrolled in military schools from the age of 15 are considered members of the armed forces; women are eligible for voluntary military service (2012)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

abundant rainfall in recent years along much of the Mexico-US border region has ameliorated periodically strained water-sharing arrangements; the US has intensified security measures to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities across its border with Mexico; Mexico must deal with thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and the US; Belize and Mexico are working to solve minor border demarcation discrepancies arising from inaccuracies in the 1898 border treaty

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "9,257 (Honduras) (2019); 73,494 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "345,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region; drug cartel violence and government's military response since 2007; violence between and within indigenous groups) (2019)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "13 (2019)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "major drug-producing and transit nation; Mexico is estimated to be the world's third largest producer of opium with poppy cultivation in 2015 estimated to be 28,000 hectares yielding a potential production of 475 metric tons of raw opium; government conducts the largest independent illicit-crop eradication program in the world; continues as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America, with an estimated 95% of annual cocaine movements toward the US stopping in Mexico; major drug syndicates control the majority of drug trafficking throughout the country; producer and distributor of ecstasy; significant money-laundering center; major supplier of heroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamine to the US market" } } }