{ "Introduction": { "Background": { "text": "The archipelago may have been first discovered by Norse explorers in the 12th century; the islands served as an international whaling base during the 17th and 18th centuries. Norway's sovereignty was internationally recognized by treaty in 1920, and five years later it officially took over the territory. In the 20th century coal mining started and today a Norwegian and a Russian company are still functioning. Travel between the settlements is accomplished with snowmobiles, aircraft, and boats." } }, "Geography": { "Location": { "text": "Northern Europe, islands between the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea, north of Norway" }, "Geographic coordinates": { "text": "78 00 N, 20 00 E" }, "Map references": { "text": "Arctic Region" }, "Area": { "total": { "text": "62,045 sq km" }, "land": { "text": "62,045 sq km" }, "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, "note": "

note: includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island)

" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than West Virginia" }, "Land boundaries": { "total": { "text": "0 km" } }, "Coastline": { "text": "3,587 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, "contiguous zone": { "text": "24 nm" }, "continental shelf": { "text": "extends to depth of exploitation" }, "exclusive fishing zone": { "text": "200 nm" } }, "Climate": { "text": "arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year" }, "Terrain": { "text": "rugged mountains; much of the upland areas are ice covered; west coast clear of ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts" }, "Elevation": { "lowest point": { "text": "Arctic Ocean 0 m" }, "highest point": { "text": "Newtontoppen 1,717 m" } }, "Natural resources": { "text": "coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, phosphate, wildlife, fish" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { "text": "0% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: arable land": { "text": "arable land: 0% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent crops": { "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2011 est.)" }, "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2011 est.)" }, "forest": { "text": "0% (2011 est.)" }, "other": { "text": "100% (2011 est.)" } }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the small population is primarily concentrated on the island of Spitsbergen in a handful of settlements on the south side of the Isfjorden, with Longyearbyen being the largest" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "ice floes often block the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic" }, "Environment - current issues": { "text": "ice floes are a maritime hazard; past exploitation of mammal species (whale, seal, walrus, and polar bear) severely depleted the populations, but a gradual recovery seems to be occurring" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists of nine main islands; glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total area; Spitsbergen Island is the site of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, a seed repository established by the Global Crop Diversity Trust and the Norwegian Government" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { "text": "6,528,135 (July 2021 est.)" }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Norwegian 58%, foreign population 42% (consists primarily of Russians, Thais, Swedes, Filipinos, and Ukrainians) (2019 est.)", "note": "

note: foreigners account for almost one third of the population of the Norwegian settlements, Longyearbyen and Ny-Alesund (where the majority of Svalbard's resident population lives), as of mid-2019" }, "Languages": { "text": "Norwegian, Russian" }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "0.67% (2021 est.)" }, "Death rate": { "text": "5.91 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "-5.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the small population is primarily concentrated on the island of Spitsbergen in a handful of settlements on the south side of the Isfjorden, with Longyearbyen being the largest" }, "Sex ratio": { "text": "NA" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { "text": "12.38 deaths/1,000 live births NA" }, "male": { "text": "14.03 deaths/1,000 live births NA" }, "female": { "text": "10.64 deaths/1,000 live births NA (2021 est.)" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { "text": "75.11 years NA" }, "male": { "text": "71.6 years NA" }, "female": { "text": "78.79 years NA (2021 est.)" } }, "Total fertility rate": { "text": "2.07 children born/woman NA (2021 est.)" }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "NA" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "NA" } }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { "text": "none" }, "conventional short form": { "text": "Svalbard (sometimes referred to as Spitsbergen, the largest island in the archipelago)" }, "etymology": { "text": "12th century Norse accounts speak of the discovery of a \"Svalbard\" - literally \"cold shores\" - but they may have referred to Jan Mayen Island or eastern Greenland; the archipelago was traditionally known as Spitsbergen, but Norway renamed it Svalbard in the 1920s when it assumed sovereignty of the islands" } }, "Dependency status": { "text": "territory of Norway; administered by the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920), sovereignty was awarded to Norway" }, "Government type": { "text": "non-self-governing territory of Norway" }, "Capital": { "name": { "text": "Longyearbyen" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "78 13 N, 15 38 E" }, "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, "note": "

etymology: the name in Norwegian means Longyear Town; the site was established by and named after John LONGYEAR, whose Arctic Coal Company began mining operations there in 1906" }, "Independence": { "text": "none (territory of Norway)" }, "Legal system": { "text": "the laws of Norway where applicable apply; only the laws of Norway made explicitly applicable to Svalbard have effect there; the Svalbard Act and the Svalbard Environmental Protection Act, and certain regulations, apply only to Svalbard; the Spitsbergen Treaty and the Svalbard Treaty grant certain rights to citizens and corporations of signatory nations; as of June 2017, 45 nations had ratified the Svalbard Treaty" }, "Citizenship": { "text": "see Norway" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { "text": "King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince Haakon MAGNUS (son of the king, born 20 July 1973)" }, "head of government": { "text": "Governor Kjerstin ASKHOLT (since 1 October 2015); Assistant Governor Berit SAGFOSSEN (since 1 April 2016)" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor and assistant governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "unicameral Longyearbyen Community Council (15 seats; members directly elected by majority vote to serve 4-year-terms); note - the Council acts very much like a Norwegian municipality, responsible for infrastructure and utilities, including power, land-use and community planning, education, and child welfare; however, healthcare services are provided by the state" }, "elections": { "text": "last held on 7 October 2019 (next to be held in October 2023)" }, "election results": { "text": "seats by party - Conservatives 5, Labor Party 5, Liberals 3, Green Party 2" } }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { "text": "none; note - Svalbard is subordinate to Norway's Nord-Troms District Court and Halogaland Court of Appeal, both located in Tromso" } }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Svalbard Conservative Party [Kjetil FIGENSCHOU]
Svalbard Green Party [Helga Bardsdatter KRISTIANSEN, Espen Klungseth ROTEVATN]
Svalbard Labor Party [Elise STROMSENG]
Svalbard Liberal Party [Erik BERGER]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "none" }, "Flag description": { "text": "the flag of Norway is used" }, "National anthem": { "text": "

note: as a territory of Norway, \"Ja, vi elsker dette landet\" is official (see Norway)

" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "

Coal mining, tourism, and international research are Svalbard's major industries. Coal mining has historically been the dominant economic activity, and the Spitzbergen Treaty of 9 February 1920 gives the 45 countries that so far have ratified the treaty equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies still engaging in this are Norwegian and Russian. Low coal prices have forced the Norwegian coal company, Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani, to close one of its two mines and to considerably reduce the activity of the other. Since the 1990s, the tourism and hospitality industry has grown rapidly, and Svalbard now receives 60,000 visitors annually.

The settlements on Svalbard were established as company towns, and at their height in the 1950s, the Norwegian state-owned coal company supported nearly 1,000 jobs. Today, only about 300 people work in the mining industry.

Goods such as alcohol, tobacco, and vehicles, normally highly taxed on mainland Norway, are considerably cheaper in Svalbard in an effort by the Norwegian Government to entice more people to live on the Arctic archipelago. By law, Norway collects only enough taxes to pay for the needs of the local government; none of tax proceeds go to the central government.

" }, "GDP real growth rate": { "text": "

NA

" }, "Labor force": { "text": "1,590 (2013)" }, "Budget": { "revenues": { "text": "NA" }, "expenditures": { "text": "NA" } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "NA" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "NA" }, "Exports": { "text": "

NA

" }, "Imports": { "text": "

$NA

" }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar -" }, "Exchange rates 2017": { "text": "8.308 (2017 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2016": { "text": "8.0646 (2016 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2015": { "text": "8.0646 (2015)" }, "Exchange rates 2014": { "text": "8.0646 (2014 est.)" }, "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "6.3021 (2013 est.)" } } }, "Energy": { "Crude oil - production": { "text": "194,300 bbl/day (2014 est.)" }, "Crude oil - exports": { "text": "16,070 bbl/day (2012 est.)" }, "Crude oil - imports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - consumption": { "text": "80,250 bbl/day (2013 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - exports": { "text": "4,488 bbl/day (2012 est.)" }, "Refined petroleum products - imports": { "text": "18,600 bbl/day (2012 est.)" }, "Natural gas - production": { "text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { "text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)" }, "Natural gas - exports": { "text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)" }, "Natural gas - imports": { "text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)" } }, "Communications": { "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { "text": "modern, well-developed (2018)" }, "domestic": { "text": "the Svalbard Satellite Station - connected to the mainland via the Svalbard Undersea Cable System - is the only Arctic ground station that can see low-altitude, polar-orbiting satellites; it provides ground services to more satellites than any other facility in the world (2018)" }, "international": { "text": "country code - 47-790; the Svalbard Undersea Cable System is a twin communications cable that connects Svalbard to mainland Norway; the system is the sole telecommunications link to the archipelago (2019)" }, "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) began direct TV transmission to Svalbard via satellite in 1984; Longyearbyen households have access to 3 NRK radio and 2 TV stations" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".sj" } }, "Transportation": { "Airports": { "total": { "text": "4 (2013)" } }, "Airports - with paved runways": { "total": { "text": "1 (2019)" }, "2,438 to 3,047 m": { "text": "1" } }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "total": { "text": "3 (2013)" }, "under 914 m": { "text": "3 (2013)" } }, "Heliports": { "text": "1 (2013)" }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "40 km (2020)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { "major seaport(s)": { "text": "Barentsburg, Longyearbyen, Ny-Alesund, Pyramiden" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { "text": "no regular military forces; military installations prohibited by treaty" }, "Military - note": { "text": "Svalbard is a territory of Norway, demilitarized by treaty on 9 February 1920; Norwegian military activity is limited to fisheries surveillance by the Norwegian Coast Guard" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone

" } } }